高中英语新高考语法二轮复习讲义（14）非谓语动词（分词的用法）知识点总结整理

高中英语新高考语法一轮复习讲义（14）非谓语动词（分词的用法）知识点总结整理这一期接着来讲非谓语动词的第二种——分词，分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词原则上由原形动词加 -ing形成，过去分词多半为原型动词加-d或者-ed,另外还有数百个不规则动词，相信大家都了解过。下面来说一说分词的用法。分词在句中可以表示进行、完成或被动语态。① 进行：be + 现在分词
 例. He is doing the work.(他正在做这个工作）② 完成：have + 过去分词例. He has done the work.(他已经做完这个工作）③ 被动：be + 过去分词例. The job was done.(这工作做完了）这些分词所涉及的时态及用法，在之后的章节在讨论。这期的分享着重分词当修饰语的用法。分词作形容词用分词做形容词时，可置于名词前，修饰该名词，也可置于be动词后作表语。例1. The student raised a confusing question.(这学生提出了一个令人困惑的问题）例2. The teacher was confused(老师感到迷糊了）解说：例1中confusing为现在分词做形容词修饰后面的名词question，译成令人困惑的；例2中confused为过去分词做形容词置于be动词之后作表语修饰主语the teacher，译成感到困惑的。那么分词做形容词时如何判断使用现在分词还是过去分词呢？如果不会判断很可能写出这样的句子：When she heard the news, she was very exciting.(错），这里其实要用excited（感到兴奋的），而不是exciting（令人兴奋的）区分法则：在表主动/被动概念时，凡是表“令人……的”意思时就用现在分词；凡是表“感到……的”、“受到……的”就用过去分词在表进行/完成的概念时，表“正在……的”、“即将……的”就用现在分词，表“已经……的”就用过去分词  
在表“已经……的”完成概念时，be动词 + 过去分词 = have + 过去分词。例. He is gone.= He has gone(他已经离开——已经离开的）例. We are finished with the work.= We have finished with the work.(我们已经完成工作——已经做完的）做个小测试:1.Get me some ________(boiled/boiling)water to drink.2.He is sweeping___________(falling/fallen)leaves in the_________(falliing/fallen)rain.分词可做名词用凡可做形容词用的分词，前面若有定冠词the，可当做单数或者复数的名词使用The wounded were rushed to the hospital.= Wounded people were rushed to the hospital.(伤者被急送到医院）分词做副词用少数的现在分词有副词very的意味，可修饰其后的形容词。例. It's freezing/biting cold today.(今天天气非常的/冰冻般的/如被咬般的冷）The tea is boiling hot.(茶非常热/滚烫般地热）分词结构——动词变化一个句子中若有两个动作同时存在，彼此一定要有连词相连。例. He worked very hard and won the honor.(他很努力因而赢得了该项荣誉）例. He studied very hard but failed the exam.(他很用功，但未能考及格）若两个动作所代表的动作同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词。若该动词是be动词，变成现在分词being之后要省略例1. He came home crying.(他哭着回来）例2. He sat in the corner reading a newspaper.(他坐在角落看报纸）例3. He came home being tired.→ He came home tired.(他回来时很疲惫）若两个动作同所代表的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后次序的，第二个动词要变成“to + 动词原型”的不定式短语例1. He came here to see me.(他来看我）例2. He stood up to smoke a cigarette.(他站起来抽烟）若两动词有逗号相隔，就不必考虑动作的先后顺序，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词。例. He left home at six in the morning, arriving here about four in the afternoon.(他早上6点离开家，约下午4点抵达此地）分词结构——单句化简两句在一起，若无连词相连，往往第一个句子要化简，变成分词短语。化简方法:两句的主语相同时，删除第一个句子的主语，之后的动词变成现在分词；若主语不同则要保留。例1. He has nothing to do, he feels bored.(错）→ having nothing to do , he feels bored.(他没事可做，所以觉得无聊）例2. He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.(错）→ （Being） sick of studying, he ran away from home.(他厌倦念书所以离家出走），这里的being可去可不去。注意：①若是否定结构，变成分词结构时，not要置于分词前。例1. He was not satisfied with the result, he decided to try again.→ Not being satisfied with the result, he decided to try again(他不满意此结果，决定再试一次）②句中有助动词do,does和did时直接删除；句中有完成时助动词have，has和had均要视为动词变成现在分词having。例1. He didn't intend to see her, he left early.→ Not intending to see her ,he left early.(他不打算见她便提早走了）例2. He had done the work , he felt happy.→ Having done the work, he felt happy.(他做完这个工作，觉得很高兴）③ 主语不同时，所形成的分词结构称为分词的独立主格结构，也就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构。例. This is the case , you'd better be careful.→ This being the case , you'd better be careful.(这样的话你最好小心）两个分句的主语不同，故第一个句子化简为分词短语时this要予以保留，并且 being the case 独立修饰主语This，所以称为独立主格结构。分词结构——定语从句化简在限定修饰的定语从句（即关系代词之前无逗号）中，若关系代词作主语时，可化简为分词短语（PS:不知道限定性定语从句的回去看第11期）简化方法：删除关系代词，之后的动词变成现在分词例. The man who is talking to Mary over there is my father.→ The man (being) talking to Mary over there is my father.(那边那我正在和玛丽说话的男士正是我爸）注意：非限制性定语从句通常不可化简为分词短语分词结构——状语从句化简Once、when、while、if、unless和though等引导的状语从句中，若从句主语与主句主语相同时，也可化简为分词结构。方法与单句化简相同。例1. If I am free, I'll go with you.→ If (being) free, I'll go with you.(如果有空，我将和你一起去）例2. While I was here, I had a good time.→  While (being) here, I had a good time.(在这里时我很愉快）例3. Once I have money, I'll buy a car.→ Once having money, I'll buy a car.(我一旦有钱机会买车）少数分词可当介词使用。主要有：including（包括）excluding（除外）considering(考虑）regarding（关于）concerning（关于）例1：Everyone likes the movie, including/excluding John.= Everyone likes the movie, inclusive/exclusive of John.（每个人都喜欢这部电影，包括/除了约翰）例2. He wrote an article regarding/concerning/about/on environmental pollution.(他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章）独立分词短语某些独立分词短语有副词的功能，通常置于句首修饰整个句子。例. Generally speaking, men are Physically stronger than women.(一般而言，男人比女人强）Frankly speaking，he is not good enough.(坦白说，他不够好）与使役动词有关的重要分词短语I had my shoes repaired.(我把我的鞋拿去修了）I couldn't make myself understood.（我无法让别人听懂我的话）I started the ball rolling.（我给那件事开了个头）The news set my heart throbbing（这个消息使我心有余悸）I am sorry to have kept you waiting（我很抱歉让你等候）