高中英语新高考语法二轮复习讲义（27）定语从句的种类及用法知识点总结整理

高中英语新高考语法一轮复习讲义（27）定语从句的种类及用法知识点总结整理英语语法以句子为研究单位，学习语法的目的就是要看得懂英语句子，包括复杂的、难懂的，更进一步就是要能写出正确的、有变化的句子。然而英语学习者常遇到的一个瓶颈是：看不懂长难句，即使能看懂了也写不出有变化、生动的句子。这个问题的罪魁祸首莫过于定语从句（形容词性从句），状语从句（副词性从句）以及名词性从句等复合句了。这期我们先来领略一下定语从句的风采。定语从句：一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后，对这个名词（代词）进行修饰限定的句子就叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词；定语从句结构=先行词+关系词+从句关系词的种类关系词有以下几种：关系代词：who，whom，which，that，在从句中可作主语或宾语The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun. （我昨天买的那本书是鲁迅写的）表所属的关系代词：whose，译为“……的”在从句中作定语例1： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?（你知道那个穿白色裙子的女孩吗？）例2：Did you read  the book whose cover is red? (你读过红色封面的那本书吗？）关系副词：why=for which，where=in/ at/ on which，when=during/ on/ in/……在从句中作状语例：I don't know the reason why he was late.（我不知道他为什么迟到）关系词在句中作用有3种：连接作用，连接主句和定语从句指代前面的先行词在定语从句中担当成分 关系词的选择定语从句会不会用，关键在于选对关系词，关系词的选择要依据2种情况来定：1. 看先行词（被定语从句修饰的词）先行词是是“物”可能用which，that，whose，where，when，why等先行词是“人”可能用who，whom，that，whose等2. 看关系词在定语从句中所担任的句子成分① 先行词是人且关系词在从句中作主语，用who/that例：He is a man who never breaks his word. 他是个从不食言的人② 先行词是人且关系词在从句中作宾语，用whom/that例：He is the man whom I think to be nice. 我认为他是个很不错的人③ 先行词是物且关系词在定语从句中作主语，用that,which. 例：The dog that \ which won the race is John’s. 比赛获胜的那头狗是约翰的④ 先行词是物且关系词在从句中作宾语，用that,which，也可以省略例：The letter(that \ which) I received yesterday was from my brother.我昨天收到的那封信是我兄弟寄来的。记住：关系代词作宾语或表语是可以省略的，作主语是不能省略的，因为主语后直接是动词，省略的话就出现先行词直接接从句动词的语法错误。举例：Is there anything that you want to say? 中的that就可以省略。而He is the headmaster of this school who also teaches Chemistry. 中的who就不能省略。⑤ 先行词是“人”或“物”，关系词在从句中作定语表所属关系，用whose引导定语从句例：That is a book whose cover is blue.那是一本封面是蓝色的书.（先行词是“物”book,所属关系词whose在定语从句中做定语修饰cover）注意：表示所属关系不仅仅是人，“物”也是可以的，比如房子的窗户在定语从句中有三个说法， whose window = the window of which = of which the window。这个就叫做所属关系，因此所属关系除了whose以外就有两个，对人是of whom,对物是of which。 例：Whose可以代替人或物，但代替物时; whose + n.可用the + n. + of which或of which + the +n.代替。例. Ilike study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are top- notch= I like study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are top-notch .= | like study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are top-notch，
关系词的选择总结如下：⑥ 先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，则用关系副词引导定语从句 I don't know the reason why he was late.This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time. 注意：如果从句中的谓语动词是及物动词且后面无宾语，那么，即使先行词是表时间、地点或理由的名词，也不能用关系副词（when，why，where），而要用可作宾语的关系代词that或which，要考试的同学们千万千万要记住哦！如：This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(不能用Where he has lived for 15 year.)。因为live 为及物动词，及物动词必须要接宾语，而where为副词只能做状语，必须要用能做宾语的that或which代替  必须用that引导的情况先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 例 ：All that we have to do is to practise English. 我们要做的就是练习英语先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰例：The first letter that I got from him will be kept. 我从他那里得到的第一封信将会被保存下来先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰例：I've eaten up all the food that you gave me. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时例：He is the only person that I want to talk with.他是唯一一个我想交谈的人先行词既有人又有物时例:They talked about persons and things that they met.当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复用that 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the class? 限定与非限定定语从句定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句：例：I like the book which he bought yesterday.(我喜欢他昨天买的书)非限定性定语从句：例：He has just come back from New York, which is a very big city in the United States。（他刚从纽约回来，那是美国的一座大城市） 使用非限制性定语从句的情况：当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。 限制于非限制定语从句的区别：形式上：非限制性定语从句关系词的前面一定有逗号隔开。而限制性定语从句没有功能上：非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。如People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。关系词不同：关系词that和why只用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。先行词不同：限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子例：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)例：He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指代前面的整个主句)