(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义 语法专项突破 专题1 第1讲　谓语动词 (含答案)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义 语法专项突破 专题1 第1讲　谓语动词 (含答案)，共29页。学案主要包含了词形变化，核心考点等内容，欢迎下载使用。

第1讲　谓语动词

考点一　动词的时态

At first，Xiao Ming didn’t like① school and was① addicted to computer games.Every time his mother asked① him what he was doing② before going to bed，the answer was that he was playing② computer games.His father had beaten③ him many times before Xiao Ming went to middle school，so Xiao Ming promised that he would study④ hard and wouldn’t play games.
However，Xiao Ming has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.When others ask about him，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He is doing homework⑦ at home.He has been studying⑧ for several hours.”
Xiao Ming will enter⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe after 3 years he will be studying⑩ in a famous university.
①是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。
②是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。
③是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。
④是过去将来时，结构为：would＋动词原形。
⑤是现在完成时，结构为：has/have＋过去分词。
⑥是一般现在时，结构为：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式。
⑦是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。
⑧是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。
⑨是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。
⑩是将来进行时，结构为：will＋be＋现在分词。


一、词形变化
在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。
形式
变化规则
构成方法
例词
原形


see，finish，teach，touch
三单
一般情况
直接加-s
look—looks
write—writes
以-ch，-sh，-s，-x结尾
加-es
teach—teaches
finish—finishes
guess—guesses
mix—mixes
以“辅音＋o”结尾
加-es
do—does
go—goes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y为i 加-es
try—tries
cry—cries
过去式
一般情况
直接加-ed
stay—stayed
look—looked
以不发音-e结尾
直接加-d
decide—decided
hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写辅音字母加-ed
stop—stopped
admit—admitted
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y为i加-ed
carry—carried
try—tried
现在分词
一般情况
直接加-ing
go—going
read—reading
以不发音-e结尾
去e加-ing
have—having
write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写辅音字母加-ing
cut—cutting
run—running

二、核心考点
高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查(常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查)。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是10种。
1．一般现在时
(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，the other day等时间状语连用。
He arrived at school at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
3．一般将来时
表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形或者is/am/are going to do，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下月卸任。
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell(tell) you the story.
2．While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
3．Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.(2019·全国Ⅱ)

4．现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
He is playing basketball on the playground.
他正在操场上打篮球。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
5．过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.
格林太太今天上午11点正准备午餐。
(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.
那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
6．将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃饭。
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．Lisa was working(work) as a nurse in the hospital when I visited her mom last month.
2．Next Friday I will go to another concert.They will be playing(play) something by Mozart at that time.
3．—Hi，let’s go skating.
—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I am filling(fill) in an application form for a new job.
7．现在完成时
(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I’m sorry，but I don’t quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，for，up to now，until now，ever since，so far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。
I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.
在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
It has been＋一段时间＋since从句
This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.
他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。
点对点练习3
单句语法填空
1．Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said(say) to me altogether.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
2．Being raised in a family of teachers，I have got(get) plenty of chances to connect myself with literature since a young age.
3．No sooner had we been(be) seated than the bus started.
9．过去将来时
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.
我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。
10．现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们常常见面。
点对点练习4
单句语法填空
1．—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and have been writing(write) his essay there ever since.
2．Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he would be(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change(change) the world.
考点二　动词的语态

Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken① by his father yesterday evening.I couldn’t get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired② then.Before this，his cellphone had been broken③ four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didn’t study hard.　
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.However，many of them are being used⑤ to play games by teenagers.So far，many questions have been raised⑥by their parents.Should they be used⑦ by students?
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ to play games again.
①是被动语态的一般过去时，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。
②是被动语态的过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。
③是被动语态的过去完成时，结构为：had been＋过去分词。
④是被动语态的一般现在时，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。
⑤是被动语态的现在进行时，结构为：is/am are＋being＋过去分词。
⑥是被动语态的现在完成时，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。
⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
⑧是被动语态的一般将来时，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。
⑨是被动语态的将来完成时，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。
⑩是被动语态的将来进行时，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。


1．不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。
An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed.
昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故，死了五个人。
A big fire broke out in our school last week.
上周我们学校发生了一场大火。
2．被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。如：
Trees should not be planted in summer.
夏天不应该种树。
The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。
3．汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成It is＋done...形式。如：
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is well known that...众所周知
It must be pointed out that...必须指出……
It must be admitted that...人们必须承认……
It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……
It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice.
人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.
据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。
4．下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。如：
(1)feel/taste/smell/look/sound＋adj.
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.
你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(2)want/need/require doing
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.
这扇窗户需要修理。
Your composition still requires polishing to be published.
你的文章出版前还需润色。
(3)wash/sell/write/read＋adv.
The clothes washes well.
这些衣服很好洗。
Her new book was interesting and sold well.
她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days.
2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3．Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4．If you leave the club，you won’t be allowed(not，allow) back in.
5．I got caught in the rain on my way home and my new suit was ruined(ruin)．

单句语法填空
1．I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案　have made
解析　根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态。
2．The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government
(start) a soil-testing programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
答案　started
解析　根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情，应用动词的一般过去式。
3．Steam engines (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
答案　were used
解析　文章叙述的是过去的事，且主语Steam engines与use为被动关系，意为“蒸汽机被用来拉动车厢”，用一般过去时的被动语态。
4．I (walk) across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.(2015·湖南)
答案　was walking
解析　根据语境，句子是was/were doing...when...固定句型。

1．掌握独特的时间状语标志
(1)题干中如用always，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等，用一般现在时。
(2)题干中如用yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等，用一般过去时。
(3)题干中如用tomorrow，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。
(4)题干中如用now，at present等，用现在进行时。
(5)题干中如用at that time，then，at six o’clock yesterday等，用过去进行时。
(6)题干中如用at this time tomorrow，from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock tomorrow等，用将来进行时。
(7)题干中如用since，so far，up to now，in/over/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。
2．熟记固定句型中的时态
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
3．分清主动被动，辨析语态
看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用被动语态。
考点三　主谓一致

1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle support④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是不定式或动名词，动词用单数。
③主语是从句，动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。

2．意义一致原则
I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people I met on my way are③ friendly.The old don’t④ support my crazy behaviour，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they have been used to this.
①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。

3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
①here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
②由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。


1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。如：
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两样物)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．若主语中有more than one 或many a/an ，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more＋复数名词＋than one作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。如：
Many a boy likes playing basketball.
许多男生都喜欢打篮球。
More than one student was late.
不止一个学生迟到。
More persons than one come to help us.
不止一个人来帮助我们。
3．形复意单名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights《天方夜谭》；以及the United Nations联合国等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The teacher and poet often gives(give) lectures around the city.
2．Two-thirds of the books are(be) about science.
3．Nobody but Jim and Mike is(be) on the playground now.
4．As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.(be)
5．The poor were(be) looked down upon in the old days.
6．Neither his parents nor I am(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
7．Listening to loud music and rock concerts has caused(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
8．Barbara is easy to recognize as she is the only one of the women who wears(wear) evening dress.

单句语法填空
1．“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案　means
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
2．Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection (be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案　is
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。主语是a small part，谓语动词用单数；此处说明事实，故用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。

1.找准句子中的主语，看主语是单数还是复数。
2.牢记特殊用法的结构，用对谓语动词的数。
3.注意结合时态和语态。
考点四　情态动词

1．can/could
Mary—M　 Nancy—N
M：Can① you read this word?
N：Sorry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary?
N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary?
M：Can④ it be in your dormitory?
N：No，it can’t④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate?
N：No，my deskmate couldn’t have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ touch her books without permission.
M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.


can/could的意义及用法
①can表能力，意为“能够”。
②can表请求，could 表示委婉语气。
③can表许可。
④can表推测，意为“可能”，常用于疑问句/否定句。
⑤couldn’t have done 意为“不可能做过某事”，could sb./sth.have done...? 意为“某人做过某事吗？”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。
⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。
⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。

2.may/might
Mike—M　Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I come in?
T：Yes，you may②.You’re almost late，and where is your deskmate?
M：Hmm，I don’t know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he come yet?
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
may/might的意义及用法
①表示请求。
②表示许可，不用might。
③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。
④may as well还是……好。
⑤might have done表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。

3.must
Jane—J　Mother—M
J：Mom，must① I take this medicine?
M：Yes，you must①.
J：Must① I take it right now?
M：No，you needn’t②.You can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T-shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤outdoors.You mustn’t⑥ do it again.
must的意义及用法
①must表必须，肯定回答用must。
②否定回答用needn’t。
③must be表示对现在的猜测，只用于肯定句。
④must表示非要，偏偏。
⑤must have done 表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。
⑥mustn’t 表示禁止，不表示推测。

4.should
Boss—B　Jane—J　Steven—S
B：It’s nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven? He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual should③ be late for work.
B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven?
S：I’m terribly sorry，sir.I shouldn’t have drunk② too much coffee yesterday evening.I kept my eyes open until four o’clock in the morning.
B：A person like you shouldn’t drink④ too much coffee，tea either.
S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
should的意义及用法
①表示推测，意思为“按理说应当”。
②should have done 意为“本应做而没做”，shouldn’t have done表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。
③表竟然。
④should (not) do sth.＝ought (not) to do sth.(不)应该做某事。

5.shall
Man—M　Woman—W
M：Hi，where are you going?
W：I shall① go to New York.
M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman’s seat and sitting beside the woman)
W：Thank you for helping me，but it’s required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.
M：It doesn’t matter.
W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
shall的意义及用法
①用于第一人称，表将要做某事。
②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表请求。
③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。
④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

6.need/dare
Mike—M　Jack—J
M：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination?
J：No，I dare not do② it；I needn’t do③ it either.
M：You study well，so you don’t need to cheat④.I am different.
J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can’t get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
need/dare的意义及用法
•dare和need在作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法第②和③。
•dare和need作实意动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果构成疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加to do。如用法第①④⑤。
•其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。

7.will/would
Tom—T　Mary—M
M：How about the new watch?
T：I will① never use it any more.It just won’t② give the correct time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine ’clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.
M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
will/would 的意义及用法
①表示意愿。
②表示物的属性。
③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。
④would/used to表示过去的习惯。
⑤表示临时起意。


1．用于固定习语中：can’t...too/enough (无论……也不过分；越……越好)
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿马路的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2．情态动词＋have done
对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测
(1)must have done sth.“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have done sth.“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句中
(3)can(could) not have done sth.“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示“与过去事实相反”
(1)could have done sth.(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
(2)needn’t have done sth.(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
(3)ought to/should have done sth.(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
(4)oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth.(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
(5)might have done sth.(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做

点对点练习
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)
1．—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him?
—Don’t worry.He might not come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2．I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
3．He can’t be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.
4．You could have done better，but you didn’t try your best.
5．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning.She couldn’t have spoken at the meeting.
6．Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman should do that.
7．You mustn’t play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.
8．You shall be punished for what you have done.
9．It must have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
10．I needn’t have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
考点五　虚拟语气

1．wish/would rather/as if/if only
Mr Zhang—Z　Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river！If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是……就好了，这四组词后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。
②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。
③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might＋动词原形。

2.条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z　Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Lao Wang’s fault? But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the water.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
•①②⑦为if条件句引导的虚拟语气，从句和主句的结构为：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
•⑥为条件虚拟语气的省略与倒装，结构为：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would have done...
Were＋主语＋to do/Would＋主语＋do，主语＋would do...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：
主语＋would have done...，but 过去的事实
主语＋would do...，but 现在的事实
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would do(与现在相反)
without/but for＋n.，主语＋would have done (与过去相反)
现在的事实，otherwise＋主语＋would do
过去的事实，otherwise＋主语＋would have done

3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he should not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he should take out the cellphone and commanded that he should phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher should not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher should give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students should not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike should study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有should的虚拟语气。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
•上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带should的虚拟语气，如②。
•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句用含有should的虚拟语气，如③。
•It is high/about time that sb.did/should do sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。

4.It is＋adj.＋that sb.should do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you should learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I should learn English well.
某些It is/was＋形容词＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”，这类形容词包括 important，essential，necessary，strange 等等。


1．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
(1)The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
(2)The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he should not be sent to hospital.
这个老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
2．错综时间条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I had been(be) there before!
2．Our only request is that this (should) be settled(settle) as soon as possible.
3．I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he would have arrived(arrive) on time.
4．If it should rain/were to rain/rained(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.
5．If you had taken(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.

单句语法填空
1．Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.(2020·天津)
答案　can
解析　考查情态动词。句意为：吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即：我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。故填can。
2．You (not) have scolded him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.(2020·天津)
答案　shouldn’t
解析　考查情态动词＋have done。句意为：你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知，此处表示“本不该”，是指做了本不该做的事，故填shouldn’t。
3．If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I (not，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)
答案　wouldn’t be
解析　考查虚拟语气。句中条件句和主句时间并不一致，条件是对过去的虚拟，结果是对现在的虚拟，所以要用would＋do。

情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”
注意一：若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
注意二：一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。

层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．It is the first time that my son (meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero face to face.
答案　has met
解析　It is the first time that＋sb.have/has done，这是某人第几次做某事。所以答案为现在完成时，且主语为my son，所以填has met。
2．The girl (shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.
答案　shook
解析　根据下文“and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground”时态是过去时，前后时态应该一致，所以用过去时。
3．The father as well as his kids (discuss) where to spend the weekend now.
答案　is discussing
解析　根据该句中的时间状语now可知，此处用现在进行时态。
4．When fat and salt (remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
答案　are removed
解析　根据句意，此处为客观事实，所以用一般现在时，且主语为fat and salt，谓语动词为复数。主语fat and salt与remove为被动关系，故填are removed。
5．The day after tomorrow，I，as well as my friends Zhang Ming and Li Hua， (be) going to buy books.
答案　am
解析　句意为：后天，我和我的朋友张明和李华将会去买书。根据句意可知此处为be going to句型，as well as连接两个主语，谓语动词遵循就远原则，和I保持一致。
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom (attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
答案　has attracted
解析　句意为：无论是这座现代化城市的美丽景色还是当地的风俗习惯在过去的这些年都已经吸引了成千上万的游客。由“during the past years”可知，这句话使用现在完成时。“either...or...”作主语时，谓语动词形式与or后主语保持一致，its local custom是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式。
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which (be) saved for other purposes.
答案　were
解析　which指代先行词materials。当the rest在句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词，如果名词是不可数名词，用单数。如果是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。本句中的materials是可数名词复数形式，故填were。
8．On the stage (be) a number of famous singers，whose songs are welcomed by the majority of young people.
答案　are
解析　句意为：有许多著名的歌手在舞台上，他们的歌曲受大多数年轻人的喜欢。a number of修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数，从“whose songs are welcomed by...”可知用一般现在时，故填are。
9．If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌词) (speak) in the background of the songs.
答案　are spoken
解析　notice后是一个由how引导的宾语从句，该从句中缺谓语，而且the lyrics与动词speak之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态。根据语境可知这里讲的是一般情况，故用一般现在时。
10．Jenny have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
答案　should
解析　考查情态动词＋have done。句意为：詹妮本应该信守诺言的。我想知道她为什么改变了主意。根据后一句“I wonder why she changed her mind.”可知，詹妮没有信守诺言，should have done sth.“本应该做某事却没做”符合句意。
11．According to a newly released regulation on online video services，no one generate，release or spread fake news or information by using such technologies.
答案　shall
解析　考查情态动词。句意为：根据最新发行的关于网络视频服务的规章，任何人都不可以使用此类技术生成、发行或者传播虚假消息。根据前面的regulation(规定)可知，本题填入shall更加合理。
12．Every coin has two sides.Beautiful songs，sometimes， just be noise to others.
答案　may
解析　考查情态动词。句意为：任何事物都有两面性。优美的歌曲有时候对别人来说也许是噪音。分析句子可知，此处应该表示可能的推测，故填may。
13．My computer didn’t start this morning.There have been something wrong with it.
答案　must
解析　考查情态动词。句意为：我的电脑今早怎么也启动不了了。一定是出了什么问题。must have done表示对过去的肯定推测。
14．What a pity! The parents could have survived the earthquake， they (not，come) back to save their child.
答案　had；not come
解析　考查省略if的条件句。句意为：真遗憾！如果不是回来救孩子，这对父母本可以在地震中幸存下来。分析句子可知，此处为if引导的虚拟条件句，与过去事实相反，从句应为：if they hadn’t come...，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把had置于句首，从句可写成“had they not come...”。
15．He would (like) to represent his country in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number of competitors，and Edwards didn’t qualify.
答案　have liked
解析　句意为：他本想代表他的国家参加1984年的冬季奥运会，但参赛者众多，爱德华兹没有获得参赛资格。根据本句后面的“Edwards didn’t qualify”可知，爱德华兹没有成功获得参赛资格，故用“would have done”虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设，意思是“本来会做”。
16．In the last few years，China (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
答案　has made
解析　根据该句中的时间状语“In the last few years”可知，此处用现在完成时。
17．A large percentage of the population in our country (be) farmers.
答案　is
解析　根据句意，此处为客观现实，所以用一般现在时。主语是A large percentage of the population，谓语动词用单数。
18．It was quite a long time before he (spot) his old teacher in the crowd.
答案　spotted
解析　It was a long time＋before＋sb.did...“过了多久之后才...”为固定句型。
19．The publication of Great Expectations，which both widely reviewed and highly praised，strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
答案　was
解析　句意为：《远大前程》的出版得到了广泛的好评和高度赞扬，加强了狄更斯作为一名顶尖小说家的地位。先行词“The publication of Great Expectations”在定语从句中作主语，是单数概念，根据主谓一致的原则，所以谓语动词用单数。再根据主句谓语动词reviewed可知用一般过去时，应填was。
20．The number of the children who own the iPads (be) growing all the time.
答案　is
解析　句意为：拥有iPad的儿童数量一直在增长。the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数，故填is。
层级二　高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example， (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案　formed
解析　根据该定语从句中的时间状语“in 1759”可知，此处用一般过去时。
2．By about 6,000 BC，people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.(2020·浙江)
答案　had discovered
解析　由时间状语“By about 6,000 BC”可知，本句时态为过去完成时。
3．Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct)．”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案　means；is constructed
解析　整句话的时态为一般现在时，主语为it，故第一空填means；the moon与construct之间是被动关系，故第二空用一般现在时的被动语态。
4．When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist，they smiled and (point) down the river.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
答案　pointed
解析　根据上文“they smiled and...”可知，此处用过去时。
5．The parts of a museum open to the public (call) galleries or rooms.Often，only a small part of museum’s collection (be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案　are called；is
解析　第一空：分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语，主语“The parts”与动词call之间为被动关系，且此处说明事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态；第二空：主语是a small part，时态为现在时，谓语动词用is。
6．And，as more children were born，more food (need)．(2020·浙江)
答案　was needed
解析　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的“were born”可知此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。因此填was needed。
7．Then，with the rise of science，changes began.New methods (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.(2020·浙江)
答案　meant
解析　考查时态。结合前一句“...changes began.”用了一般过去时可知，空格处mean也需用一般过去时。故填meant。mean是不规则动词，过去式的正确拼写是关键。
8．In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案　have reported
解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句中的时间状语“In recent years”多与现在完成时连用，主语“some Inuit people”为复数意义，因此本空填have reported。
9．The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.(2019·江苏)
答案　has given
解析　考查现在完成时与主谓一致。句意为：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由“in the last three months”可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时，本句主语为“the musician”，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along with his band members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故填has given。
10．What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we (have) a good time together.
(2019·江苏)
答案　would have had
解析　根据关键词or可知应用虚拟语气，这里表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词应用would/could/should/might＋have done。
11．I can’t find my purse.I (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m not sure.(2018·天津)
答案　could/might have left
解析　根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去发生事情的推测，故用“情态动词＋have done”，再根据后句but I’m not sure可知，此推测为不太肯定的推测，故用could/might have done。
12．In today’s information age，the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.(2018·北京)
答案　can
解析　can在此表示客观可能性，意为“可能会，有时候会”。
13．They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.(2018·北京)
答案　had driven
解析　根据主句的谓语形式以及语境(事情已经发生)可知，if条件句应该用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。
14．It’s strange that he have taken the books without the owner’s permission.(2018·江苏)
答案　should
解析　此处should作情态动词，表示“竟然”，符合语境。
15．If the new safety system (put) to use，the accident would never have happened.(2017·北京)
答案　had been put
解析　根据后一句“would never have happened”判断这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句要用had done形式，所以填had been put。
层级三　语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1　时态与主谓一致篇
The first zoo 1. (establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2. (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3. (consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7. (try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8. (save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10. (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
1．答案　was established
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。根据时间状语“around 3,500 years ago”可知是过去时态，主语“The first zoo”和谓语动词establish 是被动关系，故填 was established。
2．答案　built
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是过去的时间状语，谓语需要用过去式，故填 built。
3．答案　consisted
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。本句话的语境是过去，谓语动词用过去式，故填 consisted。
4．答案　were replaced
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。主语“the zoos”和谓语动词replace 为被动关系，并且是过去时态，所以用were replaced。
5．答案　(were) kept
解析　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。“animals there were studied and ”为并列关系，故填(were) kept。
6．答案　understood
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是过去的时间状语，谓语要用过去式，故填 understood。
7．答案　have tried/have been trying
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行。故填have tried/have been trying。
8．答案　to save
解析　考查非谓语动词。rely on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事，故填to save。
9．答案　(are) watched
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。主语animals和谓语动词watch 是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
10．答案　are playing
解析　考查谓语动词的时态。由时间状语now可知，此处应该使用现在进行时。故填 are playing。
Passage 2　情态动词篇
I 1. have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.No one 3. be compared with Ellen in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6. (not，allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7. obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8. (not) wear school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students 9. get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10.
be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
1．答案　needn’t
解析　因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
2．答案　danced
解析　我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在相反，所以用danced。
3．答案　can
解析　没有人像她跳得一样好，表示能力用can。
4．答案　did/should do
解析　It is high time＋sb.should do/did sth.到了某人该做某事的时候了。
5．答案　will
解析　每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will可以表示现在的习惯。
6．答案　(should) not allow
解析　recommend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
7．答案　must
解析　学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
8．答案　didn’t
解析　如果学生在校期间不穿校服，他会立即受到惩罚。因为主句谓语用would do，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件从句中用过去式表示对现在的虚拟。
9．答案　shall
解析　根据规定，学生如果想拿奖学金，任一单科成绩不得低于85分。shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应，必须”。
10．答案　should
解析　我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 should在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。


1．时态的交叉使用
典例　(2019·全国Ⅲ，书面表达)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I’m writing to invite you to take part in the music festival，which will be held in our school next Saturday.
运用　(2018·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)这部电影将会在本周六下午4点到5点上映，电影会讲述我们学校的发展历程。欢迎每个同学都来观看。
The movie will be shown from 4∶00 to 5∶00 this Saturday afternoon.It tells the development of our school.Everyone is welcome to watch the movie.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律
典例　(2016·全国Ⅲ，书面表达)如果你方便的话，我下周六陪你去书店。
If it is convenient for you，I will accompany you to the bookstore next Saturday.
运用　(2019·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给游客，这将帮助他们更好地了解中国文化。
If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
3．被动语态的适当运用
典例　(2020·天津，书面表达)成人礼定于6月8号举行。
The coming-of-age ceremony was scheduled to be held on June 8.
运用　(2019·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)听说下个月美术馆将举行一次中国画展览，我写信想要申请成为一名志愿者。
Knowing an exhibition of Chinese paintings will be held at the gallery next month，I am writing to apply to become a volunteer.
4．虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
典例　(2016·10月浙江)Jane 心里想：“如果我没和Tom 吵架，我就不会在山林中迷路了。”
Jane said to herself, “If I hadn’t quarrelled with Tom，I wouldn’t have got lost in the woods of the mountain.”
运用　(2018·6月浙江)要是我没有追这只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。
If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wouldn’t have lost our way.
(2)利用“情态动词＋have done”表虚拟
典例　(2017·11月浙江)我们本来可以愉快地露营，可是妈妈忘了带帐篷。
We could have camped in the wild happily，but mother forgot to take the camp.
运用　(2017·11月浙江)我们本不应该把帐篷放在妈妈那里，因为她太健忘了。
We shouldn’t have trusted mother with the tent，because she is much too forgetful.
(3)should的适当运用
典例　(2011·全国Ⅱ，建议信)我建议Global Mirror应该刊登些指导我们学习英语的文章。
I suggest that Global Mirror should carry articles to guide us in our English learning.
运用　(2018·全国Ⅱ，通知)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
It is required that anyone who wants to participate in it should arrive on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
(4)利用but for/without含蓄虚拟条件句
典例　(2020·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
运用　(2020·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)多亏了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
Thanks to the picking activity，otherwise we wouldn’t have known what sweet fruits labour would result in.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
典例　(2018·6月浙江)我们正在找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。
We were trying to look for the way back when we heard my uncle shouting loudly.
运用　(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地走，这时John来帮他了。
Bernard was wandering worriedly in the street when John came to his assistance.