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考向44 概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一定要先通读原文， 确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。 根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。[提醒]　一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息·明确全文的篇章结构后， 就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。例如：—or the radio. People who  tend to  about 70  (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. ， and try to . And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories. 第三步：归纳要点 合理转换表达明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。 为避免和原文的句子重复， 可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循2个原则①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：Your house may have an  on your . Experts say the way you  your  could  whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some  to turn your  into part of your  plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The_way you design your home may have an effect on your figure. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to have your home designed。主题句转换为How to have your home designed affects your figure. Below are tips to design your home to help diet.第四步：句式多样 注意过渡衔接在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018年11月，浙江卷)It's a really  to  before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if  . But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.There's  not to  the  in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, ！If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should  between applying and getting your acceptance letters to  the  you'd like to attend. It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then  the  at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路点拨】第1步　读懂原文，明确篇章结构原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。第2步　去次留精，提炼关键信息本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现， 其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。第3步　归纳要点，合理转换表达采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“good idea”可用wise choice转述；“in your local area”可转换为 where you live。②第三段主题句可概括为要点2: 该要点中的“visiting and seeing for yourself”可转换为pay a personal visit。③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time and money are making it impossible”可转换为all the above is not affordable。第4步　句式多样，注意过渡衔接句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。【参考范文】As a senior year student, it's a wise choice to visit would­be colleges near where you live before attending them for seeing is believing. (要点1) You should find a chance to pay a personal visit even at your waiting in case you feel disappointed afterwards. (要点2)If all the above is not affordable, you are advised to search the online college fair at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information. (要点3)【检测训练】1. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Choosing the right college can be a difficult task. There are thousands of colleges and universities for you to choose from and many are worthy of being considered. For each potential college, find out the success rate of students' getting their jobs, especially those related to your majors. Here are some strategies（策略）for you to make the right choice.Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention. It can provide you with a large amount of information on job hunting. Companies often prefer employees that perform well. Practice gives you the valuable experience and necessary opportunities. Some practical skills that you learn will really prepare yourself for the certain jobs. Besides, choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful since these teacher members can provide you with steps into the working world by practice.School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. This type of information can be found easily on the Internet and in magazines. To the employers, graduates from high ranking colleges are often considered more reliable. They have a stronger ability to learn and are more likely to create wealth for the company. Sometimes it can even be a more important factor in looking for a job than the actual quality of education the college provides.After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. Taking a look at the campus（校园）can change your attitude to a particular school. Plan your tour and then do some research on your own. It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. Meanwhile, you can speak to the students in the majors you're considering to know what the courses are like, what you'll learn, and what your expected outcome will be.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help. (要点1) First, colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering. (要点2) Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about. (要点3) After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students. (要点4)【写作分析】这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。【写作步骤】第一步：概括每个段落的大意 第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help.表示。 第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering.。第三段给出第二个建议：School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. 学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about.第四段给出第三个建议：After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. 在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. 和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。即After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students.第二步：连句成篇（衔接词）1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that… 4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result 连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰2. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。High school exit tests are tests that students must pass to graduate from high school. In the last few years, however, a number of states in America have dropped them. Although some states still use them for diplomas, the number is down from a high of 27 states during the testing craze promoted by No Child Left Behind (NCLB).The appearance of this phenomenon is small wonder. Researches clearly show that exit tests have little positive effects on students. A 2014 report found exit testing was associated with lower graduation rates, negatively affected labor market outcomes, and, most alarmingly, produced a 12.5 percent increase in incarceration(监禁) rates. Exit exams, the study concluded, had tended to add little value for most students.Exit testing relies on the following assumptions. One is that standardized testing can serve as a kind of “quality control” for high school graduates, guaranteeing that graduates are college ready. The other is that they have predicting value for future success in academic situations.But there is little evidence. The tests don’t exactly measure what they pretend to measure. For example, qualities such as intelligence, academic ability, college readiness are not determined. Those that should be developed in all young people, like responsibility, critical thinking, and empathy(移植), are not measured, either. Even supporters of exit tests have acknowledged that they don’t offer reliable data.Thus, more and more people are suggesting that exit test scores ought to be just one component of the high school diploma. Schools should consider many other records including credits earned, courses taken, activities, service, projects and other elements of academic accomplishment so that students can be evaluated flexibly. In other words, exit test scores should never be the only criterion for high school diplomas.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】High school exit tests have been cancelled in some states in America in recent years(要点1). This is not surprising because studies show they do little good to students(要点2). Instead of ensuring college readiness and academic success, they actually don’t measure what should be measured(要点3). Therefore, exit test scores should only be one part of the standards of high school diplomas(要点4).【写作分析】文章的主要结构为总-分-总。文章介绍了在美国，越来越多的州放弃高中学业测试。文章分析了导致这种现象出现的原因以及解决办法。符合概要写作常规出题思路。【写作步骤】第一段提出一个现象：在美国，越多的州放弃高中结业测试。可以用到的词汇或句型有：High school exit tests，cancelled。第二、三、和第四段分析了产生这种现象的原因：高中结业测试对学生没有起到什么积极的作用。它的测试结果没有什么意义。可以用到的词汇或句型有：do little good to，what should be measured。第五段提出结论：学校应该考虑用其他记录来评判学生，结业测试不能成为唯一的标准。可以用到的词汇或句型有：only be one part of，high school diploma。【写作亮点】【高分句型1】Fewer states use the high school exit tests for diplomas. 采用高中毕业考试用于文凭考试的州少了。Fewer比较级。【高分句型2】The students should be judged not only by grades but by their activity and personality as well. 对学生的评判不仅要看成绩，还要看他们的活动和个性。not only…but…不仅……而且……，be judged by根据……判断。3. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。We already know that the underwater world is anything but silent. It is full of natural sounds produced by animals and by the motion of the atmosphere and water. But today’s researchers are increasingly concerned about the man-made noises under the water. They are confusing whales and other marine animalsAlthough hearing is important to all animals, the special qualities of the undersea world emphasize the use of sound. Underwater sound allows marine animals to gather information and communicate at great distances and from all directions. Loud underwater noises can cause damage to their hearing. And nowadays it's becoming too much for marine wildlife. Evidence shows that whales will swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth, and even beach themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar.You might think lower noises, typically caused by shipping or construction, do not pose a threat to marine animals. In fact, while they may not kill the animals directly, they can disturb their ability to locate food, find mates and avoid predators (掠食动物)).Scientists looked at the effects of noise from small motorboats on coral-reef fish at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. In the lab, the fish had been trained to recognize the smell of three common predators as a threat. Some fish were trained in the presence of boat noise, while the others had training with the natural sounds of the ocean. It turned out that the first group showed no fright reactions when exposed to the predator. However, the other group was scared. And under the influence of underwater noise on this group, only 20 percent of fish survived, compared to almost 70 percent of unexposed fish.Humans rely on the ocean for its natural resources and biodiversity. The ocean also plays an important role in regulating( 调节)temperatures, As Cousteau said, "For most of history, man has had to fight nature to survive; in this century he is beginning to realize that, in order to survive, he must protect it.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Although underwater world is not silent, man-made sound is doing great harm to marine animal. (要点1) Important as underwater sound is to animals there, loud noises in the sea threatens their normal life. (要点2) According to scientists’ research, the survival rate of fish drops sharply under the influence of noise, whether loud or not. (要点3) Thus, with the benefits of ocean to the environment and temperature, people must protect it rather than fight it.(要点4)【写作步骤】1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了虽然水下世界不是无声的，但人为的声音对海洋动物造成了极大的危害。尽管水下声音对那里的动物很重要，但海洋中的巨大噪音威胁着它们的正常生活。根据科学家的研究，在噪音的影响下，鱼的存活率急剧下降，不管噪音是大还是小。因此，随着海洋对环境和温度的好处，人们必须保护它而不是对抗它。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍福建木偶戏；第二，木偶戏目前面临的问题；第三，对此人们采取的措施。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。4. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。There are some important regulations parents can take to make sure their kids use cell phones in a safe and responsible way. When kids know what the consequences are when rules aren’t followed, that makes life more predictable for them.Most kids are not paying for their cell phones or their cell phone plans, so if you pay for it, you own it, which means you have the right to take it away anytime if they disobey the rules you set up earlier.After a kid has a cell phone, suddenly parents discover data runs out half way through the month. This can get expensive and your kids need to know how to monitor their use. Also, teen cell phone addiction should be limited. Generally, it’s a good idea to have no cell phone policy while they are doing homework and at bedtime. Come to agreement in advance about what they are and aren’t allowed to download on their cell phone. There are some really bad apps for kids that you don’t want on their phones.Make sure your kids understand how to set up their privacy. Talk with them about why guarding their privacy is so important. Many teens truly have no concept about everything that a cell phone can share about them including personal information and their location.You want to cover what is and isn’t appropriate to share via a cell phone. This definitely means photos and language used in emails and on social media. But don’t forget simpler things like providing their address, their age or what school they go to online.Lastly, there are times and places when using one’s cell phone is not appropriate. In movie theaters or during class time at school the phone should be on silent and put away. Additionally, when someone is having a face to face conversation with them, they need to be looking at the person, not their phone.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Parents can make rules to guide their kids to use cell phones safely and responsibly. (要点1) First, parents have the right to determine how to use cellphones because they own them. (要点2) Besides, parents should teach kids to use cell phones wisely. (要点3) Lastly, it is important to make sure they know how to protect their privacy. Meanwhile, when and where to use cell phones should also be told. (要点4)【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了父母可以采取一些重要的规定确保孩子安全、负责地使用手机。【写作步骤】1 要点摘录①There are some important regulations parents can take to make sure their kids use cell phones in a safe and responsible way.② so if you pay for it, you own it, which means you have the right to take it away anytime if they disobey the rules you set up earlier.③ This can get expensive and your kids need to know how to monitor their use. Generally, it’s a good idea to have no cell phone policy while they are doing homework and at bedtime. Come to agreement in advance about what they are and aren’t allowed to download on their cell phone. ④ Make sure your kids understand how to set up their privacy.⑤You want to cover what is and isn’t appropriate to share via a cell phone.⑥ Lastly, there are times and places when using one’s cell phone is not appropriate. 2.缜密构思将第3点进行整理概括，将第4、5两个要点进行重组3.遣词造句①Parents can make rules to guide their kids to use cell phones safely and responsibly.②Parents have the right to determine how to use cellphones because they own them.③Parents should teach kids to use cell phones wisely.④It is important to make sure they know how to protect their privacy.⑤When and where to use cell phones should also be told.【写作亮点】[高分句型1] It is important to make sure they know how to protect their privacy.（使用了it作形式主语，概括第四段的内容，表达非常高级。）[高分句型2] When and where to use cell phones should also be told.（疑问词+不定式做主语，概括了最后一段的内容，用法比较高级）5. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. The number one threat to their survival is global warming. Here’s how it has affected Emperor penguins and what we should do.A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many Emperor penguins breed on ice shelves that only form during the Antarctic winter. There have been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melted back faster or sooner than usual. Many of the chicks haven’t completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins. One of their food sources is krill (磷虾), and the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery for the krill. The newly-born krill feed on the algae (水藻) that grow on the underside of the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae for the krill to feed on, and consequently less krill is produced.Measures should be taken to protect these animals. People can donate to organizations that are working to protect Emperor penguins and other penguin species, and our oceans in general. Reducing your impact on the environment, in particular, is something you can do—you can make these tiny changes to lower your carbon footprint every day. You can also be mindful about reducing seafood consumption and eating sustainably caught seafood, as overfishing is the second greatest threat to nearly every penguin species today. Also, avoid using supplements and other products that contain krill or krill oil.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming. (要点1) Global warming decreases the amount of the ice formation in their habitats. As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough (要点2), and their food source is also influenced (要点3). So people should take action to protect them (要点4).【写作分析】本文是说明文，主要讲述由于全球变暖导致皇帝企鹅面临生存危机，人们应该采取措施保护他们，保护大自然。【写作步骤】1.要点摘录①Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. ②A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many of the chicks haven’t completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.③One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins.④Measures should be taken to protect these animals.2.缜密构思将第1要点自2018年以来，皇帝企鹅被列为近危物种，原因是全球气候变暖进行压缩，将第2、3两个要点全球气候变暖，其对皇帝企鹅的影响体现在两方面进行整合，应在这两点之间增加表并列的关联词and, 合并这两个要点。要点4和前面的内容有因果关系，故用so或者therefore连接，使得上下文连贯、紧凑。3.遣词造句Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming. Global warming decreases the amount of the ice formation in their habitats. As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough and their food source is also influenced. So people should take action to protect them.【写作亮点】[高分句型1] Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句、due to短语的使用表达高级。[高分句型2]：As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough and their food source is also influenced. 用before引导时间状语从句对第二段进行了概括，还用了as a result短语表达非常高级。[高分句型3]：So people should take action to protect them. 用so引导句子对上文进行衔接同时概括了第四段内容。同时还用了比较高级短语take action to do sth.（采取措施做某事）。6. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Australia’s greatest engineering accomplishment to date is the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme. It took 25 years to build and was completed in 1974 at a cost of $820 million. The aims of the scheme were to produce lots of electricity, and to supply water to households and for farming irrigation. The scheme works by collecting rain and melting snow from the Snowy Mountains and storing it in dams. This is then diverted (转移) through tunnels (隧道) and pipelines to power stations that produce electricity. The water used to produce the electricity then flows into the Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers.The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is made up of sixteen large dams; seven major power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels and pipelines. It covers over 5,000 square kilometres of southern New South Wales (NSW). Seven regional townships and more than 100 temporary camps were established for the people who worked on the scheme.When the scheme began in 1949, Australia did not yet have a workforce with the required scientific and engineering skills needed to complete the project. Many migrants with experience in skills like surveying, tunnelling and geology were employed from overseas. Homeless persons from Europe also worked on the scheme on two-year contracts as part of their required work assignments. The largest group of workers were unassisted migrants who were drawn to the project by the high wages.More than 100,000 people worked on the project in total. Seventy percent of those were migrants. Workers came from more than 30 countries, including Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland. Most migrants were from Europe because the White Australia Policy discouraged the immigration of people of non-white or non-European origin. Tunnelling in the Snowy Mountains was dangerous and dirty work. Even though the workers came from very different ethnic (种族的) backgrounds that may have fought against each other in World War I and World War II, living and working in these difficult conditions brought them together. This was considered the beginning of Australia’s multiculturalism.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme has been the greatest engineering project in Australia so far. (要点1) It consists of dams, power stations, tunnels and pipelines. (要点2) Due to lack of workforce, Australia had to seek skilled laborers from overseas to work on it. (要点3) Those workers largely from European backgrounds stuck together to accomplish this significant project despite the fact that they were enemies during World War I and World War II. (要点4)【写作分析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍澳大利亚最大型水利工程项目——雪山调水工程。文章介绍说，雪山水利发电计划是迄今为止澳大利亚最大的工程项目。它由大坝、发电站、隧道和管道组成。由于缺乏劳动力，澳大利亚不得不从海外寻找技术工人来从事这项工作。这些工人大多来自欧洲背景，尽管他们在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间是敌人，他们还是团结一致完成了这个重要的项目。本文的篇章结构为“总——分”。第一段总体介绍雪山调水工程；第二段介绍雪山调水工程的主要结构；第三段介绍雪山调水工程工人招募情况；第四段介绍不同种族人群齐心协力完成这一艰巨的水利工程项目。【写作步骤】1 要点摘录①Australia’s greatest engineering accomplishment to date is the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme. ②The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is made up of sixteen large dams; seven major power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels and pipelines.③When the scheme began in 1949, Australia did not yet have a workforce with the required scientific and engineering skills needed to complete the project.④Many migrants with experience in skills like surveying, tunnelling and geology were employed from overseas.⑤ Homeless persons from Europe also worked on the scheme on two-year contracts as part of their required work assignments.⑥Most migrants were from Europe because the White Australia Policy discouraged the immigration of people of non-white or non-European origin. ⑦Even though the workers came from very different ethnic (种族的) backgrounds that may have fought against each other in World War I and World War II, living and working in these difficult conditions brought them together.  2.缜密构思 将第③④⑤三个要点进行重组，将第⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It consists of dams, power stations, tunnels and pipelines. Due to lack of workforce, Australia had to seek skilled laborers from overseas to work on it. Those workers largely from European backgrounds stuck together to accomplish this significant project despite the fact that they were enemies during World War I and World War II.【写作亮点】[高分句型1] It consists of dams, power stations, tunnels and pipelines.运用一个简单句对原文第二段第一句进行了概括。删除了冗余的细节，使语言言简意赅。 [高分句型2] Due to lack of workforce, Australia had to seek skilled laborers from overseas to work on it.用due to介词短语作状语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 [高分句型3]Those workers largely from European backgrounds stuck together to accomplish this significant project despite the fact that they were enemies during World War I and World War II. 用一个复杂的主从复合句概括了第四段内容。其中用despite the fact that…作让步状语，用that引导同位语从句的用法比较高级。