(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向01 名词(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

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考向01名词
【命题解读】
名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：
① 名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）
③名词的所有格
④抽象名词的具体化
⑤名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。
【名师指导】
1. 整体把握，注意语境
从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：
（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；
（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；
（3）名词的固定搭配；
（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识
2. 确定考点，注意搭配
语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。
3. 多记单词，积累词缀
高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。
4. 巧用就近原则
当主语是由or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。
考向一 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，
potatoes，tomatoes。
但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)
蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手
里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，
wolves，halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children　 man男人→men　 tooth牙→teeth
　 foot脚，英尺→feet　 mouse老鼠→mice　 phenomenon现象→phenomena　
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
☞Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.
☞Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
woman singer → women singers
【典例示例】
1.（2020·江苏卷）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.
A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.submission
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation预订；B. transformation改革，变革；C. distinction区别；D. submission提交。根据前文The health security systems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。
2. （2019 • 江苏卷）Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
A. priority B. potential C proportion D. pension
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
3.（2019·天津卷）We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.
A. statement B. impact
C. impression D. judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement＂陈述说明＂； impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂； impression＂印象，感想＂； judgement
＂判断力判断＂。故选B。
4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
5. （2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6. （2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
【答案】sort改为sorts
【解析】sort在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.
7. （2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as
a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and
heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的some可知＂side effect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
考向二 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
【典例示例】
1.（2020·天津卷）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of America's greatest writers.
A.trust B.contact C.reputation D.theory
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
2. She has gained many unforgettable _____ about animals when _____ in the forest doing research.
A. experiences; stayed B. experiences; staying
C. experience; stayed D. experience; staying
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when she is staying in the forest doing research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。
考向三 名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店
at the teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
【典例示例】
1. （2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2. The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _________ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘ "。故选D。
考向四 名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛
Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’ books学生用书
China’s capital中国的首都
the world’s population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。
【检测过关】

1. It’s said that dogs will keep you _______ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
A. companion B. colleague C. company D. relation
2. I have heard that it is a common _______ in that country to hold a big party to celebrate when a child turns 15.
A. practice B. method C. evidence D. effects
3. —What’s the matter, doctor?
—Nothing serious. Take this medicine according to the ________, and you will get better soon.
A. introductions B. explanations C. suggestions D. instructions
4. In all aspects of the society, there are many heroes dedicated to their work. So they should get the ________ they deserves.
A. award B. ceremony C. price D. credit
5. Thanksgiving Day offers us an opportunity to express ________ to our family, friends and even strangers.
A. satisfaction B. appreciation C. reputation D. cooperation
6. The stronger the________ is, the more quickly a man will learn a new skill. In other words, it is up to whether he has an interest in it.
A. motivation B. ambition C. effect D. imagination
7. The new law makes no ________ between adults and children, so everyone is treated equally.
A. distinction B. comparison C. assumption D. division
8. —Will you take my previous experience into________ when you fix my salary?
—You bet. We always do for senior-level positions.
A. mind B. thought C. reference D. account
9. The environmentalists said wild goats’ ______ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.
A. accommodation B. absence C. attendance D. appearance
10. You'd better pay your loan on time, as late payments may affect your ________ .
A. condition B. credit C. income D. status
11. --- I don't feel I can accept her words.
---But what she said was fair ________.
A. content B. comment C. contact D. concern
12. The trip aims to provide the children with a________ of the countryside first-hand.
A. taste B. reach C. touch D. load
13. Lao Gan Ma, a popular chilli sauce, built up its ______by providing high-quality products at a relatively low price.
A. reputation B. campaign C. appetite D. occupation
14. We are going to lose anyway, but the ________ of playing is not to win but to participate.
A. honour B. point C. term D. favour
15. We are deeply impressed by his ________ to teaching.
A. consideration B. celebration C. devotion D. description
16. —Do you think I should wear a hat to the party?
—It all depends on your own________.
A. personality B. preference C. convenience D. selection
17. The________ people take to cloning varies widely from country to country.
A. attitude B. advantage C. pride D. part
18. —Have you ever been to Mount Wuyi? —Yes. It is one of the most famous ________in Fujian.
A. attractions B. expressions C. instructions D. attentions
19. What was Jeff's ____ to the news that he was chosen to be chairman of the students' union?
A. reaction B. impression C. permission D. conclusion
20. Some countries are increasing their use of natural gas, and other forms of .
A. source B. energy C. power D. material
21. We have many animals on the farm, including three____________ and six____________ .
A. sheeps; chickens B. sheeps; chicken
C. sheep; chickens D. sheep; chicken
22. Her_____ for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
A. motivation B. qualification
C. talent D. technique
23. He gave him a new name to hide his _______ when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. devotion
24. Some of the language used on the Internet is different from that used in other forms of ____________________.
A. communication B. exchange C. literature D. transport
25. He tried to avoid making mistakes, but the added pressure caused him to make more than his usual　　　　.
A. size B. space C. share D. state
26. He doesn’t like having for supper.
A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks
27. One day Mary’s mother told her best friend of all her .
A. hope and fear B. hope and fears
C. hopes and fears D. hopes and fear
28. —Can I help you, sir?
—Yes, what’s the price of the apple?
—Ninety-seven _______ per kilogram.
A. pences B. pence C. penny D. pennys
29. Coming on as a ______ for a regular player, Jones scored four crucial goals for his team.
A. symbol B. sacrifice C. superior D. substitute
30. You can read about other countries, but there’s no _____ for visiting them yourself.
A. compensation B. criterion C. sacrifice D. substitute
31. This article gives us a real _____ into the causes of the present crisis in the world.
A. enquiry B. admission C. insight D. division
32. Promoting the ______of energy and carbon footprint reduction is an essential part of building an ecological civilization.
A. consumption B. conservation C. constitution D. construction
33. The company is running out of its fund__________and may soon be unable to pay its bills.
A. reserves B. sources C. incomes D. collections
34. Children have a natural _________about the world around them and they tend to keep asking questions about it.
A. phenomenon B. atmosphere C. appreciation D. curiosity
35. I'm never going to guess the answer if you don't give me a _______.
A. relief B. clue C. route D. preview
36. Most schools nowadays prefer to use continuous_________, because it gives a fairer picture of how the student has done during the whole year.
A. arrangement B. assessment C. argument D. approach
37. Most passengers like sitting in the front of a bus to have a better view. What's more, they believe it's less likely that _______will happen.
A. car-accident B. car-sickness C. car-trouble D. car-crash
38. Our aim is to help him, not to stand by and pass___________on what he has done.
A. appreciation B. judgment C. approval D. response
39. Recently there has been a in young people toward watching professional video games.
A. trend B. routine C. reaction D. motivation
40. The study of a modern language has a unique ______ to make to the development of cultural awareness.
A. influence B. connection C. contribution D. devotion
41. The composition seems imperfect but you should make_________ for the fact that the author is only seven.
A. appointments. B. assumptions. C. allowances. D. arrangements
42. Don’t say any more, we all believe the facts more than your words. What you have explained doesn’t make .
A. sense B. fun C. use D. meaning
43. These motorized bikes are highly effective for city traffic as you will never run out of ______ to park.
A. options B. patience C. resources D. universe
44. The punishment a criminal deserves should be in proportion to the______of the offence.
A. gravity B. division C. analysis D. composition
45. There’s a ____between Japan and IOC that 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games will be postponed by one year.
A. criterion B. coincidence C. consensus D. conflict