(新高考)高考英语专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文-真题和模拟题分类训练（2份打包，解析版+原卷版）

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2021年高考真题和模拟题英语分项汇编
专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文
说明文
1. 【2021·全国甲卷，B】
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
2. 【2021·全国乙卷·A】
The Biggest Stadiums in the World
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world’s best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome’s Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.
These days, safety regulations-not to mention the modern sports fan’s desire for a good view and comfortable seat—tend to keep stadium capacities(容量) slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of thousands standing to watch the match.
For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still funtiona1, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang D.P.R. Korea. Capacity: 150,000. Opened: May 1,1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened: October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U. S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened: September 17, 1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U. S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened: October 7,1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U. S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September 24, 1927.
21. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?
A. 104,944. B. 107,601. C. About 150,000. D. About 250,000.
22. Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?
A. Michigan Stadium. B. Beaver Stadium. C. Ohio Stadium. D. Kyle Field.
23. What do the listed stadiums have in common?
A. They host big games. B. They have become tourist attractions.
C. They were built by Americans. D. They are favored by architects.
【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况。目前这些竞技场仍在运行并且还在承办大型体育赛事。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.” (然而，与这座城市容纳了25万人的大竞技场相比，这只是小巫见大巫。)可知，Circus Maximus的可以容纳250,000人。故选D项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后部分中的“Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened October 7, 1922.” (美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄体育场，容纳人数：104,944人。1922年10月7日开业。)及其他四个著名竞技场的开放时间介绍可知，Ohio Stadium开放时间最早在1922年，属于年代最久远的。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文中“All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.” (所有这些体育场馆仍在使用，仍在开放，仍在举办世界上最大的体育赛事。)可知，这些体育馆都还在承办大型的体育赛事。故选A项。
3. 【2021·全国乙卷·B】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline(座机)?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor(因素)— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone(using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
4. 【2021·全国乙卷·C】
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31 Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。
【31题详解】
标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。
5. 【2021·全国乙卷·D】
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰)in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout(布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分贝), 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.(这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。)”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.(大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者(置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中)的表现明显好于其他组。)”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.(但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。)”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.(那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。)”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.(在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。)”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
6. 【2021·新高考 I 卷·C】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
7. 【2021·新高考 I 卷·D】
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
4. 【2021·浙江卷·C】
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human faces
C. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other
9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B. Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C. Pictures used in the two stages were different
D. The dogs were photographed before the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings.
C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。
【10题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。
5. 【2021·浙江卷(1月)·B】
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities(机会)for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes(路线), with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
4．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
6．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.
【答案】
4．B
5．C
6．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
4．
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today: in Australia: most children on average fall 2: 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent of children walked to school while in 2010, it was as low as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
5．
细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time: many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
6．
细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
6. 【2021·浙江卷(1月)·C】
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "
7．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
8．What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
10．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【答案】
7．D
8．B
9．A
10．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。
7．
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.(她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息)”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。
8．
推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappointing”(曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”)”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
9．
词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.(在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西)”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communications.(此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息)”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.(所以，看来差异依然存在)”，故gulf的意思是difference，故选A。
10．
主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.(研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义)”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。
7. 【2021·天津卷·C】
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉).
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection (注射)becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
45．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A．a better understanding of children
B．less use of certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technology
D．an improved reputation of the hospital
46．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry out hypnosis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn about the procedure
47．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A．creating a perfect world for patients
B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C．putting patients into an unconscious state
D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality
48．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A．It should keep pace with the procedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technologist.
D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
49．The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．worry
D．criticism
50．What is the passage mainly about?
A．An easy way to communicate with patients.
B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【答案】
45．B
46．B
47．D
48．A
49．B
50．D
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。
45．
细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”(该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。)可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
46．
细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”(一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工)可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。
47．
细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified (改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”(催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序)可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
48．
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”(催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关)以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”(重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来)可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。
49．
细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”(这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工)以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”(她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训)可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。
50．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”(蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工)可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。
议论文
1. 【2021·全国甲卷，D】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?(谁是天才)”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
2. 【2021·天津卷·D】
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion (排 除)of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective (视角)into specific fields of expertise (专长).The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
【答案】
51．A
52．C
53．D
54．D
55．A
【分析】
本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．
推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.(成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。)”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
52．
细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53．
细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54．
推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.(事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。)”；下文举出Toni的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.(我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。)”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55．
主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist(做一个通才，而不是专家)”。故选A。
二、2021届模拟题
说明文
一、(2021·吉林长春市·高三期末)
Why do we like drinking water from plastic bottles(塑料瓶)? Some people think it is healthy and clean. Others drink bottled water because it’s easy — you can carry it around with you. In hot countries, like Greece, we often buy bottles of cold water in the summer.
However, making lots of plastic is not a good idea for many reasons. First of all, we need a lot of oil for plastic products. We usually use oil as a source of energy. If we reduced the number of bottles we made, we wouldn’t need so much oil. Plastic bottles also pollute the environment. If we reused all our plastic bottles, we wouldn’t need so much space for rubbish dumps. But in Greece, we don’t reuse much of the plastic we use. In 2006, Greeks reused only about 10% of plastic waste. The rest became rubbish on land and in rivers and seas.
So next time you want to throw away a plastic bottle in the litter bin, stop and think. If you reuse it, you would help the environment. But what can you do when there isn’t a bin near you? Well, there are lots of useful ways that you can use your bottles again. For example, an empty bottle makes a great piggy bank for your pocket money, and if you cut a bottle in half, you will have a plant pot. Go green! You can make a difference.
12．What is not mentioned about bottled water in this passage?
A．It’s healthy. B．It’s clean.
C．It’s easy. D．It’s expensive.
13．Plastic products are made from ________.
A．energy B．oil
C．rubbish D．plants
14．Which is the best way to deal with used plastic bottles?
A．To reuse them. B．To make a piggy bank.
C．To make a plant pot. D．To drop them into the river.
15．The underlined part in this passage tells us “________”.
A．To make a different life, you’d better go outside.
B．To look different, you’d better wear green clothes.
C．To protect the environment, you can do something.
D．To go green, you should use plastic products.
12．D13．B14．A15．C
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。现在人们经常饮用瓶装水，文章分析了瓶装水的好处，但也指出瓶装水使用了大量的塑料，塑料废弃后会对环境造成污染，建议人们更多地重复使用塑料瓶。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Some people think it is healthy and clean. Others drink bottled water because it’s easy — you can carry it around with you.可知，有些人认为瓶装水很健康干净而且容易携带。文章没有提到它很贵。故D项正确。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句First of all, we need a lot of oil for plastic products.可知，要生产塑料制品需要使用石油。故B项正确。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段第六句If we reused all our plastic bottles, we wouldn’t need so much space for rubbish dumps.可知，重新使用塑料瓶是处理塑料污染最好的方法。故A项正确。
15．猜测句意题。根据划线前句可知，我们可以用多种方法重复使用塑料瓶，减少对环境的污染。如果我们人人努力，就可以保护环境。句中的短语make a difference意为“起作用，有影响”。故C项正确。
二、(2021·南昌市第三中学)
Fou Ts'ong, a Chinese-born pianist known for his sensitive interpretations of Chopin, Debussy and Mozart.died on Monday at a hospital in London, where he had lived for many years. He was 86.
A lover of classical music from a young age, Mr. Fou began taking piano lessons when he was 7. Mr. Fou made his first stage appearance in 1952. The concert caught the attention of officials in Beijing, who selected him to compete and tour in Eastern Europe. Mr. Fou soon moved to Poland, where he studied at the Warsaw Conservatory(音乐学校)on a scholarship. To prepare for the fifth Chopin Competition in Warsaw in 1955.he practiced so diligently that he hurt his fingers and was nearly cut from the first round of the competition.
Mr. Fou was one of the first Chinese pianists to achieve global prominence when he took the third place in the International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955. He also won a special prize for his performance of Chopin's mazurkas(马祖卜舞曲). Almost overnight, he became a national hero. To China, Mr. Fou's recognition in a well-known international competition was proof that the country could stand on its own artistically in the West. Chinese reporters flocked to interview Mr. Fou, while many others sought out his father, Fu Lei, for advice on child-rearing.
In 1981, a volume of letters written by his father, primarily to Mr. Fou, was published in China. Full of advice, encouragement, life teachings and strict paternal love, the book Fu Lei's Family, Letters became a best-seller in China. Besides influencing a generation of Chinese, Mr. Fu's words resonated(共鸣)long after his death with the person for whom they were intended.
"My father had a saying that 'First you must be a person, then an artist, and then a musician, and only then can you be a pianist.'" Mr. Fou once recalled in an interview. "Even now, I believe in this order-that it should be this way and that I am this way."
9．What can be learned from Paragraph 2?
A．Fou Ts'ong competed and toured in Beijing.
B．Fou Ts'ong first performed on the stage at 7.
C．Fou Ts'ong made great efforts for competitions.
D．Fou Ts'ong started learning music in Eastern Europe.
10．Why does Fou Ts'ong's global recognition mean a lot to China?
A．It earns Chinese art a place in the West.
B．It promotes the spread of Chinese culture.
C．It proves Chinese people's talent for music.
D．It enables Chinese art education to be recognized.
11．What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Mr. Fu's words. B．Young Chinese.
C．Fou Ts'ong and his family. D．Readers of Fu Lei's Family Letters.
12．Which of the following agrees with Fu Lei's ideas in the last paragraph?
A．Pursuing art is a long and painful process.
B．It requires various qualities to be a pianist.
C．Everyone should develop an interest in art.
D．Talent is of the greatest importance for a pianist.
9．C10．A11．A12．B
【分析】
本文是一篇人物传记。文章介绍中国出生的钢琴家傅聪。他以其对肖邦、德彪西和莫扎特的敏感诠释而闻名，他的国际知名度为中国艺术在西方赢得了一席之地。
9．
推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句话“To prepare for the fifth Chopin Competition in Warsaw in 1955,he practiced so diligently that he hurt his fingers and was nearly cut from the first round of the competition，”(为了准备1955年在华沙举行的第五届肖邦比赛，他刻苦练习，结果在第一轮比赛中伤了手指，差点被切伤。)可知，傅聪先生为了比赛付出了很多。故选C。
10．
细节理解题。根据第三段中的 “To China，Mr. Fou's recognition in a well-known international competition was proof that the country could stand on its own artistically in the West.”(对中国来说，傅聪在著名的国际比赛中获得的认可证明了中国能够在西方艺术上自立门户。)可知，傅聪的国际知名度为中国艺术在西方赢得了一席之地。故选A。
11．
词义猜测题。根据第四段中的 “Besides influencing a generation of Chinese, Mr. Fu's words resonated(共鸣)long after his death with the person for whom they were intended.(此外，傅聪不仅影响了一代中国人，而且在他去世后很长一段时间里，他的遗言还能对听到这些话的人产生共鸣。)”可以看出，they指代上文提到的Mr. Fu's words，说明除了影响了一代中国人外，傅聪先生的话在他去世后依然能够让听到这些话的人产生共鸣。由此推知，they这个词指的是 his words。故选A。
12．
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“My father had a saying that 'First you must be a person, then an artist, and then a musician, and only then can you be a pianist.”可知，傅雷先生教儿子傅聪要先成为人，再成为艺术家，再成为音乐家，最后才能成为钢琴家。这表明，傅雷先生认为成为一名钢琴家，身上要具备很多的品质。故选B。
三、(2021·山西晋城市·高三二模)
Most of us have something about us that we’re not 100% in love with, such as an impulsive streak or a short temper. What if those personality traits (个性特征) could be improved with daily use of a smartphone app? That was the focus of a new study from an international research team led by the University of Zurich.
“Personality traits predict several important aspects of life such as success at work, health and even a long.” says first author Mirjam Stieger. PhD．of Brandeis University in Waltham. Massachusetts. “So we wanted to test whether people can actively shape their personality traits with the help of a digital intervention (干预) within a relatively short period of time.”
Around 1.500 participants were provided with a specially developed smartphone app called PEACH for three months. On the app, a virtual companion communicated with the participants daily and provided support to help them make the changes they desired. And participants were divided into two groups — an intervention group and a waitlist control group. Participants in the waitlist control group selected and indicated their change goals before a one-month waiting period, and then they received the same three-month intervention as the intervention group.
The researchers found that participants in the waitlist control group didn't change their personality traits during the one-month waiting period. but participants who received the intervention reported changes in the desired direction. “We also found that friends and family members were able to detect personality changes,” Stieger says. “Another surprising finding was that most participants were able to maintain (维持) their personality trait changes until three months after the end of the intervention.”
While apps could be used to promote personality change, mental health expert Karen Peters warns, it's important to remember they are there for support and not as a substitute for an individual's change. “The use of an app itself isn't going to influence change — change is influenced by internal motivation.” she says. “The new study demonstrates this point by determining that change outcomes were in agreement with the individual's desire to change.”
5．Why does the author ask the question in paragraph 1?
A．To put forward a problem. B．To recommend a method.
C．To lead in the recent study. D．To come up with a new concept.
6．What were participants asked to do in the new study?
A．Set their change goals. B．Detect others' changes.
C．Help their companions. D．Get rid of daily apps.
7．What is the finding of the new study?
A．Most of the participants' personalities were unstable.
B．Digital intervention made no difference to personalities.
C．The use of an app alone could shape personality traits.
D．The participants, personality changes were noticeable.
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Are Your Personality Traits Out of Control?
B．Are You in Love With Your Personality Traits?
C．Can a Smartphone App Change Your Personality?
D．Can Digital Intervention Determine Personal Desire?
5．C6．A7．D8．C
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。研究发现，人们通过日常使用智能手机应用程序可以改变其个性特征。
5．
推理判断题。根据第一段“What if those personality traits (个性特征) could be improved with daily use of a smartphone app? That was the focus of a new study from an international research team led by the University of Zurich. (如果这些个性特征可以通过日常使用智能手机应用程序得到改善呢？这是苏黎世大学领导的一个国际研究小组的一项新研究的重点)”可以推断，提问的目的是为了引入最新的研究。故选C项。
6．
细节理解题。根据第三段“On the app, a virtual companion communicated with the participants daily and provided support to help them make the changes they desired.(在该应用程序中，一个虚拟伴侣每天与参与者交流，并提供支持，帮助他们做出他们想要的改变)”以及“Participants in the waitlist control group selected and indicated their change goals before a one-month waiting period…(等待名单控制组的参与者在一个月的等待期之前选择并指出他们的改变目标……)”可知，研究参与者被要求设立自己的改变目标。故选A项。
7．
细节理解题。根据第四段中Stieger 所说“We also found that friends and family members were able to detect personality changes(我们还发现，朋友和家庭成员能够察觉性格的变化)”可知，研究参与者的个性变化是明显的。故选D项。
8．
主旨大意题。通读全文、尤其根据文章第一段中“What if those personality traits (个性特征) could be improved with daily use of a smartphone app?(如果这些个性特征可以通过日常使用智能手机应用程序得到改善呢？)”及第二段中“So we wanted to test whether people can actively shape their personality traits with the help of a digital intervention (干预) within a relatively short period of time.(因此，我们想测试人们是否能够在相对短的时间内通过数字干预来积极塑造他们的个性特征)”可知，文章主要通过研究说明，人们通过日常使用智能手机应用程序可以改变其个性特征。选项C“智能手机应用程序能改变你的个性吗？”高度概括突出了主题，适合做标题。故选C项。
四、(河北省保定市2021届高三下学期第一次模拟考试)
On paper, hydrogen(H2)looks like a dream fuel. Coal, oil, and natural gas produce carbon dioxide, which warms the earth when burned, Hydrogen produces pure water. Hydrogen packs more energy into less space than a battery(but certainly less than petrol). Also, empty tanks(燃料箱)can be refilled with hydrogen much faster than refilling empty batteries with electricity.
While in practice, things are trickier. Storing a meaningful amount of hydrogen gas requires pressing it several hundred-fold. Changing it into the liquid form is another option, but it should be cooled to-253C．Both processes require a heavy and strong tank. While a 700 bar tank is acceptable for a city bus or a truck, adapting it for use in small vehicles is very difficult because the pressure during refilling would be too great.
The solution? Powerpaste.
A German team of researchers, led by Marcus Vogt, have come up with an interesting "powerpaste", which can store hydrogen energy at atmospheric pressure, ready for release when needed. It is so named because it comes in tubes and looks like toothpaste(牙膏), not in its traditional form of gas.
The main ingredient(原料)of the paste is magnesium hydride, a substance that reacts with water to form hydrogen. The escaped hydrogen can then be directed into a fuel cell, where it reacts with oxygen from the air to produce electric power.
Refueling is very simple, as instead of going to a filling station, drivers and riders can simply replace an empty tube with a new one and refill the water tank.
Given that powerpaste only begins to break down at temperatures of around 250℃ it remains safe even when a vehicle stands in the baking sun for hours.
However, we will have to be patient. Just because researchers have succeeded in developing a new fueling way does not mean that we can expect to see such vehicles on the road anytime soon. It will indeed be several years before this concept is turned into reality.
8．As a fuel, what is the advantage of hydrogen over oil?
A．Refilling empty tanks will be more convenient.
B．It is less likely to worsen global warming
C．More energy can be packed in the same space.
D．It will produce pure water for people to drink.
9．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The practical difficulties to use hydrogen as fuel in small vehicles.
B．The detailed processes of adapting a strong tank in small vehicles.
C．The differences in fueling between large vehicles and small ones.
D．The tricks of building strong tanks in small vehicles.
10．The author mentions the refueling process to show that powerpaste is______________.
A．inexpensive B．powerful C．convenient D．environment-friendly
11．Why does the author call on the readers to be patient?
A．Powerpaste-driven vehicles sometimes move very slowly on the road.
B．Practical use of powerpaste-driven vehicles will not come very soon.
C．Powerpaste-driven vehicles can only work after being in the sun for hours
D．It will be years before the researchers work out the concept of powerpaste.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了氢是一种理想的燃料，它与煤、石油和天然气相比所具有的优势以及它取代煤、石油和天然气所面临的困难和解决办法。
8．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句“Coal, oil, and natural gas produce carbon dioxide, which warms the earth when burned, Hydrogen produces pure water.”(煤、石油和天然气产生二氧化碳，燃烧时会使地球变暖，而氢产生纯水。)可知，作为燃料，氢比石油具有的优点是它不太可能加剧全球变暖。故选B项。
9．【答案】A
【分析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段第一句“While in practice, things are trickier.”(而在实践中，情况就复杂多了。)及第二段最后一句“While a 700 bar tank is acceptable for a city bus or a truck, adapting it for use in small vehicles is very difficult because the pressure during refilling would be too great.”(虽然700巴的油箱可以用在城市公共汽车或卡车上，但要把它改装成适用于小型车辆却非常困难，因为加注过程中的压力太大了。)可知，第二段主要讲的是在小型车辆中使用氢作为燃料的实际困难。故选A项。
10．【答案】C
【分析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段 “Refueling is very simple, as instead of going to a filling station, drivers and riders can simply replace an empty tube with a new one and refill the water tank.”(加油很简单，司机和乘客不需要去加油站，只需用一个新管子替换空管子，然后给水箱加水。)可知，作者提到了加油过程，说明给车辆加膏状氢燃料是很方便的。故选C项。
11．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后两句“Just because researchers have succeeded in developing a new fueling way does not mean that we can expect to see such vehicles on the road anytime soon. It will indeed be several years before this concept is turned into reality.”(仅仅是因为研究人员成功地开发出了一种新的加油方式并不意味着我们可以期待在短期内看到这样的车辆上路。实际上，这一概念要成为现实还需要数年的时间。)可知，作者呼吁读者要有耐心是因为这种新动力驱动的汽车的实际应用尚需时日，不会很快到来。故选B项。
五、(安徽安庆市示范高中2021届高三4月联考)
Well, to pick up where we left off last time, I believe all of you know now how plastics developed. But a piece of sad news, every year about 8 million metric tons of plastic is thrown into our oceans. That's as much as a truckload of plastic waste every minute. As you may know, plastic waste chokes and hooks turtles and seabirds. Worse still, plastic pieces are often mistaken for food by marine (海洋的)animals. Tiny pieces of plastic are even blocking the stomachs of marine creatures and fish.
According to Plastic Oceans, packaging accounts for just over 40% of total plastic usage. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. 14% of all litter comes from beverage containers (plastic bottles). Sadly, a plastic bag has an average “working life” of 15 minutes. Over the last 10 years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century. Plastic takes 500 years to break down. Once it enters our environment, it stays there.
This is why it is important to stop using plastic items that we use for about 15 minutes before we dispose of it. Hopefully, we can help put an end to plastic pollution by choosing not to use single use plastic items, such as plastic bags and straws. And this July, people around the world will take a pledge(请愿)to live a plastic free life. You can either give up the top four ——straws, bottles, bags and coffee cups or you can refuse as much single use plastic as you can every day. Another way to help reduce the problem is to take part in beach clean-ups. On the first Saturday of every month Clean C, an initiative that gets volunteers to clean up our beaches, hosts beach clean-ups on beaches across Cape Town. You can find details of upcoming events on their website.
8．What was probably talked about last time?
A．The history of plastics. B．The creation of plastics.
C．When plastics was made. D．How plastics was created.
9．What can be inferred from the second paragraph?
A．Plastic packaging is still on the rise.
B．Plastic bottles are the most serious global problems.
C．Plastics can break down within centuries.
D．Single-used plastics contributes to ocean pollution.
10．The underlined phrase “dispose of” can be replaced by ________.
A．take control of B．go in for C．get rid of D．watch out for
11．What is the writing purpose of the text?
A．To appeal to factories to stop making plastics.
B．To call on people to refuse plastic pollution.
C．To organize activities to clean up the beaches.
D．To gather volunteers to protect the marine animals.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了每年大约有800万吨塑料被扔进我们的海洋。塑料碎片经常被海洋动物误认为食物，微小的塑料碎片给海洋生物造成了严重的危害，近而呼吁人们停止使用一次性塑料制品，拒绝塑料污染。
8．【答案】A
【分析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Well, to pick up where we left off last time, I believe all of you know now how plastics developed.( 好了，回到上节课结束的地方，我相信你们都知道塑料是如何发展起来的。)”可推知，上节课主要讲塑料是如何发展起来的的，即塑料的历史。故选A。
9．【答案】D
【分析】推理判断题。根据第二段的相关数据及“a plastic bag has an average “working life” of 15 minutes(一个塑料袋的平均“使用寿命”是15分钟)”等信息，再结合第三段中的“we can help put an end to plastic pollution by choosing not to use single use plastic items(我们可以通过选择不使用一次性塑料物品来帮助结束塑料污染)”可推知，一次性使用的塑料制品是造成海洋塑料污染的主要原因。故选D。
10．【答案】C
【分析】词句猜测题。根据上文“a plastic bag has an average “working life” of 15 minutes.( 一个塑料袋的平均“使用寿命”是15分钟。)”和划线部分所在句子“This is why it is important to stop using plastic items that we use for about 15 minutes before we dispose of it.”(这就是为什么停止使用塑料制品非常重要，因为我们使用15分钟就会把它dispose of)可以推测出塑料袋在平均被使用15分钟后会就不会再使用(被丢弃)，故划线词词义与“不会再使用(被丢弃)”意思相近。A. take control of控制；B. go in for参加，从事；追求；赞成； C. get rid of摆脱，除去；D. watch out for注意寻找；戒备；小心提防。结合选项可知C选项意思较为接近，且与句子意思相符。故选C。
11．【答案】B
【分析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“But a piece of sad news, every year about 8 million metric tons of plastic is thrown into our oceans. That's as much as a truckload of plastic waste every minute.( 但有一条不幸的消息，每年大约有800万吨塑料被扔进我们的海洋。这相当于每分钟有一卡车的塑料垃圾。)”及最后一段“And this July, people around the world will take a pledge(请愿)to live a plastic free life.( 今年7月，世界各地的人们将承诺过无塑料生活。)”可知本文在介绍海洋塑料污染的基础上，旨在呼吁人们停止使用一次性塑料制品，拒绝塑料污染。故选B。
六、(江苏省淮安市2021届高三4月适应性联考)
Physical activity is important in preventing cardiovascular(心血管的) disease in young people so long as they don’t undertake very intense activity on days when air pollution levels are high, according to a recently released study.
Until now, little has been known about the relationships between the health benefits of physical activity taking place outdoors and the potentially harmful effects of air pollution. Previous research by the authors of the current study had investigated the question in middle-aged people at a single point in time, but this is the first time that it has been investigated in young adults aged between 20—30 years over a period of several years. In addition, the researchers wanted to see what happens when people increase or decrease their physical activity over time.
At each health check-up, the participants completed a questionnaire asking about their physical activity in the past seven days and this information was changed into units of metabolic equivalent task(MET, 代谢当量任务) minutes per week(MET-mins/week). The participants were divided into four groups: 0, 1—499, 500—999 and 1000 or more MET-mins/week. People are recommended to do 500—999 MET-mins/week and this can be achieved by; for example, running, cycling or hiking for 15—30 minutes five times a week, or brisk walking, doubles tennis or slow cycling for 30—60 minutes five times a week.
The researchers used data to calculate annual average levels of air pollution, in particular the levels of small particulate matter that are less than or equal to 10 or 2.5 microns in diameter, known a PM10 and PM25.
Overall, the results show that physical activity is associated with a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease among young adults. However, when air pollution levels are high, exercising beyond the recommended amount may offset or even reverse the beneficial effects. The study cannot show that air pollution causes the increased cardiovascular risk, only that it is associated with it.
12．What can we know from Paragraph 2?
A．Outdoor physical activity harms our health.
B．Exercising isn’t advised on serious air pollution days.
C．A first in-depth survey has been done on young adults.
D．Middle-aged people have been the ideal research target.
13．How do the results come out?
A．By doing research on young adults.
B．By collecting PM10 and PM2.5 data.
C．By making experiments on middle-aged people.
D．By studying a questionnaire on physical activity.
14．What do we know about the result?
A．Air pollution leads to cardiovascular disease.
B．Cardiovascular disease relates to air pollution.
C．More physical exercise benefits young people.
D．Young adults seldom develop cardiovascular disease.
15．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Physical activity & air pollution: when to do more or less physical activity.
B．Physical activity & health benefit: how to prevent cardiovascular disease
C．Physical activity & air pollution: what to do with high air pollution levels
D．Physical activity & health benefit: how to maximize the health benefits of exercising
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了最近公布的一项研究：年轻人在空气污染的天气条件下运动强度应该适时调整才能避免心血管疾病。
12．【答案】C
【分析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“…this is the first time that it has been investigated in young adults aged between 20—30 years over a period of several years.(……这是多年来首次在20岁至30岁的年轻人中进行的这项调查。)”可知，这是多年来首次在20岁至30岁的年轻人中进行的调查。故选C项。
13．【答案】A
【分析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“…this is the first time that it has been investigated in young adults aged between 20—30 years over a period of several years.(……这是第一次对20岁至30岁的年轻人进行为期几年的调查。)”，第三段内容“At each health check-up, the participants completed a questionnaire asking about their physical activity in the past seven days and this information was changed into units of metabolic equivalent task minutes per week(MET-mins/week). (在每次健康检查中，参与者完成一份问卷，询问他们在过去七天中的体力活动，这些信息被转化为每周代谢当量任务分钟的单位。)”以及第四段内容“The researchers used data to calculate annual average levels of air pollution, in particular the levels of small particulate matter that are less than or equal to 10 or 2.5 microns in diameter, known a PM10 and PM25.(研究人员使用数据计算空气污染的年平均水平，特别是直径小于或等于10或2.5微米的小颗粒物质的水平，称为PM10和PM25。)”可知，该研究为期几年，以20岁至30岁的年轻人为研究对象，通过问卷对其过去7天的体力活动进行调查并进行运动强度分组；同时，使用数据计算空气污染的年平均水平，从而得出研究结果的。A项“By doing research on young adults.(通过对年轻人的研究。)”是符合原文信息的正确论述。故选A项。
14．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“The study cannot show that air pollution causes the increased cardiovascular risk, only that it is associated with it.(这项研究并不能证明空气污染会增加心血管疾病的风险，只能证明空气污染与之相关。)”可知，这项研究只能证明空气污染与之相关。故选B项。
15．【答案】A
【分析】主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知，文章为总分结构。文章首段“Physical activity is important in preventing cardiovascular disease in young people so long as they don’t undertake very intense activity on days when air pollution levels are high, according to a recently released study.(最近发布的一项研究表明，身体活动对年轻人预防心血管疾病非常重要，前提是他们在空气污染水平高的日子里不要进行非常高强度的活动。)”即，体育运动对于青年人预防心脑血管疾病是非常有好处的，在污染不严重的情况下进行体育运动最好，能够回答when(什么时候)。选项A“Physical activity & air pollution: when to do more or less physical activity.(体育活动和空气污染：什么时候应该多做或少做体育活动。)”贴合主旨，可作最佳标题。故选A项。
七、(辽宁省“决胜新高考�名校交流“2021届高三3月联考)
Men hunted. Women gathered. That has long been the common view of our prehistoric ancestors. But the discovery of a woman buried 9000 years ago in the Andes Mountains with weapons and hunting tools, and an analysis of other burial sites in the Americas challenges this widely accepted division of labor in hunter-gatherer society.
“Labor practices among recent hunter-gatherer societies are highly gendered, which might lead some to believe that sexist inequalities in things like pay or rank are somehow 'natural' , ”said lead study author Randy Haas, an assistant professor of anthropology (人类学) at University of California, Davis, in a news release. "But it's now clear that sexual division of labor was fundamentally different-likely more equal and reasonable-in our species deep hunter-gatherer past."
The burial site was discovered in 2018 during excavations (发掘) at a high-altitude site called Wilamaya Patjxa in what is now Peru. The woman, thought to be between 17 and 19 years old when she died, was buried with items that suggested she hunted big-game animals.
Although some scholars have suggested a role for women in ancient hunting, others have dismissed this idea even when hunting tools were uncovered in female burials. To examine whether this woman found at this site was an outlier, the researchers examined 429 skeletons (骷髅) at 107 burials sites in North and South America around 8000 to 14000 years ago. Of those, 27 individuals were buried with hunting tools—11 were female and 15 were male. The sample was sufficient to "support the conclusion that female participation in early big-game hunting was likely not unusual".
The findings add to doubts about man — the hunter assumption that informed much thinking about early humans since the mid-20th century. “They suggest hunting was very much a community-based activity, needing the participation of all able-bodied individuals to drive large animals”, the paper said. The weapon of choice at that time had low accuracy, encouraging broad participation, and using it was a skill learned from childhood.
8．What does the recent burial site at Andes Mountains show?
A．The origin of sexual inequality.
B．Hunting skills of ancient times.
C．The social system of prehistoric hunters.
D．Job division of hunter-gatherer society.
9．Which of the following might Randy Haas agree with?
A．Gender plays no part in recent hunter-gatherer society.
B．Sexist inequality is a natural result of prehistoric society.
C．Ancient division of labor might be fairer than we'd thought.
D．Public ideas of women's role will be changed abruptly.
10．What does the underlined word "outlier" in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Exception. B．Failure.
C．Role model. D．Easy target.
11．What might make prehistoric hunting a community-based activity?
A．Lack of able-bodied individuals.
B．Imperfection in hunting weapons.
C．Better accuracy of females in hunting.
D．Need for large animals as food source.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了考古学家在南美的安第斯山脉中发现了一座有着9000年历史的女性狩猎者的墓葬挑战了传统的男士打猎，女人采集的劳动分工的观念。
8．【答案】D
【分析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“But the discovery of a woman buried 9000 years ago in the Andes Mountains with weapons and hunting tools, and an analysis of other burial sites in the Americas challenges this widely accepted division of labor in hunter-gatherer society. (但是，在安第斯山脉发现了一名9000年前埋葬的妇女有武器和打猎工具，并对美洲其他埋葬地点进行了分析，这对狩猎采集社会中这种被广泛接受的劳动分工提出了挑战)”可知，在安第斯山脉发现的这些埋葬点挑战了狩猎采集社会中的劳动分工，也就是表明了我们所没有想到的狩猎采集社会中的劳动分工。故选D。
9．【答案】C
【分析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“But it's now clear that sexual division of labor was fundamentally different-likely more equal and reasonable-in our species deep hunter-gatherer past. (但现在很清楚，在我们的狩猎-采集历史中，性别分工有着根本的不同，可能更为平等和合理)”可知，Randy Haas认为古代的劳动分工可能比我们想的更公平，故选C。
10．【答案】A
【分析】词句猜测题。根据第四段中“To examine whether this woman found at this site was an outlier, the researchers examined 429 skeletons (骷髅) at 107 burials sites in North and South America around 8000 to 14000 years ago. Of those, 27 individuals were buried with hunting tools—11 were female and 15 were male. The sample was sufficient to "support the conclusion that female participation in early big-game hunting was likely not unusual". (为了检验在这一地点发现的这名妇女是否是一个outlier，研究人员调查了8000年至14000年前北美和南美107个墓葬地点的429具骨骼。其中，27人和狩猎工具一起被埋葬，其中11人是女性，15人是男性。这一样本足以 “支持女性参与早期大型狩猎活动可能并不罕见的结论”)”可知，研究者研究了不同历史时期，很多不同地方的大量墓葬，发现很多女性是狩猎者，同时表明了女性参与早期大型狩猎活动可能并不罕见，所以这也检验这位狩猎的女性不是一个例外，故选A。
11．【答案】B
【分析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The weapon of choice at that time had low accuracy, encouraging broad participation, and using it was a skill learned from childhood. (当时选择的武器准确度低，鼓励广泛参与，使用它是从小就要学的技能)”可知，狩猎武器的不完善，所以就鼓励大家广泛参与，也就使史前的狩猎活动以群体为基础，故选B。
八、(江苏省高考基地学校2021届高三第二次大联考)
A living robot has been created out of frog skin cells. Xenobots, named after the frog species Xenopus laevis that the cells come from, were first described last year. Now the team behind the robots has improved their design and demonstrated new capabilities.
To create the xenobots, Michael Levin at Tufts University in Massachusetts and his colleagues obtained tissue from 24-hour-old frog embryos after very small physical operation. Where the previous version relied on the contraction of heart muscle cells to move them forward by pushing off surfaces, these new xenobots swim around faster. They also live between three and seven days longer than their previous generation, which only lasted about seven days, and have the ability to sense their surroundings to some extent, turning red when exposed to blue light.
“The fundamental finding here is that when you free skin cells from their normal context, and you give them a chance to build other things than what they normally build,” says Levin. “To me, one of the most exciting things here is that they are plastic. This idea that even normal cells, not genetically modified, are in fact capable of building something completely different.”
Because they are created from cells, the xenobots eventually break apart and are totally biodegradable, says team member Douglas Blackiston, also at Tufts University. He therefore hopes that they can be used for biomedical and environmental applications.
Previous attempts at creating living robots, such as a wirelessly controlled cockroach, have involved dealing with live animals, raising ethical concerns. Xenobots differ from these because they are made entirely of living cells. “The approach here is maybe ethically the least problematic because everything starts with cells. They have no neurons, so it's not an animal,” says Auke ljspeert at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, who wasn't involved in the research. “It's really cells, so I find it maybe the cleanest way."
12．How were the new xenobots created?
A．By making use of frog embryos. B．By relying on heart muscle cells.
C．By sensing similar surroundings. D．By exposing them to blue light.
13．Which has the similar meaning to the underlined word “plastic” in Paragraph 3?
A．Fragile. B．Stable. C．Flexible. D．Active.
14．What can be inferred from Douglas Blackiston's words?
A．The xenobots can't break down easily. B．The xenobots need to be further perfected.
C．The xenobots can be applied in other fields. D．The xenobots have already been widely used.
15．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．The new approach starts with some neurons.
B．Xenobots have raised least ethical concerns.
C．The wireless controlled cockroach is a failure.
D．Previous living robots involve few living animals.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的活体机器人xenobots，介绍了创造它的方法，由于它具有可降解性，因此可以在多领域中被广泛运用。同时指出xenobots仅仅涉及细胞，没有涉及神经元，因此在最大程度上减少了伦理问题的发生。
12．【答案】A
【分析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“A living robot has been created out of frog skin cells. Xenobots, named after the frog species Xenopus laevis that the cells come from, were first described last year.( 用青蛙的皮肤细胞造出了一个活的机器人。“Xenobots”是在去年首次被描述出来的，得名于这种细胞的来源——蛙类非洲爪蟾)”可知，新的xenobots是利用青蛙胚胎创造出来的。故选A。
13．【答案】C
【分析】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The fundamental finding here is that when you free skin cells from their normal context, and you give them a chance to build other things than what they normally build(最基本的发现是，当你把皮肤细胞从它们正常的环境中解放出来，你给它们一个机会来构建其他东西，而不是它们通常构建出来的东西)”以及后文“This idea that even normal cells, not genetically modified, are in fact capable of building something completely different.(这种想法认为，即使是正常的细胞，没有经过基因改造，实际上也能够构建出完全不同的东西)”可知，Levin认为皮肤细胞被从正常环境中解放出来以后，变得非常灵活，有机会去创造出完全不同的东西。即划线词意思是“灵活的”。A. Fragile.脆弱的；B. Stable.稳定的；C. Flexible.灵活的；D. Active.活跃的。故选C。
14．【答案】C
【分析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Because they are created from cells, the xenobots eventually break apart and are totally biodegradable, says team member Douglas Blackiston, also at Tufts University. He therefore hopes that they can be used for biomedical and environmental applications.(同样来自塔夫茨大学的研究小组成员Douglas Blackiston说，因为它们是由细胞制造出来的，所以xenobots最终会分解并完全可生物降解。因此，他希望它们能用于生物医学和环境应用)”可推知，xenobots可以应用于其他领域。故选C。
15．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Previous attempts at creating living robots, such as a wirelessly controlled cockroach, have involved dealing with live animals, raising ethical concerns. Xenobots differ from these because they are made entirely of living cells. “The approach here is maybe ethically the least problematic because everything starts with cells. They have no neurons, so it's not an animal,” says Auke ljspeert at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, who wasn't involved in the research.(以前曾尝试制造活体机器人，比如无线控制的蟑螂，都涉及到处理活体动物，这引起了伦理方面的担忧。Xenobots与这些机器人不同，因为它们完全由活细胞构成。“这种方法在伦理上可能问题最少，因为一切都是从细胞开始的。它们没有神经元，所以它不是动物，”瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的Auke ljspeert说，他没有参与这项研究)”可知，Xenobots引发的道德担忧最少。故选B。
九、(江苏省2021届高三4月第三次百校联考)
Forests in countries like Brazil and the Congo get a lot of attention from environmentalists, and it is easy to see why South America and sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a loss of forest on a large scale: every year almost 5 million hectares (公顷) are lost. But forests are also changing in rich Western countries. They are growing larger, both in the sense that they occupy more and that the trees in them and bigger. What is going on?
Forests are spreading in almost all Western countries, with fastest growth in places that historically had rather few trees. In 1990 28% of Spain was forests; now the proportion is 37%. In both Greece and Italy, the growth was from 26% to 32% over the same period. Forests are gradually taking more and in America and Australia. Perhaps most astonishing is the trend in Ireland. Roughly 1% of that country was forested when it became independent in 1922. Forests cover 11% of the land, and the government wants to push the proportion to 18% by the 2040s.
Two things are fertilizing this growth. The first is the abandonment of farmland,especially in high, dry places where nothing grows terribly well. When farmers give up trying to earn a living from farming or herding trees simply move in. The second is government policy and subsidy(补贴). Throughout history,governments have protected and promoted forests for diverse reasons, ranging from the need for wooden warships to a desire to promote suburban house-building. Nowadays forests are increasingly welcome because they suck in carbon pollution from the air. The justification change; desire for more trees remains constant.
The greening of the West does not delight everyone. Farmers complain that land is being taken out of use by generously subsidized tree plantations. Parts of Spain and Portugal suffer from terrible forest fires. Others simply dislike the appearance of forests planted in neat rows. They will have to get used to the trees, however. The growth of Western forests seems almost as unstoppable as deforestation elsewhere.
8．What is catching environmentalist's attention nowadays?
A．Rich countries are robbing poor ones of their resources.
B．Forests are fast shrinking in many developing countries.
C．Forests are eating away the fertile farmland worldwide.
D．Rich countries are doing little to address deforestation.
9．Which countries have the fastest forest growth?
A．Those that have newly achieved independence.
B．Those that have the greatest demand for timber.
C．Those that used to have the lowest forest coverage.
D．Those that provide enormous government subsidies.
10．What account for our increasing desire for forests?
A．Their unique scenic beauty.
B．Their use as fruit plantation.
C．Their capability of improving air quality.
D．Their stable supply of building materials.
11．What does the author conclude about the future of forestation?
A．Deserts in sub-Saharan Africa will decrease gradually.
B．It will play a more and more important role in people's lives.
C．Forests destruction in the developing world will quickly slow down.
D．Developed and developing countries are moving in opposite direction.
【分析】本文为一篇说明文。发展中国家的森林正在不断萎缩，同时，西方国家的森林在不断增长，它们向着完全相反的两个方向发展。
8．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。由文章第一段“Forests in countries like Brazil and the Congo get a lot of attention from environmentalists, and it is easy to see why South America and sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a loss of forest on a large scale: every year almost 5 million hectares are lost.”(像巴西和刚果这样的国家的森林受到了环保主义者的广泛关注，同时很容易理解为什么南美洲和撒哈拉以南的非洲正在经历大规模的森林消失：每年几乎有500万公顷的森林消失。)可知，在许多发展中国家，森林正在迅速萎缩，这件事引发了环境保护者的关注。故选B项。
9．【答案】C
【分析】细节理解题。由文章第二段“Forests are spreading in almost all Western countries, with fastest growth in places that historically had rather few trees. ”(森林在几乎所有的西方国家都在蔓延，在历史上树木较少的地方增长最快。)可知，森林在历史上树木罕见的地方增长最快。故选C项。
10．【答案】C
【分析】推理判断题。由文章第三段“Nowadays forests are increasingly welcome because they suck in carbon pollution from the air.”(现在森林越来越受欢迎，因为它们吸收空气中的碳污染。)可知，森林能够吸收碳污染，从而改善空气质量，因此，我们对于森林的渴望与日俱增。故选C项。
11．【答案】D
【分析】推理推断题。由文章第一段“Forests in countries like Brazil and the Congo get a lot of attention from environmentalists, and it is easy to see why South America and sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a loss of forest on a large scale: every year almost 5 million hectares are lost.”(像巴西和刚果这样的国家的森林受到了环保主义者的广泛关注，同时很容易理解为什么南美洲和撒哈拉以南的非洲正在经历大规模的森林消失：每年几乎有500万公顷的森林消失。)和最后一段“The growth of Western forests seems almost as unstoppable as deforestation elsewhere.”(西方森林的增长似乎和其他地方的森林砍伐一样不可阻挡。)可知，西方发达国家的森林不断增长，发展中国家的森林在迅速减少，它们向着完全相反的两个方向发展。故选D项。
十、(浙江省金华十校2021届高三4月模拟考试)
Earthworms don’t move fast. But humans can accelerate the worms’ spread. Fishermen often use invasive(蔓延性的) earthworms to catch fish. Many have introduced invasive earthworms to rivers, streams and lakes previously unexposed to these animals. Gardeners who use earthworms to make their soil rich may unknowingly introduce invasive ones. The worms even give rides in the mud on wheels, potted plants and road materials shipped around the nation.
But they’re not everywhere yet. In the Great Lakes region, “20 percent of the land is earthworm-free,” says Cindy Hale, a research biologist. Of the remaining 80 percent of land, half of the land has fewer than two earthworm species-meaning there isn’t yet too much impact on the ecosystem, she explains. For these regions, she says, now is the time to take action. According to Hale, educating the public, especially fishermen, is one approach to stopping the spread of invasive earthworms. Identifying which lands are currently earthworm-free is another.
Ryan Huefimeier, a program coordinator for Great Lakes Wom Watch, has been working on a model that will help create large maps of areas with minimal(最小的) or no damage from earthworms. Ultimately, landowners can use it to identify earthworm activity on their property. once identified, lands with minimal or no earthworm damage should be protected.
But scientists suspect that once invasive earthworms arrive they can’t be removed. And even if all could be, affected forests might never return to the way they were. “It’s very much a story of learning to live with them,” concludes Lee Frelich of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Forest Ecology.
Forest ecologists have called earthworms “ecosystem engineers” because they can change or create habitats that otherwise would not be present. Whether this is a good thing depends on the situation.
“What the earthworms do and how we value it is what really matters.” said Hale. “In one place-farm fields or gardens-we really like European earthworms and what they do, so we consider them good. In native hardwood forests, we really don’t like what they do-so we consider them bad. You really have to understand how an organism(微生物) affects an ecosystem. Things aren’t black and white.”
12．Why are fishermen and gardeners mentioned in the first paragraph?
A．To attract more people to fishing and gardening.
B．To introduce different uses of invasive earthworms.
C．To stress the importance of invasive earthworms to humans.
D．To show humans’ effect on the spread of invasive earthworms.
13．What is Hale’s advice on protecting the Great Lakes region from invasive earthworms?
A．Finding out areas free of earthworms.
B．Extending a ban on the fishing industry.
C．Making maps of areas with most earthworms.
D．Informing the public of different earthworm species.
14．What is Hale’s attitude towards invasive earthworms?
A．Objective. B．Positive.
C．Ambiguous. D．Doubtful.
15．Where is the text probably from?
A．A biology textbook. B．An official report.
C．A science magazine. D．A research paper.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人类活动能加速蚯蚓的蔓延范围。蚯蚓对生态系统影响很大，可以通过教育公众阻止入侵蚯蚓的蔓延，也可以确定哪些陆地目前没有蚯蚓进而采取保护措施。但生态学家认为，蚯蚓对改变或创造陆地的行为是否一件好事取决于具体情况。
12．【答案】D
【分析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Earthworms don’t move fast. But humans can accelerate the worms’ spread. (蚯蚓移动不快。但是人类可以加速蚯蚓的蔓延。)”可知，本段提到渔民和园艺者是以此展示人类对入侵蚯蚓蔓延的影响。故选D项。
13．【答案】A
【分析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“For these regions, she says, now is the time to take action. According to Hale, educating the public, especially fishermen, is one approach to stopping the spread of invasive earthworms. Identifying which lands are currently earthworm-free is another. (她说，对于这些地区来说，现在是采取行动的时候了。据Hale说，教育公众，尤其是渔民，是阻止入侵蚯蚓蔓延的一种方法。确定哪些陆地目前没有蚯蚓是另一种方法。)”可知，对于保护五大湖地区免受入侵蚯蚓的侵害，Hale认为应该要找出没有蚯蚓的陆地。故选A项。
14．【答案】A
【分析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中““What the earthworms do and how we value it is what really matters.” said Hale. “In one place-farm fields or gardens-we really like European earthworms and what they do, so we consider them good. In native hardwood forests, we really don’t like what they do-so we consider them bad. You really have to understand how an organism(微生物) affects an ecosystem. Things aren’t black and white.”(“蚯蚓的行为以及我们如何评价它才是真正重要的。” Hale说。“在一个地方——农田或花园——我们真的很喜欢欧洲蚯蚓和它们的作用，所以我们认为它们很好。在原生阔叶林中，我们真的不喜欢它们的行为——所以我们认为它们是有害的。你必须了解有机体是如何影响生态系统的。事情并不是非黑即白。”)”可知，Hale对入侵蚯蚓持客观的态度。故选A项。
15．【答案】C
【分析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Earthworms don’t move fast. But humans can accelerate the worms’ spread. (蚯蚓移动不快。但是人类可以加速蚯蚓的蔓延。)”；第二段中“But they’re not everywhere yet. (但它们还不是到处都有。)”以及下文生物学家对此现象的相关看法，可知，本文最可能出自一本科学杂志上。故选C项。
十一、(山东省济南市十一校2021届高三下学期4月(联考)阶段性检测)
After Scott Kelly spent a year in space, his genetic expression changed, according to a NASA study that compared the bodily changes between the astronaut and his identical twin, who stayed on Earth while Kelly was aboard the International Space Station. About 7 percent of Kelly’s gene activity has yet to “return to normal” — almost two years after his yearlong spaceflight mission came to an end. Kelly has since retired from NASA．
The Twins Study，as it’s been called，looked at what happened to Kelly — both physiologically and psychologically :— before，during and after his trip in space，and then compared that data to Kelly’s twin brother，Mark Kelly，also a retired NASA astronaut.
Unlike his brother who spent months at a time in space，Mark’s missions were on the shorter side. His last — and longest — mission，which took place in 2011，lasted 15 days.
“By measuring large numbers of the brother’s metabolites，cytokines (代谢物、细胞活素)and proteins，researchers learned that spaceflight is associated with oxygen deprivation (匮乏)stress， increased inflammation (炎症)，and nutrient changes that affect gene expression，” NASA said.
Although most of the biological changes Kelly experienced in space disappeared in the hours and days (and in some cases? weeks) after his return to Earthy, NASA said some changes appear to have continued. While 93 percent of his genetic expression has returned to normal, several hundred “space genes” still have changed activity levels，the data suggests， which, NASA said, could indicate “longer-term changes” in genetic expression caused by the stresses of spaceflight.
NASA said the research could provide important knowledge of the effects of long-term spaceflight on the human body, and that it will influence its planning for a mission to Mars, which would see astronauts spending some three years in space.
Reacting to the news of the study results, Kelly expressed amazement at his body’s changes， and also used the opportunity to make fun of his brother. “This could be good news,” he joked on Twitter. “I no longer have to call Mark my identical twin brother anymore.”
8．What can be learnt about Mark Kelly?
A．He’s still working for NASA．
B．He has only been to space once.
C．He hasn’t gone on a spaceflight mission yet.
D．He never stayed in space for a whole month.
9．What does NASA’s research show about genetic expression changes?
A．They’re dangerous to astronaunts.
B．Most of them won’t last very long.
C．They’re mainly caused by psychological stress.
D．Some can occur during short-term spaceflight.
10．What can we know about the Twins Study?
A．It involved many twin participants.
B．It ended soon after Scott Kelly’s last spaceflight.
C．It only studied Scott Kelly’s physical changes.
D．It will be valuable to NASA’s Mars mission.
11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Mark Kelly will lose his twin brother soon.
B．Scott Kelly always looks on the bright side.
C．Scott Kelly doesn’t like his twin brother.
D．Scott Kelly seems to have a sense of humor.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的一项研究比较了Scott Kelly和他的同卵双胞胎之间的身体变化。
8．【答案】D
【分析】细节理解题。根据第二段“and then compared that data to Kelly’s twin brother，Mark Kelly，also a retired NASA astronaut.”(然后将这些数据与凯利的双胞胎兄弟马克·凯利(Mark Kelly)进行了比较，他也是一名退休的美国宇航局宇航员。)可知，马克已经退休了。再根据第三段 “Unlike his brother who spent months at a time in space，Mark’s missions were on the shorter side. His last — and longest — mission，which took place in 2011，lasted 15 days.”(不像他的兄弟每次在太空中呆上几个月，马克的任务比较短。他最后一次也是最长的一次任务发生在2011年，历时15天。)可知，马克在太空中只待了15填，他从未在太空呆过整整一个月。故选D项。
9．【答案】B
【分析】细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Although most of the biological changes Kelly experienced in space disappeared in the hours and days after his return to Earthy, NASA said some changes appear to have continued.”(尽管凯利在太空中经历的大部分生物变化在他返回地球后的几小时或几天内就消失了，但美国宇航局表示，一些变化似乎还在继续。)可知，大部分很快就会消失，持续不了多久。故选B项。
10．【答案】D
【分析】细节理解题。根据第六段“NASA said the research could provide important knowledge of the effects of long-term spaceflight on the human body, and that it will influence its planning for a mission to Mars, which would see astronauts spending some three years in space.”(美国国家航空航天局表示，这项研究可以提供有关长期太空飞行对人体影响的重要知识，并将影响到其火星任务的计划，届时宇航员将在太空中度过三年左右的时间。)可知，此次对双胞胎兄弟的研究对美国宇航局的火星任务很有价值。故选D项。
11．【答案】D
【分析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Reacting to the news of the study results, Kelly expressed amazement at his body’s changes， and also used the opportunity to make fun of his brother. “This could be good news,” he joked on Twitter. “I no longer have to call Mark my identical twin brother anymore.””(对于研究结果的消息，凯利表达了对自己身体变化的惊讶，并利用这个机会取笑他的弟弟。“这可能是个好消息，”他在Twitter上开玩笑说。“我再也不用管马克叫我的双胞胎兄弟了。”)可知，凯利借此研究结果发现兄弟二人太空回来后基因略有不同，说的只是玩笑话，可见这是幽默的表现。故选D项。
十二、(四川省成都市2021届(2018级)高中毕业班第二次诊断性检测)
A robot with a sense of touch may one day feel “pain”, both its own physical pain and sympathy for the pain of its human companions. Such touchy-feely robots are still far off, but advances in robotic touch-sensing are bringing that possibility closer to reality.
Sensors set in soft, artificial skin that can detect both a gentle touch and a painful strike have been hooked up to a robot that can then signal emotions, Asada reported February 15 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This artificial “pain nervous system,” as Asada calls it, may be a small building block for a machine that could ultimately experience pain. Such a feeling might also allow a robot to “sympathize” with a human companion’s suffering.
Asada, an engineer at Osaka University, and his colleagues have designed touch sensors that reliably pick up a range of touches. In a robot system named Affetto, a realistic looking child’s head, these touch and pain signals can be converted to emotional facial expressions.
A touch-sensitive, soft material, as opposed to a rigid metal surface, allows richer interactions between a machine and the world, says neuroscientist Kingson Man of the University of Southern California. Artificial skin “allows the possibility of engagement in truly intelligent ways”.
Such a system, Asada says, might ultimately lead to robots that can recognize the pain of others, a valuable skill for robots designed to help care for people in need, the elderly, for instance.
But there is an important distinction between a robot that responds in a predictable way to a painful strike and a robot that’s able to compute an internal feeling accurately, says Damasio, a neuroscientist also at the University of Southern California. A robot with sensors that can detect touch and pain is “along the lines of having a robot, for example, that smiles when you talk to it,” Damasio says. ‘It’s a device for communication of the machine to a human.” While that’s an interesting development, “it’s not the same thing” as a robot designed to compute some sort of internal experience, he says.
12．What do we know about the “pain nervous system”?
A．It is named Affetto by scientists. B．It is a set of complicated sensors.
C．It is able to signal different emotions. D．It combines sensors and artificial skin.
13．What does the underlined word “converted” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Delivered. B．Translated. C．Attached. D．Adapted.
14．What does Damasio consider as an interesting development?
A．Robots can smile when talked to.
B．Robots can talk to human beings.
C．Robots can compute internal feelings
D．Robots can detect pains and respond accordingly.
15．What can be the best title of the text?
A．Machines Become Emotional B．Robots Inch to Feeling Pain
C．Human Feelings Can Be Felt D．New Devices Touch Your Heart
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了机器人触摸传感技术的进步使能感受“疼痛”的有触觉机器人正在成为可能。
12．【答案】D
【分析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sensors set in soft, artificial skin that can detect both a gentle touch and a painful strike have been hooked up to a robot that can then signal emotions, Asada reported February 15 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This artificial “pain nervous system,” as Asada calls it (Asada在2月15日举行的美国科学促进会年会上报告说，在柔软的人造皮肤上安装的传感器可以检测到温柔的触摸和痛苦的打击，并与机器人相连，然后发出情绪信号。Asada称其为人工“疼痛神经系统”，)”可知，“疼痛神经系统”结合了传感器和人造皮肤。故选D项。
13．【答案】B
【分析】词句猜测题。根据第三段中“In a robot system named Affetto, a realistic looking child’s head, these touch and pain signals can be converted to emotional facial expressions. (在一个名为Affetto的机器人系统中，这些触摸和疼痛信号可以______为情感的面部表情。)” 由提到Affetto的机器人系统关于这些触摸和疼痛信号和情感的面部表情的关系，可知，划线词converted意为“转化”。故选B项。
14．【答案】D
【分析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“A robot with sensors that can detect touch and pain is “along the lines of having a robot, for example, that smiles when you talk to it,” Damasio says. ‘It’s a device for communication of the machine to a human.” While that’s an interesting development, “it’s not the same thing” as a robot designed to compute some sort of internal experience, he says. (Damasio说，一个装有传感器的机器人可以检测触摸和疼痛，“这就像一个机器人，当你和它说话时，它会微笑。它是机器和人类沟通的工具。”他说，虽然这是一个有趣的发展，但与设计用来计算某种内部体验的机器人“不是一回事”。)”可知，Damasio认为机器人可以检测疼痛并做出相应的反应是一个有趣的发展。故选D项。
15．【答案】B
【分析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A robot with a sense of touch may one day feel “pain”, both its own physical pain and sympathy for the pain of its human companions. Such touchy-feely robots are still far off, but advances in robotic touch-sensing are bringing that possibility closer to reality. (有触觉的机器人有一天可能会感觉到“疼痛”，既能感觉到自己身体上的疼痛，也能对人类同伴的疼痛产生同情。这种情感机器人离我们还有很长的路要走，但机器人触摸传感技术的进步正使这种可能性更接近现实。)”以及下文的描述，可知，本文主要介绍了机器人触摸传感技术的进步使能感受“疼痛”的有触觉机器人正在成为可能，因此本文的最佳标题选项B“机器人慢慢地会感受疼痛”符合题意。故选B项。
议论文
一、(2021·广西柳州市·高三三模)
Tommy, a 26-year-old chimp(猩猩),lives in a small cage in a used truck sales lot in New York. Retired from movie work and whatever else once occupied him, he has no chimp friends to keep him company — just a TV. He is worlds away from the rainforest of Western Africa, where chimps spend most of their lives in trees, hunting, and socializing together.
His owner hasn't broken any laws, but an animal rights group called the Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP) is trying to change the view. The group says chimps have such a humanlike intelligence that they should be recognized as “legal persons" and be placed in an animal shelter and wander free.
You've probably heard the term “animal rights”, but animals don't actually have rights in many countries. Animal-welfare laws punish people who mistreat animals, but that's not the same as chimps having a right to liberty or anything else.
NhRP's first step is to ask a judge to end people's unjust arrest on behalf of Tommy and other privately owned chimps. If the court decides to recognize chimps as legal persons, NhRP's next step will be arguing for what rights the chimps should be granted. "The right that we believe they should have most of all is the right to bodily liberty," says Wise, a NhRP group member. "They should be able to choose how to live their lives.”
Tommy's owner, Pat Lavery, says he rescued Tommy from a careless owner about a decade ago and denies the chimp is mistreated or unhappy. "He likes being by himself," he says.
“There's a danger in making a jump to say they're just like people," says Richard Cupp, a professor who writes about animals and the law. "If we' re really focused on chimps being very, very smart, then who knows if maybe someday we might …say, ‘Hey, here's a particular human being that's not very smart at all, maybe the chimps have higher status than this person.’”
1．What can we know about Tommy?
A．He is living a very lonely life.
B．He dislikes living in the rainforest.
C．He likes watching movies very much,
D．He was illegally bought by Pat Lavery.
2．What can we infer from the text?
A．Great progress has been made on improving animal rights.
B．Pat Lavery is thought to mistreat Tommy by NhRP.
C．Animal rights are going from bad to worse.
D．Animal rights have been admitted in western countries.
3．What's the final goal NhRP wants to achieve?
A．To ensure chimps' bodily safety. B．To stop illegal hunting of chimps.
C．To help chimps find their families. D．To help chimps enjoy their freedom.
4．What's Richard Cupp's attitude towards NhRP's efforts to win rights for chimps?
A．Hopeful, B．Uncaring.
C．Worried. D．Supportive.
1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了一个名为“非人权项目”(NhRP)的动物权利组织为黑猩猩争取权利而努力的事件引发争议。
1．
细节理解题。根据第一段“Retired from movie work and whatever else once occupied him, he has no chimp friends to keep him company — just a TV.”(从电影和其他曾经占据他的工作中退休后，他没有黑猩猩朋友陪伴他——只有一台电视。)可知，汤米过着非常孤独的生活。故选A项。
2．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Tommy's owner, Pat Lavery, says he rescued Tommy from a careless owner about a decade ago and denies the chimp is mistreated or unhappy.”(汤米的主人帕特·拉弗里(Pat Lavery)说，大约十年前他从一个粗心大意的主人手中救出了汤米，并否认这只黑猩猩受到了虐待或不开心。)可推断，NhRP认为帕特·拉弗里虐待汤米。故选B项。
3．
推理判断题。根据第二段“The group says chimps have such a humanlike intelligence that they should be recognized as “legal persons" and be placed in an animal shelter and wander free.”(该组织说，黑猩猩具有类似人类的智力，它们应该被认定为“法人”，并被安置在动物收容所，可以自由漫步。)根据倒数第三段“They should be able to choose how to live their lives”他们应该能够选择如何生活。可推断，NhRP的最终目标是帮助黑猩猩获得自由。故选D项。
4．
推理判断题。根据最后一段““There's a danger in making a jump to say they're just like people," says Richard Cupp, a professor who writes about animals and the law. "If we' re really focused on chimps being very, very smart, then who knows if maybe someday we might …say, ‘Hey, here's a particular human being that's not very smart at all, maybe the chimps have higher status than this person.’””(“轻率地说它们和人类一样是有危险的，”研究动物和法律的教授理查德·卡普(Richard Cupp)说。“如果我们真的把注意力集中在非常非常聪明的黑猩猩身上，那么谁知道也许有一天我们会说，‘嘿，这有一个人一点也不聪明，也许黑猩猩的地位比这个人高。’”)可推断，Richard Cupp对NhRP为黑猩猩争取权利的努力持担忧的态度。故选C项。
二、(2021·咸阳市教育教学研究室高三三模)
For much of human history and in many places, girls were considered property, or required to obey their fathers until the day they had to start obeying their husbands. In most of the world that vision of girlhood now seems not merely old-fashioned but unimaginably remote. In field after field girls have caught up with boys. Globally, young women now outnumber (数量超过) young men at university. Girl babies are more wanted than ever before. Even in places, such as China, where the sex-selective abortion of girls has been common, it is becoming less so. Girls are also less likely to be married off in childhood. In 1995 almost six in ten girls in South Asia were married before reaching 18; that has fallen by half.
When societies handle girlhood well, the knock-on effects are astonishing. A girl who finishes secondary school is less likely to become a child bride or a teenage mother. Education boosts earning power and widens choices, so she is less likely to be poor or to suffer domestic abuse. She will have fewer children, and invest more in them. They will be less likely to die in babyhood, or to grow up stunted physically or mentally. She will read to them more and help them with their homework. All this means they will learn more, and earn more as adults. A recent study estimated that, if 100% of their girls completing secondary school is ensured, it could lead to a lasting boost to GDP.
Despite the benefits of nurturing girls, some countries have still failed to grasp them. Only one girl in three south of the Sahara finishes her secondary education. The COVID-19 pandemic could disturb progress for girls in poor countries, or even reverse it. When Ebola forced west African schools to close in 2014, many girls dropped out, never went back and ended up pregnant or as child laborers. UNICEF warns that something similar could happen with COVID-19—but on a larger scale.
1．What's the main idea of the first paragraph?
A．Girls suffer a lot in human history.
B．Girls' situation has improved a lot globally.
C．Girl babies are more welcomed than ever before.
D．Girls do much better than boys in many fields.
2．What can we infer from the passage?
A．There are more young women than young men at university in China.
B．A girl who completes secondary school will have more children.
C．Children of the girls with schooling may end up earning more as adults.
D．Economy of countries is largely determined by the education level of girls.
3．What does the underlined word “stunted” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Healthy. B．Confident. C．Underdeveloped. D．Unstable.
4．Why is Ebola mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．To prove COVID-19 is more serious than Ebola.
B．To warn that girls may suffer a lot in COVID-19.
C．To appeal to all to pay attention to the poor countries.
D．To stress the importance of controlling the disasters.
1．B2．C3．C4．B
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了女孩在人类社会地位的变化以及培养女孩的好处。
1．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“ In field after field girls have caught up with boys. Globally, young women now outnumber young men at university. Girl babies are more wanted than ever before. Even in places, such as China, where the sex-selective abortion of girls has been common, it is becoming less so. Girls are also less likely to be married off in childhood. (在一个又一个的领域，女生已经追上了男生。在全球范围内，大学里年轻女性的人数已经超过了年轻男性。女婴比以往任何时候都更受欢迎。即使在一些地方，如中国，选择性堕胎的女孩已经很普遍，这种情况也在减少。女孩在童年时期也不太可能出嫁。)”以及整段内容可知，第一段主要介绍了全球女孩的状况已经改善了很多。故选B项。
2．
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“She will read to them more and help them with their homework. All this means they will learn more, and earn more as adults.(她会给他们读更多的书，帮助他们做作业。所有这些都意味着他们成年后会学到更多，赚得更多。)”可推断，受过教育的女孩的孩子成年后可能会挣得更多。故选C项。
3．
词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“They will be less likely to die in babyhood, or to grow up stunted physically or mentally. 可知，他们在婴儿期死亡的可能性更小，成长过程中身体或精神发育stunted的可能性也更小。结合句意可知，or表并列，即划线词与上文likely to die 意思相近，即指生理和心理的发育不良。故划线词意为“发育不良的”与underdeveloped同义。故选C项。
4．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“When Ebola forced west African schools to close in 2014, many girls dropped out, never went back and ended up pregnant or as child laborers. UNICEF warns that something similar could happen with COVID-19—but on a larger scale.(2014年，当埃博拉病毒迫使西非学校关闭时，许多女孩辍学，再也没有回去，最终怀孕或成为童工。联合国儿童基金会警告称，COVID-19也可能发生类似情况，但规模会更大。)”可推断，最后一段提到了埃博拉为了警告人们女孩在COVID-19中可能遭受很大痛苦。故选B项。
三、(江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2021届高三下期第二次月考)
We lead very busy lives and we too easily forget how hard it was for us to focus on homework when we were in school. Now that we have jobs to do, food to buy and cook and other errands(差事) to run, even I sometimes think it would be a welcome change to have to sit down and quietly read and write with no distractions. But, in case you don’t remember - homework is pretty much every child’s least favorite thing to do. In the age of Netflix, Snapchat and wifi, the distractions are almost endless. It can sometimes almost be too hard to even keep up with all the new tech advances our kids are using, so how can we make sure that those advances take a back seat to our children’s education? Here are some ideas.
There’s no point in stopping the reality that young people are going to focus on their phones and tablets instead of other things at times. Your best way is to accept, actually the tech sector continues to be the most profitable and fast-growing industries and that’s unlikely to change fast. There are ways to use technology to help your kid do homework. Ask your teacher and school staff what apps and websites they’re using to teach lessons and supplements(补充) them with at-home activities as well.
Even though technology has changed, the basics haven’t. If you want to read, write and think properly, you need to have peace and quiet and the ability to focus, right? Well, your kids are just the same.Try and find a space in your home to enable your kids to do work away from televisions, the Internet or other distractions. Let me be clear: this shouldn’t be a prison.I feel like I’m my most productive working alone in an office or at a busy cafe with my headphones on. Getting lost in other realities helps my creativity grow. Placing kids in isolation(独处) can often have a harmful effect and doesn’t always equal being more productive.
I feel like “getting engaged( 参 与 )” is always a big part of my advice for parents on just about everything. How can you make sure your children are being successful if you have no idea what they’re doing? How can you be sure they’re doing it right if you don’t know what is the correct answer? What do they need? You should be in touch with their teachers, have a sense of where the lessons are going, what kinds of tasks are being given and what success looks like in the classroom.
Knowing all of that is key to your child’s success, especially when matched with some encouraging praise and helpful tips on how he can keep going. Thinking about how your child is best motivated(激励) by other things and using those methods here reasonably isn’t a bad idea.
And if by chance you’re having trouble solving that Math problems or understanding a sentence, don’t fear – you’re not alone. Use the school staff, other parents or friends as your support. Better to seek help than do nothing.
We all know that homework isn’t exactly the most entertaining way anyone spends their time. And sometimes we can’t help but feel that since we left school, we’re done with homework forever. But the circle of life plays out in all times and it’s up to us to make sure that we pass on the lessons we’ve picked up and that while homework might seem dull, it’s how we build skills, learn real lessons and get on the road to greatness. That greatness is on the inside, it’s up to us as adults to enable the young people to bring it out. The key to achieving greatness is to take a lifelong learning.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards new tech?
A．It affects parents’ everyday life.
B．It should be kept out of children’s reach.
C．It can benefit student’s education.
D．It makes homework easier.
5．Which of the following ideas might the author agree with?
A．Homework should be made entertaining.
B．Parents should know what motivates their children best.
C．Students should do their homework independently.
D．School staff should help parents on new tech.
6．While parents engaged in their children’s homework, they________.
A．must be better at all the lessons
B．needn’t make sure that their children are being successful
C．can teach their children by themselves
D．should know as much as possible about it
7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Children should achieve greatness on their own.
B．Parents and their children should learn from each other.
C．Children can hardly succeed without parents’ efforts.
D．Parents can only obtain skills by helping their children.
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就如何在科技技术进步的时候，确保孩子们的教育问题这一话题提出了相关的建议，其中最重要的就是家长对孩子的帮助和引导。
4．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“There are ways to use technology to help your kid do homework. Ask your teacher and school staff what apps and websites they’re using to teach lessons and supplements(补充) them with at-home activities as well.”可知，有很多方法可以利用科技帮助你的孩子做作业。询问老师和学校工作人员他们正在使用哪些应用程序和网站来教课，并通过家庭活动对它们进行补充。由此可知，对于新技术的态度，作者认为其有利于学生的教育。故选C项。
5．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Thinking about how your child is best motivated by other things and using those methods here reasonably isn’t a bad idea.” 可知，想一想你的孩子是如何被其他事情激励的，然后合理地使用这些方法会是个不错的主意。由此可知，作者认为家长应该要了解最能够激励他们孩子的方法，然后对其加以利用。故选B项。
6．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“You should be in touch with their teachers, have a sense of where the lessons are going, what kinds of tasks are being given and what success looks like in the classroom.”可知，你应该和他们的老师保持联系，了解课程的内容、任务的类型以及在课堂上怎样算得上成功。再由第五段中的“Knowing all of that is key to your child’s success, especially when matched with some encouraging praise and helpful tips on how he can keep going.”可知，了解这些是孩子成功的关键，尤其同时给予一些鼓励的赞扬和关于他如何继续前进的有用建议的时候。由此可知，当父母参与孩子的家庭作业时，他们应该尽可能多地了解它。故选D项。
7．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But the circle of life plays out in all times and it’s up to us to make sure that we pass on the lessons we’ve picked up and that while homework might seem dull, it’s how we build skills, learn real lessons and get on the road to greatness. The greatness is on the inside, it’s up to us as adults to enable the young people to bring it out.”可知，但生活的循环任何时候都在上演，我们必须确保把所学的知识传递下去，并告诉他们尽管家庭作业看起来枯燥乏味，但这正是我们培养技能、得到真正教训、走上伟大之路的方式。这种伟大是内在的，这取决于作为成年人的我们能够使年轻人把它展现出来。由此可知，父母应该把自己所学到的东西传承给孩子，让他们有正确的态度，帮助他们获得成功。因此，没有父母的努力和帮助，孩子很难取得成功。故选C项。
四、(浙江新东方370)
The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and-most importantly-tastes so much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry. The Center for Consumer Freedom, a nonprofit that advocates on behalf of the fast food and meat industries has launched an "informational" campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and online ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.
While it's true that a plant-based meat alternative is processed and it's true that eating one is not as healthy as a pile of raw vegetables, it's best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.
For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide(二氧化钛)in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it's really nothing compared with salmonella(沙门菌)poisoning you can get from regular meat.
Also, the ad campaign misses the bigger point. Choosing an Impossible or Beyond burger isn't just about healthy eating Burgers, whether they are made from processed pea protein or processed meat, will never be as healthy as organic raw vegetables.
What's appealing is the prospect or enjoying a juicy burger without the bitter aftertaste of guilt.
Let's face it, there are huge environmental costs to eating cows. Cattle raising is contributing to climate. change, and not just because methane(甲烷)from cows and cattle is responsible for about 14.5% of greenhouse gas. More broadly, our global food production system releases more than a third of the world's greenhouse gases. Yet we can't seem to control our meat appetite even knowing that large areas of the Amazon forest have been ruined, and continue to be cut down to make room for more cattle to feed the growing demand for beef. Humans also know full well that many animals live short, cruel lives in awful conditions for the purpose of becoming foods for humans to enjoy at dinner.
A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the UN, Global Climate Action Award in 2019. No wonder the meat industry is on guard.
12．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?
A．These ads deserve little consideration.
B．We should spread the message of these ads.
C．These ads tell people a lot about plant-based burgers.
D．We'd better be cautious when reading these ads
13．What do we know about additives and preservatives in plant-based burgers?
A．Their use is within the normal range.
B．They are likely to cause poisoning.
C．They are used to ensure burgers taste good
D．Some have not been used in hamburgers.
14．What is the author's attitude/towards plant-based burgers?
A．Doubtful B．Supportive C．Disapproving. D．Neutral
15．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion
A． B．
C． D．
【分析】这是一篇议论文。针对植物性汉堡的出现，牛肉行业强烈抵制并列举了植物性汉堡诸多问题；但作者认为植物性汉堡既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，且气候足迹(对气候的影响)更小，是一种潜在的环境改变者。
12．D词句猜测题。根据第三段中“For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary.”(例如，在一则广告中强调的植物性肉类中的添加剂和防腐剂听起来的确令人害怕。)和“But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods.”(但事实是，广告中列出的添加剂经常被用于各种包装食品中。)可知，广告中列出的添加剂其在他各种包装的食品中也有，因此可以推测划线词句“it's best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.”意为“这些广告并不完全可信，当看这些广告时，最好谨慎些”。故选D项。
13．A推理判断题。根据第三段中“But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it's really nothing compared with salmonella(沙门菌)poisoning you can get from regular meat.”(但事实是，广告中列出的添加剂经常被用于各种包装食品中。如果甲基纤维素，一种食物增稠剂，听起来令人不舒服，那它和你从普通肉类中得到的沙门氏菌中毒相比真的是微不足道的。)可知，植物性汉堡中的添加剂和防腐剂的使用在正常范围内。故选A项。
14．B推理判断题。根据最后一段“A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers protein but with a smaller climate footprint is a potential environmental game changer and the reason Impossible Foods was one of those receiving the UN, Global Climate Action Award in 2019.”(一种以植物为基础的肉类，既能满足人们对肉类的需求，又能提供蛋白质，但气候足迹较小(影响气候较少)，这是一种潜在的环境游戏改变者，也是“不可能食品(人造肉食品)”在2019年获得联合国全球气候行动奖的原因之一。)可知，作者对植物汉堡是支持的。故选B项。
15．D推理判断题。第一段第一句“The Impossible Burger is entirely free of meat. But it looks, smells, feels and-most importantly-tastes so much like real hamburger beef.”(素食汉堡是完全没有肉的。但是它的外观、气味、感觉和味道——最重要的是——都非常像真正的汉堡牛肉。)引出文章的主题，介绍“植物性汉堡”；接下来“In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set off a strong resistance from the beef industry…The ads seem to imply that not only is an artificial burger too processed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.”(事实上，以植物为基础的汉堡替代品已经引起了牛肉行业的强烈抵制……这些广告似乎暗示，人造汉堡不仅加工过度，而且可能比普通牛肉汉堡更不健康。)提出有人反对植物性汉堡的观点；第二段中“it's best to take the ads with a generous pinch of salt.”提出对那些反对意见的广告要谨慎看待(即支持植物性汉堡)；第三段和第六段是支持的次要点；第四和五段讲它有缺点，即不支持的次要点；最后一段是作者的总结和看法，因此文章中思想的发展结构应该是D项。故选D项。
五、(2020·江西宜春市·上高二中高二月考)
Comedy and Psychology
Earlier this year I did a part-time comedy course. The class was taught by Ryan, a professional comedian.I had performed a show, which wasn’t originally meant to be a comedy. However, the audience laughed at my first joke, then continued to laugh throughout the routines that were meant to be serious. So it was the audience who told me I was funny, but I didn’ t understand why or how to control the comic (滑稽的) moments. So, I joined the course to learn.
“Turn off your editor that makes you say the right thing and remember how to be a child,” explained Ryan. “Don’t try to be clever. Don’t try too hard to be funny…and knowing all about the theory of humor is unlikely to help you much. Just behave in a silly way. That’s what people want to see on stage.”Ryan would help us loosen up by saying things like, “Wander around talking to others, but make sure that you’re the lowest status person here.”
I’ d say that understanding the psychology of humor has actually helped. Recently I came across the book Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. Its main idea is that any self-directed intelligent system will need to correct its own fault. There’s a risk that the occasional error will be made. If this was boring or burdensome, we’d be less willing to do it. However, evolution has made the process fun.
Here’s a joke in the book: Two fish are in a tank. One says to the other, “Do you know how to drive this thing?” It works on the principle that we have started to imagine one thing—that the tank is the typical container people keep fish in—and, just in time, the following words tell us that our first assumption was wrong—it’s a heavy vehicle. For correctly figuring out the error, we are rewarded with a pleasurable feeling. The joke is an efficient way of encouraging this natural reaction, and comedians have become experts in slightly touching this mental funny-bone in order to make us laugh.
Ryan was right when he said that knowing the theory of humor wouldn’t help us that much as a comedy.During one exercise in the course, four of us were told to perform an opera. Susan and Caroline sang earnestly on either side of the stage, and I brought Henry to the floor, where we wrestled (摔跤) each other like out-of-control teenagers. The rest of the group was in uncontrollable fits of laughter. As a performer, I’ ll never appreciate just why it seemed so funny. But the point is that I would never have written this on the paper. It was a joyous, found moment.
5．Why did the author attend the comedy course?
A．He wanted to see how the theories worked in practice.
B．He discovered he had some natural ability in comedy.
C．He worried about how other performers would find him.
D．He got unpleasant experiences when performing a comedy.
6．Ryan required the people on the comedy course to______.
A．copy their favorite performance
B．imagine other people’ s reactions
C．help themselves feel comfortable
D．behave in a more playful manner
7．What is the purpose of the joke mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．To discuss what humor brings about exactly.
B．To give an example of another kind of humor.
C．To prove the point about psychology of humor.
D．To show why some people are funnier than others.
8．What view does the author put forward in the end?
A．Visual humor is what appeals to people most.
B．What people find funny is often unpredictable.
C．Theories explaining humor tend to be mistaken.
D．Learning comic skills proves to be a difficult task.
5．B6．D7．C8．B
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章论述喜剧和心理学之间的关系。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中So it was the audience who told me I was funny, but I didn’ t understand why or how to control the comic (滑稽的) moments. So, I joined the course to learn.可知，作者参加了喜剧课程，因为他发现自己在喜剧方面有一定的天赋。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据第二段中and knowing all about the theory of humor is unlikely to help you much. Just behave in a silly way. That’s what people want to see on stage.”可知，Ryan要求喜剧课上的人们以一种更有趣的方式表现。由此可知答案为D。
7．目的意图题。根据第四段最后一句The joke is an efficient way of encouraging this natural reaction, and comedians have become experts in slightly touching this mental funny-bone in order to make us laugh.可知，第四段提到笑话的目的是为了证明幽默心理学的观点。可知答案为C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句As a performer, I’ ll never appreciate just why it seemed so funny. But the point is that I would never have written this on the paper. It was a joyous, found moment.可知，作者认为人们觉得有趣的东西往往是不可预测的。故答案为B。