外研版 (2019) 英语 必修 第一册 第十五讲七选五专题学案

第十五讲 七选五专题

【学习目标】

1．了解初中短文还原和高中七选五的相似之处和不同之处。

2．学会做高中七选五的一些基础练习。

高中阅读理解信息匹配的7选5题型，主要考查大家对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

从题型和内容我们可以看出，选项可分为：

a.主旨概括句（文章整体内容）

b.过渡性句子（文章结构）

c.注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）

其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。

高考英语阅读七选五题型要求大家从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。可以说，此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试。

1、理清句际间的关系 

文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。

构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。

因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。

2、找出句子之间的连接性的词语

文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有：

承接关系（如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等）

平列关系（如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等）。如文中的选项 71，由 Second、Third 得知应选表示平列关系的句子 G.项。

转折关系（如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等）。比如选项 75，与前句构成了转折关系，故应选 D 项答案。

层递关系（如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等）。如 72 选项，与前句组合为层递关系，故应选包含 also 的 E.项句子。

解释关系，如 73 选项应选 F.选项，与 74 选项平等的，是一组祈示句，而非陈述句，故应选 A.项而非 B项。

对文章进行快速浏览，寻找主题句，抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。
在 阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是是 全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义， 如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考 虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意，首段与末段的提示作用。
2、详读段落

在短时间内，找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。
文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开，对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词，明确其描述内容，为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词
在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空各自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组）、专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。
重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。
3、定位选项

明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中，填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。
在定位选项时，要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。
一篇文章作为一个整体，是有其写作的线索与思路的，在选项定位中，要尤其注意文章的写作线索，文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。如果带入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。
4、通读复检

将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。
在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路 是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相 近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。
5、确定排除

研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。
尽管答案都已经确定，但是为了避免失误，对多余的选项进行进一步的研究，确定它们和文章的主题和前后句意没有关联性之后，才是最终的结果。

【基础练习】

山东省潍坊市2020-2021学年上学期期末考试高一英语试题

第二节

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为 多余选项。

When we think of bicycles, we think of fun and the outdoors. Bicycles give riders the freedom to explore and enjoy the environment and its surroundings. ___16___

Most people know that riding bicycles is environmentally friendly.___17___If you are riding a bike, you are helping to reduce air and noise pollution.

Bikes are becoming more and more popular across the world. In fact, they are becoming more than just a fun pastime. ___18___For many people around the world, access to markets and schools would not be accessible without a bike.

___19___ Some cities, such as Paris and Barcelona, have not only built bicycle lanes but also have introduced a system of renting bikes. You can rent, or use a bicycle in one area of the city and drop it off in another area of the city. Paris now has thousands of bikes for public use, with bicycle stations located throughout the city.

Some South American cities, such as Bogota in Colombia, have a weekly car-free day.

___20___ On these days, the traffic-related air pollution from old buses and trucks is greatly reduced.

It seems that the bike is a force for good, providing solutions for cleaner cities without leaving a serious environmental footprint.

A. They are a healthy, cheap activity and good exercise.

B. Cities are taking this love and demand for bicycles seriously.

C. People are encouraged to buy bicycles to go to and from work.

D. Daily use of a bicycle has very low effect on the environment.

E. It is cheap and convenient to travel around the world on bicycles.

F. They are also used as a daily transport to work, school or shopping.

G. More than 2 million people bicycle, skate, or jog along the closed roads.

【答案解析】16. A    17. D    18. F    19. B    20. G

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了骑自行车的积极影响以及城市对于骑自行车做出了一系列举措。

【16题详解】

上文“When we think of bicycles, we think of fun and the outdoors. Bicycles give riders the freedom to explore and enjoy the environment and its surroundings.（当我们想到自行车时，我们想到的是乐趣和户外活动。自行车给了骑行者探索和享受周围环境的自由。）”说明骑自行车是一种健康的活动，填空处应是对骑自行车运动的评价。A选项They are a healthy, cheap activity and good exercise.（这是一种健康、廉价的活动，也是很好的锻炼。）符合文意。故选A项。

【17题详解】

上文“Most people know that riding bicycles is environmentally friendly.（大多数人都知道骑自行车是环保的。）”说明骑自行车是环保的。下文“If you are riding a bike, you are helping to reduce air and noise pollution.（如果你骑自行车，你是在帮助减少空气和噪音污染。）”说明骑自行车对环境影响很小。D选项Daily use of a bicycle has very low effect on the environment.（每天使用自行车对环境的影响很小。）符合上下文意。故选D项。

【18题详解】

下文“For many people around the world, access to markets and schools would not be accessible without a bike.（对世界各地的许多人来说，没有自行车就无法进入市场和上学。）”说明自行车是人们上班和上学的交通工具。F选项They are also used as a daily transport to work, school or shopping.（它们也被用作日常上班、上学或购物的交通工具。）符合文意。故选F项。

【19题详解】

下文“Some cities, such as Paris and Barcelona, have not only built bicycle lanes but also have introduced a system of renting bikes.（一些城市，如巴黎和巴塞罗那，不仅修建了自行车道，而且还引入了自行车租赁系统。）”说明城市为方便市民骑行做出了一系列举措。B选项Cities are taking this love and demand for bicycles seriously.（城市正在认真对待人们对自行车的热爱和需求。）符合下文文意。故选B项。

【20题详解】

上文“Some South American cities, such as Bogota in Colombia, have a weekly car-free day.（一些南美城市，如哥伦比亚的波哥大，每周都有一个无车日。）”说明填空处与无车日有关。G选项More than 2 million people bicycle, skate, or jog along the closed roads.（超过200万人在封闭的道路上骑自行车、滑冰或慢跑。）符合文意。故选G项。

山东省聊城市2020-2021学年高一上学期期末考试英语试题

第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Do high school grades matter? In most cases yes, especially when you are applying to a good college after high school.   31    So, how to get better grades?

Turn your homework into a pleasant routine. Homework is not always a pleasant thing, but if you do it at a clean and pleasant place that you like, it’ll be less exhausting. Besides, you can get into a habit of doing your homework at the same time every day. For example, you may come home, relax for half an hour, and then start your homework. Or you may have more energy to do homework in the evening.   32   

Try to turn to others for help. If you feel that you’re lost in some subjects, you can talk with your teacher. They can always give you some advice on how to broaden your mind.    33    They can either get you a private teacher or send you to a training class.This will allow you to spend your time more wisely on difficult things.

   34   If you are studying for an exam, don’t leave everything for the last day. Start studying as early as possible and process a small part of information every day for one hour or so. Have a rest on a final night before the exam, so your brain will process the information while you are sleeping. This will make sure that you will get your grades up fast in high school.

These methods can go a long way into helping you become more focused on your work towards improving your grades.   35   And you’ll soon make great progress.

A.Also, you can ask your parents for help.

B.Break down your study materials into small pieces.

C.Decide for yourself which time works best for you.

D.Actually, exercising during breaks between your tasks is also helpful.

E.Try to use them along with a strong wish to do everything better.

F.What’s more, studies show that high grades can benefit your future career.

G.Your grades will be better if you feel comfortable talking to your teachers.

31-35 FCABE

山东省枣庄市2020-2021学年高一上学期期末考试英语试题

第二节（每小题2. 5分，满分12. 5分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为 多余选项。

Smile showed pride and happiness, which gave us power and strength. A smile says, “I like you. You make me happy." 36   They are so glad to see us that they almost jump out of their skins. So, naturally, we are glad to see them.

A baby's smile has the same effect. Have you ever been in a doctor's waiting room and looked around at all the sad faces waiting impatiently to be seen? There were six or seven patients waiting when a young woman came in with a nine-month-old baby. She sat down next to a gentle man who was more than a little impatient about the long wait for service. The baby just looked up at him with that great big smile that is so characteristic of babies. 37     Soon he struck up a conversation with the woman about her baby and the boredom and tension were changed into a pleasant and enjoyable experience.

The effect of a smile is powerful, even when it is unseen. Telephone companies

throughout the US have a program called “phone power" which is offered to employees who use the telephone for selling their services or products. In this program they suggest that you smile when talking on the phone. 38     .     

You don't feel like smiling? 39      If you are alone, force yourself to whistle or hum a tune or sing. Act as if you were already happy, and that will lend to make you happy.

Your smile is a messenger of your goodwill. 40     To someone who has seen a dozen people frown or turn their faces away, your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. Especially when that someone is under pressure from his bosses, his customers, his teachers or parents or children, a smile can help him realize that all is not hopeless — that  there is joy in the world.

A. He smiled back at the baby.

B. Well, force yourself to smile.

C. That's why dogs make such a hit.

D. Smile gets much easier for babies.

E. Your “smile" comes through in your voice.

F. Your smile brightens the lives of all who see it.

G. Your smile can become powerful and comfortable with practice.

CAEBF

山东省滨州市2020-2021学年高一上学期期末英语试题

第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

When you let an idea, image or desire control your thoughts or feelings, that is obsession (执念).You may not realize that you obsess more than you know.   36   In other words, if someone obsesses over positive, encouraging ideas, then truly amazing things can happen.

However, if one’s devotion turns to obsession and it has taken over, the obsession will have a negative effect on daily activities and your relationships and make you exhausted physically and emotionally.   37    

Learn about some thought-stopping techniques. Identify when you’re having the obsession in mind, and consciously stop yourself and think about something else.   38    Besides, you may as well write the obsession down and figure out how much time and money you have devoted to it.

   39     Spend some time with your thoughts, keep a journal and take a closer look at what that activity or hobby means to you and what it would happen if you could not do it Keep track of your behavior and the negative results this obsession brings on.   40    Talk to your friends and family and get response.

If you still feel like you can’t control it, and not doing it begins to give you anxiety and stress,please ask a professional for help.

A. Some obsession can bring benefits.

B. A guide book.

C. Learn a lesson from the experience you defeat obsession.

D. Also,think about replacement behaviors:what can be done then?

E. People meditating for hours increased heart rate, as was proved.

F. If this truly has happened to you, it is time to do something about it.

G. You may empty your mind as if it were a TV screen you can turn off.

36—40 AFGBD

山东省烟台市2020-2021学年高一上学期期末考试英语试题

第二节 （共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Up to 40% of the food produced never makes it to our mouths. Food waste is a huge problem. ___16___ Here are ways to reduce food waste.

● ___17___ Many of us blindly throw things that look novel into the shopping baskets and then let them sit in the fridge until they go bad. So before shopping, think about exactly what you need for the week, make a detailed shopping list to prevent overbuying and stick to it.

● Get creative with repurposing food. Before walking straight to the bin with your old carrots, ask yourself: Can I make this into something new? ___18___ You needn’t follow any complicated recipes to turn older produce into a fresh new dish. Just use your head to make the best of it. For example, roast the carrots as a side dish or cut them for a salad.

● Your freezer is your friend. If you’re unable to use food before it’s too late, turn to the trusty freezer. Freezing food helps lock in its flavor and nutrients. So next time you find perfect strawberries for your summer picnic, don’t throw the leftovers. ___19___

● Don’t be fooled by that “sell by” date. Typically, these labels are a best guess by businesses as to when their products will be finest. They’re not hard-and-fast rules about when that cheese has to go straight to the bin. They’re about quality, not about food safety. Next time you do a sweep of your storeroom, remember that. ___20___ If it doesn’t pass, turn to the bin.

A. Make an advance plan.

B. The answer is probably yes.

C. When in doubt, do a smell test.

D. Add up what you let go to waste.

E. The good news: Each of us can help solve it.

F. They may end up in landfills and produce greenhouse gases.

G. Instead, bag and put them in the freezer in case you want them.

【答案解析】16. E    17. A    18. B    19. G    20. C

这是一篇说明文。多达40%的食物从未进入我们的口中，食物浪费是个大问题，文章主要就如何减少食物浪费提出了一些建议。

【16题详解】

根据上文“Up to 40% of the food produced never makes it to our mouths. Food waste is a huge problem.(多达40%的食物从未进入我们的口中。食物浪费是个大问题)”以及后文“Here are ways to reduce food waste.(以下是减少食物浪费的方法)”可知，上文提到食物浪费是个大问题，后文则说明了减少食物浪费的建议，说明这个问题有办法解决。E选项中it指代上文a huge problem。故E选项“好消息是：我们每个人都可以帮助解决这个问题”符合语境，故选E。

【17题详解】

根据后文“Many of us blindly throw things that look novel into the shopping baskets and then let them sit in the fridge until they go bad. So before shopping, think about exactly what you need for the week, make a detailed shopping list to prevent overbuying and stick to it.(我们许多人盲目地把看起来很新奇的东西扔进购物篮，然后把它们放在冰箱里直到它们变质。所以在购物之前，仔细考虑一下你一周需要买什么，列一份详细的购物清单，防止过度购买，然后严格执行)”可知，后文提到了在购物之前，仔细考虑一下你一周需要买什么，列一份详细的购物清单，防止过度购买，然后严格执行，即本段介绍的减少食物浪费的办法是：提前制定计划。故A选项“提前制定计划”符合语境，故选A。

【18题详解】

根据上文“Get creative with repurposing food. Before walking straight to the bin with your old carrots, ask yourself: Can I make this into something new?(创造性地利用食物。在直接把旧胡萝卜扔进垃圾桶之前，问问自己：我能把它做成新东西吗？)”以及后文“You needn’t follow any complicated recipes to turn older produce into a fresh new dish.(你不需要遵循任何复杂的食谱，就可以把旧的农产品变成新鲜的新菜)”可知，上文提出了“能把它做成新东西吗？”的问题，故本句应当是在回答这一问题，结合后文说不需要复杂食谱就可以把旧的农产品变成新鲜的新菜，可知这个问题的答案是肯定的。故B选项“答案可能是肯定的”符合语境，故选B。

【19题详解】

根据上文“Your freezer is your friend. If you’re unable to use food before it’s too late, turn to the trusty freezer. Freezing food helps lock in its flavor and nutrients. So next time you find perfect strawberries for your summer picnic, don’t throw the leftovers.(你的冰箱就是你的朋友。如果你来不及使用食物，就求助于可靠的冰箱。冷冻食物有助于保存食物的味道和营养。所以，下次当你在夏日野餐时发现完美的草莓时，不要把剩菜都扔了)”可知，上文提到不要把野餐的剩菜扔了，即本句承接上文继续说明如何处理剩菜，G选项中them指代上文the leftovers。故G选项“相反，如果你想要的话，把它们打包放进冰箱里”符合语境，故选G。

【20题详解】

根据上文“Don’t be fooled by that “sell by” date. Typically, these labels are a best guess by businesses as to when their products will be finest. They’re not hard-and-fast rules about when that cheese has to go straight to the bin. They’re about quality, not about food safety. Next time you do a sweep of your storeroom, remember that.(不要被那个“最佳食用”日期所愚弄。通常，这些标签是企业对他们的产品何时最好的猜测。关于什么时候该把奶酪直接扔进垃圾桶，并没有硬性规定。他们关心的是食品质量，而不是食品安全。下次打扫储藏室的时候，记住这一点)”以及后文“If it doesn’t pass, turn to the bin.(如果没有通过测试，就把它扔进垃圾桶)”可知，本段主要说明了不要一味相信包装上“最佳食用”日期，关于什么时候该把奶酪直接扔进垃圾桶，并没有硬性规定，可推知本句是在说明如何判断食物还能否食用，后文提到“通过测试”可推知本句是在说对食物进行什么样的测试，故C选项“有疑问时，做嗅觉测试”符合语境，故选C。