高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 3 Food and Culture导学案

Unit 3 Food and Culture 

Section B Learning about Language 学案

学习目标

1、学会本节单词、短语。

2、掌握本节语法重点——过去完成时的主动语态和被动语态。

语法解析

过去完成时的主动语态和被动语态

一、过去完成时的主动语态

（1）构成：had+过去分词

（2）用法

①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。它表示这个动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”， 这一过去时间可用by, before 等构成的短语及 when, before, after, by the time 等引导的状语从句表示。

I had finished my homework before I had supper.

我在晚饭前把家庭作业做完了。

②表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。这个动作可能还要延续下去，常与for, since构成的表示一段时间的短语或since 引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。

He said that great changes had taken place in his hometown since 1990.

他说自从1990年以来他的家乡发生了很大的变化。

③表示原计划或打算做某事而没有做成。常用动词有want, mean, plan, hope, suppose, expect, intend等。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.

他们本来是要去帮忙的，但未能及时赶到那里。

He had hoped to catch the 8: 00 bus, but found it gone.

他原希望赶上8点的公共汽车，却发现那趟车已经走了。

（3）特殊句式

①It/This/That was the first/second. . .time that sb. had done sth.

这是／那是某人第一次／第二次······做某事。

This was the second time that the musician had toured Europe.

这是这位音乐家第二次在欧洲巡回演出。

②用于hardly/scarcely. . .when, no sooner. . .than 句式中。

The audience had hardly been seated when the saxophone solo started.

观众刚落座，萨克斯独奏就开始了。

I had no sooner finished the work than the light went out.

我刚完成工作，灯就熄灭了。

这两个句子可以把hardly, no sooner 提到句首变成倒装句，时态不变。

Hardly had the audience been seated when the saxophone solo started.

No sooner had I finished the work than the light went out.

注意：

在含有after 或before 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，由于主句和从句的动作先后关系明显，所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he left the room, the boss came in.

他离开房间后，老板进来了。

The train left before he got there.

他还没到那儿，火车就开走了。

（4）过去完成时、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别，试比较：

He had worked as a lecturer before he became a manager.

在成为一名经理之前，他做过讲师。

He has been a manager for years.

他当经理已经有几个年头了。

He once worked as a lecturer, but now he is a manager.

他曾做过讲师，但现在他是一名经理。

二、过去完成时的被动语态

（1）构成：had been+及物动词的过去分词

（2）用法

①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的被动动作，常与by, before 等引导的时间状语连用。

A new agreement had been signed by the time we got there.

等我们到那儿的时候，一项新协议已经签署了。

 When he reached the nearby shop.it had already been closed.

当他赶到附近的那家商店时，它已经关门了。

②表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，常与for, since 引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。

It was reported that the sale had been advertised for several weeks.

据报道，这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。

③用在宾语从句中，常放在said, told, thought, wondered等动词过去式的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的被动动作。

The architect told us that the project had been completed.

那位建筑师告诉我们工程已经竣工了。

④根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。

He had to leave his house because it had been flooded.

他只好离开他的房子，因为他的房子已经被淹没了。

练习

1．By 9:45 that morning, the fire had e________ to the 15th floor. (根据首字母单词拼写)

2．He had d_______ his life to helping blind people.（根据首字母单词拼写）

3．The baby had been a__________by its mother. （根据首字母单词拼写）

4．Her success had j________ the faith her teachers had put in her. （根据首字母单词拼写）

5．It was malaria, but Dr. Lee hadn’t ___________ (辨别出)the symptoms. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)

6．It was the first time that she  ________________(开车) a-car on her own .(根据汉语提示完成句子)

7．A soldier risked his life saving two tourists who________(使……落入险境) in the mountain for two days. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)

8．They realized police had ________ (包围) the building. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)

9．I had never ________ (遇到，遭遇) such resistance before. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)

10．He hadn’t __________ (预见) that his books were sold in millions.

答案以及解析

1．extended

【详解】考查动词。句意：到那天早上9点45分，大火已经蔓延到15楼。结合句意可知，用过去完成时，所以had后接动词的过去分词形式。根据首字母提示及句意，故填extended。

2．devoted

【详解】考查动词。句意：他一生都致力于帮助盲人。句中devote sth to doing sth为固定搭配，意为“致力于做某事”。根据空前的had可知构成的是过去完成时，故填devoted。

3．abandoned

【详解】考查动词。句意：这个婴儿被它妈妈遗弃。根据所给首字母和句意可知，此处应用动词abandon“抛弃，遗弃”，且空前有had been，故此处为过去完成时的被动had been done，故填abandoned。

4．justified

【详解】考查过去完成时。句意：她的成功证明了老师们对她的信任是正确的。 分析句意再根据had可知，此处用过去完成时表示过去之过去，所以应该用had done形式，再根据首字母提示可知，此处用过去分词justified表“证明”，符合语境。故填justified。

5．recognized

【详解】考查时态。句意：这是疟疾，但李医生还没有发现症状。辨别出为recognize，本句为过去完成时。故填recognized。

6．had driven

【详解】考查时态。句意：这是她第一次独自开车。根据汉语提示“开车”，空格处填动词drive。此处为句型：It/This/That was the +序数词+time+that+过去完成时。故填had driven。

7．had been trapped

【详解】考查动词和时态语态。句意：一名士兵冒着生命危险救出了两名被困在山里两天的游客。分析句子可知，“使……落入险境”是定语从句中谓语动词，可用动词trap表示；结合句意，动词trap与其主语who(即先行词two tourists)之间是被动关系，且发生在“A soldier risked his life saving two tourists”之前，应用过去完成时态。故填had been trapped。

8．surrounded

【详解】考查动词和时态。句意：他们意识到警察包围了大楼。根据汉语提示“包围”可知，空格处涉及单词“surround”，意为“包围”，动词词性，句子为“that”引导的宾语从句，省略了“that”，主句为一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句动作之前，应用过去完成时，空格处应用“surround”的过去分词“surrounded”。故填surrounded。

9．encountered

【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我以前从未遇到过这样的反抗。根据汉语提示“遇到；遭遇”以及空后的such resistance before及空前的had never，可知应填过去分词的形式encountered，构成过去完成时had encountered。故填encountered。

10．foreseen

【详解】考查动词及时态。句意：他没有料到他的书以数百万册的量出售。根据汉语提示可知，此处应用动词foresee“预见”，句子是过去完成时，空处应用过去分词。故填foreseen。