(新高考)高考英语二轮专题复习课件 专题四 语法填空(含解析)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮专题复习课件 专题四 语法填空(含解析)，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了专题四 语法填空，返回目录，◎高考数据，◎命题规律，◎命题趋势，◎真题回放，◎考场思维，helpless，offering，without等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题四 语法填空
CONTENTS
目录
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微专题01 深剖三年真题　把握命题动向
分析1 领悟命题思路 洞悉命题动向
2019~2021年体裁、主题、设空分析
◎高考数据
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1.体裁以记叙文和说明文居多,词数200左右,10个空中有7个有提示词,提示词为实词,每空不超过3个词;另外3个不给提示词,每个空只能填一个单词,主要填虚词。2.有提示词的考查有三个必考点,分别是谓语动词(主要为时态、语态和主谓一致)、非谓语动词和词类转换;还有两个常考点,分别是比较等级和名词的数。2021年全国乙卷罕见地没有考查谓语动词。3.无提示词有三个常考点,分别为连词(包括并列连词和从句引导词)、冠词和介词;另外,有时也可以直接填副词。4.若考查代词,可分为有提示词和无提示词两种类型。
◎命题规律
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1.预计2022年高考语法填空仍为说明文或记叙文,难易度保持稳定,话题符合考生的认知水平,贴近考生的日常生活,文章寓意深刻,对考生具有一定的教育意义。2.从考查点看,有提示词类填空动词的时态和语态及非谓语动词仍是考查的重点,其次是词类转换,其中以动词转换为名词、名词转换为形容词、形容词转换为副词为主;无提示词类填空以考查介词、连词、冠词为主。3.考生要关注高考语法冷门考点,如情态动词、名词性从句等,也要注意上下文衔接的副词,如however、therefore等。
◎命题趋势
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分析2 熟悉解题流程 锁定考卷高分
语法填空又称开放式语篇填空,从语法的句子结构与语法形式、词汇的本义和转义以及前后缀的变化、语境语篇的线索以及标志词等方面测试学生的整体语篇能力。四大解题策略如下:1.利用体裁特点解题快速通读整篇文章,了解其体裁特征,理清其逻辑关系,初步摸清文章的主题、大意、时态、写法等,给分析句子和填空提供可靠的逻辑推理依据。2.利用句法分析解题语法填空主要是从语法角度入手,对句子结构进行分析。简单句要分析其成分是否完整;每种成分由什么样的词性来充当;复合句要弄清从句的作用以及主从句之间的逻辑关系;特殊句式要分析是否符合其固定的格式。
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3.利用固定搭配解题英语中有许多固定的短语和句型,在通读全文的基础上,认真分析句子结构,准确辨识句子中的这些固定搭配,利用平时的积累,基本上凭语感就可以解题。4.利用语篇标志解题语篇是一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体,其中各成分之间,在形式上是衔接的,在语义上是连贯的。在语篇之间起到联系作用的词语就是语篇标志。如:firstly、secondly、next等表示次序和列举;again、moreover、what is more等表示递进;similarly、equally、as with等表示相似;so、altogether、thus、in short等表示总结等。利用这些语篇标志有助于准确把握句子之间的逻辑关系,弄清文章的来龙去脉。
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[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 36._____(wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37._______until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38._____(form) the core collection of the British Museum 39.______opened in 1759.  The parts of a museum open to the public 40.______(call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection 41.______(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research. 
◎真题回放
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Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine 42.____(they) living at a different time in history or 43.______(walk) through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 44._____(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete 45.______people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.
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◎考场思维
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She is a professional 1.____________ (photograph) who has long documented happy moments of birth.  Several years ago, her close friend’s kid died of cancer. She tried to be supportive but felt 2.________ (help). Then she realized she had a skill she could put to use with sadness. [语篇解读]摄影师Scantling在自己的工作室免费为患有癌症的孩子拍照,让他们可以暂时忘却痛苦,度过一段愉快的时光。1.photographer　根据空前的不定冠词a和空后的关系代词who可知,此处应填表示人的单数名词作表语。photograph表示人的名词形式为photographer。2.helpless　感官系动词feel后应用形容词作表语,结合语境可知,此处指她感到很无助,故填helpless。
photographer
helpless
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That was why Scantling sent out a generous call on Facebook, 3.__________(offer) to do a photo shoot in her Oklahoma studio for children with cancer, 4.__________charging their parents. She would dress up the children and then take pictures of them. “I made up my mind 5.___________ (achieve) something powerful and emotional,” said Scantling. 3.offering　此处应用非谓语动词作状语,逻辑主语Scantling和offer之间为主谓关系,应用现在分词。4.without　结合句意“不向他们的父母收费”和空后的动名词charging可知,此处用介词without符合语境。5.to achieve　make up one’s mind to do sth为固定短语,意为“下定决心做某事”,不定式作目的状语。
offering
without
to achieve
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Three families from nearby Oklahoma towns immediately responded to her call. On the 6.__________(appoint) afternoon, three little girls, all of 7.________were suffering from cancer, showed up at Scantling’s studio. The girls quickly became friends and were soon smiling for photos. They had 8.______good time in the spotlight for something other than their illness. 6.appointed　此处应用形容词修饰名词afternoon,appointed“指定的;约定的”符合语境。7.whom　分析句子结构可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句,关系词代替先行词girls在从句中充当of的宾语,且紧接在of之后,只能用关系代词whom。8.a　have a good time为固定短语,意为“玩得开心”。
appointed
whom
a
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“Watching them interact was 9.___________(genuine) sweet and inspiring,” one parent said. So far thousands of viewers 10._____________________(encourage) by Scantling’s photos. 9.genuinely　此处应用副词修饰形容词sweet和inspiring,genuine的副词形式为genuinely。10.have been encouraged　根据So far可知,空处应用现在完成时,主语thousands of viewers和encourage之间为动宾关系,故空处应用现在完成时的被动语态,主语是复数,助动词用have,故填have been encouraged。
genuinely
have been encouraged
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微专题02　浓缩高考语法考点　四大策略高效增分
策略1 谓语与非谓语 变化多端 巧妙应对
动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语 (时态、语态、主谓一致、语气) 的变化,有非谓语 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)的变化。
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在高考语法填空中,有时会出现时间标志,考生可根据相关标志词或时间状语轻松确定动词的时态。1.一般现在时:every day、always、often、seldom、sometimes、usually等。2.一般过去时:yesterday、last night、a few days ago、the other day、one rainy day等。3.一般将来时:tomorrow、next year、in a week等。4.现在进行时: at present、now、at this moment等。5.现在完成时: already、so far、for+一段时间、since+过去的时间点、ever since、in the last/past/recent+一段时间等。6.过去完成时:by、by the end of、by the time等后接过去时间点。
一、识别标志词
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1.[2021·浙江卷]It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois,________ 　　　　(prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. 2.[2021·全国甲卷]The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It _______(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复). 
◎经典考例
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1.has proved/ has proven　分析句子结构可知,设空处为句子的谓语部分,结合句意及设空处后的时间状语从句since it opened to the public可知,设空处应用现在完成时;主语Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois是第三人称单数,所以助动词用has,提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved或proven,故填 has proved/ has proven。2.was built　分析句子结构可知,设空处为句子的谓语部分,动词build和主语之间是动宾关系,应用被动语态;根据时间状语the Tang Dynasty可知,设空处应用一般过去时,主语it为第三人称单数,故填was built。
◎破题关键
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二、分析上下文找并列,认真体会辨语境
1.分析上下文找并列(1)可根据并列连词and、but、or、rather than、neither...nor...、not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。(2)同一个主语后存在两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词时态要一致。2.认真体会辨语境:有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,应仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态,弄清动作发生的时间及顺序,确定所填谓语动词的时态。
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1.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]As/When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist,they smiled and _______(point) down the river. 2.[2019·全国Ⅲ卷]Our hosts shared many of their experiences and_________ 　　　　(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 3.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ______(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
◎经典考例
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1.pointed　设空处与and前的smiled并列,前后的谓语动词形式一致,都是叙述过去的事情,应用一般过去时,故填pointed。2.recommended　根据and可知,所填词与前面的shared构成并列谓语,故填recommended。3.was　分析句子结构可知,how hard... into place作wonder的宾语,it是从句的形式主语,不定式为真正主语,谓语动词用单数形式;放置铺台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情,结合标志词then可知,设空处应用一般过去时,故填was。
◎破题关键
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三、固定句式要牢记,主从时态要呼应
1.高考常考的固定句型中的时态:(1)sb was/were doing sth when sb did...(2)It is/has been+一段时间+since... did...(3)This/It/That is the first/second...time that...have/has done...(4)This/It/That was the first/second ...time that...had done...(5)It’s (high) time that ...did/should do sth.(6)祈使句+and/or+陈述句(将来时)(7)Hardly/Scarcely had...done...when...did...(8)No sooner had...done...than...did...2.在宾语从句中,如果主句用一般过去时,从句应用过去的某种时态;从句表客观事实或真理则用一般现在时。
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1.[2019·浙江卷]One study in America found that students’ grades_________ 　　　　(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms. 2.[2022·梧州一模]I say to him with a cheerful smile,“Go to exercise and you________ 　　　　(feel) better.” 
◎经典考例
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1.improved　主句谓语动词是found,用了一般过去时,此处从句时态应该与之保持一致,故填improved。2.will feel　Go to exercise为祈使句,其后用and连接陈述句时,陈述句用一般将来时,故填will feel。
◎破题关键
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动词的语态一般和时态放在一起进行考查。做好此类试题,考生需要掌握以下几点:1.主语和谓语的关系一般分为两种:主谓关系和动宾关系。主谓关系使用主动语态,动宾关系使用被动语态。2.被动语态的基本形式:be done。3.做题步骤一般分为两步:先考虑语态,再考虑时态。4.主谓一致常和动词的时态、语态放在一起考查。
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1.[2021·浙江卷]The little home________(paint)white. It was sweet and fresh. 2.[2020·全国Ⅰ卷]“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon________(construct).” 3.[2020·浙江卷]Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food________(need).
◎经典考例
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1.was painted　分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语动词,The little home作主语,是第三人称单数。结合句意及常识可知,房子是“被刷漆”,主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系,所以要用被动语态;根据空后的was sweet and fresh可知,设空处应用一般过去时的被动语态,故填was painted。2.is constructed　此处表示“月球是如何构成的”,应用被动语态,且此处描述的是客观情况,应用一般现在时,故填is constructed。3.was needed　结合句意“出生的孩子越多,需要的粮食就越多”可知,more food与need构成动宾关系,根据上下文可知,设空处应用一般过去时,故填was needed。
◎破题关键
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一、语法一致原则主语后跟有with、together with、as well as、like、but、except、along with、rather than、including、in addition to等时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。二、就近一致原则1.由or、either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but also...等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
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2.由there、here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最近的主语保持一致。三、意义一致原则1.由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数形式。2.非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
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1.[2019·天津卷]Amy,as well as her brothers, ______(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week. 2.[2019·全国Ⅰ卷]Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six ______(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 
◎经典考例
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1.was given　根据语法一致原则,as well as连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致;由last week可知,设空处应用一般过去时,且Amy与give是动宾关系,故填was given。2.are　此处陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时;six指代six polar bear subpopulations,谓语动词应用复数形式,故填are。
◎破题关键
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1.非谓语动词作主语(1)如果句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词-ing形式还是不定式作主语。(2)掌握用动词-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型:It’s+adj.(for/of sb)+to do sth.It is no use/good doing sth.It takes sb some time to do sth.It’s worthwhile to do/doing sth.2.非谓语动词作表语非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。含有使动意义的动词,其现在分词形式作表语修饰物,意为“令人……的”,而过去分词形式作表语修饰人,意为“感到……的”,如interest、excite等。
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ________(educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas. 2.[2019·全国Ⅲ卷]On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take _______(get) there. 
◎经典考例
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1.educated　分析句子结构可知,设空处应用非谓语动词形式。educate与其逻辑主语traveler为动宾关系,故用过去分词作表语。2.to get　此处是it takes (sb) some time to do sth句型,意为“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”,设空处应用动词不定式,故填to get。
◎破题关键
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1.介词后常常接动词-ing形式作宾语。2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语:喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)不禁放弃大冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)感激承认很值得(appreciate、admit、be worth)介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)允许完成是期望(allow、permit、finish、look forward to)建议继续勤操练(suggest、keep on、practise)致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)注意成功不错过(pay attention to、succeed in、miss)
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3.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词:三个希望两答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide、determine)不要假装在选择(pretend、choose、select)打算提出一计划(intend、offer、plan)申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)准备愿望又碰巧(prepare、desire、happen)4.既可用动名词作宾语,又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语:mean、remember、forget、regret、stop、go on、need、start、begin、try等。注意它们含义的不同之处。
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim _____(have) a low impact on the natural environment. 2.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]The next morning he hired a boat and set out _____(find) the well-known painter. 3.[2019·全国Ⅰ卷]Scientists have responded by______(note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are. 
◎经典考例
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1.to have　aim to do为固定短语,意为“旨在;目的是”,故填to have。2.to find　set out to do sth为固定短语,意为“(怀着目标)开始做某事”, 故填to find。3.noting　介词后接动词时,应用其动名词形式,故填noting。
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提示词是动词,且句中已有谓语时,根据非谓语动词与主语之间的逻辑关系确定用何种形式作定语。1.不定式作后置定语表示动作尚未进行;现在分词作后置定语表示主动、进行;过去分词作后置定语表示被动、完成。表被动且正在发生的动作用being done。2.句中含first、second、last等序数词以及形容词最高级(+名词)时,用不定式作定语。3.抽象名词ability、chance、opportunity、promise等后常用不定式作后置定语。
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1.[2020·全国Ⅱ卷]They represent the earth________(come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 2.[2019·全国Ⅱ卷]When we got a call ______(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. 
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1.coming　句中谓语动词为represent,所以设空处为非谓语动词。名词earth与come back to之间为主谓关系,所以用现在分词作后置定语,故填coming。2.saying　从句中谓语动词为got,所以设空处为非谓语动词。say与前面的名词call之间是主谓关系,所以用现在分词作后置定语,故填saying。
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1.现在分词作状语:句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing)。(1)表伴随、时间或条件等要用现在分词;(2)表自然而然的结果用现在分词。2.过去分词作状语:句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词(done)。3.不定式作状语(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。(2)only to do sth为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时,后接不定式作原因状语。常见词有happy、lucky、anxious、proud、disappointed、surprised、delighted、foolish、pleased、fortunate等。(4)牢记“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”句式,是用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
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1.[2021·浙江卷]Mary’s sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over_______ 　　　　(plant)flowers in the front yard. 2.[2019·全国Ⅲ卷]On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,_____________　　　　(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 
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1.to plant　分析句意和句子结构可知,设空处用动词不定式作目的状语, 故填to plant。2.listening　分析句子结构可知,设空处应填非谓语动词形式,且与and后面的现在分词meeting并列,主语we与listen之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,应用现在分词短语作状语,故填listening。
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1.不定式作宾补:常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell、order、allow、permit、enable、persuade、force、warn、encourage、ask、invite等。2.分词作宾补(1)现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动、进行。常用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有catch、feel、find、have、hear、keep、see、stop、notice、prevent等。(2)过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有have、make、get、find、see、notice、watch、hear、feel等。[注意]have的固定用法have sb/sth doing 让某人/某物一直做have sth done 让某事被做have sb do sth 让某人做某事
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1.[2020·全国Ⅱ卷]They make great gifts and you see them many times______________ 　　　　(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 2.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds________(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 
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1.decorated　分析句子结构可知,设空处与后面的介词短语一起作宾语them的补足语。them与所给词decorate之间为动宾关系,设空处需用过去分词,故填decorated。2.surrounding　分析句子结构可知,设空处为非谓语动词作宾语补足语,the soft clouds 与surround 之间是主谓关系, 且表示正在发生的事情,设空处需用现在分词,故填surrounding。
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　　[2022·山东淄博模拟]China earlier on Thursday successfully launched Tianhe from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site, 1.________ (start) a series of key launch missions 2.____________aim to complete the construction of the station by the end of next year. [语篇解读]中国成功发射天和核心舱,启动了一系列关键的太空探索任务,目的是建立空间站。1.starting　句子的谓语动词是launched,且没有连词,故start用非谓语动词形式,start与逻辑主语China是主谓关系,故用现在分词作状语,故填starting。2.which/that　设空处引导限定性定语从句,先行词是missions,从句缺少主语,指物,故填which/that。
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The construction of the space station and a state-level space lab,3._______　　　　(be) a key goal to fulfilling the three strategic steps in China’s manned space program and4._______ important leading project for building China’s 5.__________　　　　(strong) in science, technology and aerospace.3.is　设空处应填谓语动词,主语The construction是单数,句子描述现在的事实,应用一般现在时,故填is。4.an　此处泛指“一个重要的主导项目”,设空处应填不定冠词,important以元音音素开头,故填an。5.strength　名词所有格China’s修饰名词,根据句意,此处用作不可数名词,表示“实力”,故填strength。
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China’s most adventurous space attempt, the multimodule space station named Tiangong, will have three main components—a core module 6._________(attach) to two space laboratories—with a combined weight of nearly 70 tons. The core capsule, named Tianhe, is 16.6 meters long 7.________has a diameter (直径) of 4.2 meters. The craft’s weight is equal 8.________ the combined weight of 15 standard-size automobiles.  6.attached　分析句子结构可知,设空处用作定语,修饰core module,attach与core module是逻辑上的动宾关系,应用过去分词,故填attached。7.and　 分析句子结构可知,句中含有两个谓语且为并列关系,设空处应填并列连词and。8.to　be equal to是固定短语,意为“等同于”。
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The capsule will be 9._________(centre) to the space station’s future operations, given that astronauts will live there and control the entire station from inside. It will 10.__________(use) to host scientific and technological experiments too. The entire station is expected to become fully operational around the end of 2022 and is setto work for about 15 years. 9.central　be central to是固定短语,意为“是……的核心”。10.be used　分析句子结构可知,use是谓语动词,it指代上文提到的The capsule,与use是动宾关系,故此处用被动语态;空格前有will,故be动词应用原形,故填be used。
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策略2 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词 多管齐下 准确转换
提示词是名词,分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变,则考虑用所给名词的复数形式,同时注意不规则变化的情况。1.利用名词前的修饰语,确定名词的单复数形式(1)不定冠词a或an后用名词单数形式。(2)名词前有many、all、both、a number of、hundreds of等修饰时,名词用复数形式。(3)名词前有one of或among 时,名词用复数形式。(4)名词前有形容词different、various等修饰时,名词用复数形式。2.利用谓语的数确定名词的数(1)所填名词作主语,且谓语动词是复数形式are、were、have等时,名词用复数形式。(2)所填名词作主语,且谓语动词是单数形式时,名词用单数形式。
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1.[2021·全国乙卷] ________(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 2.[2020·浙江卷1月]For Japan, the _________(number) are more striking—22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. 
◎经典考例
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1.Activities　根据谓语动词range可知,空格处应用可数名词activity的复数形式作主语。2.numbers　根据下文的are可知,这里需要填number的复数形式numbers。
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一、提示词是名词
1.空格处作定语,提示词要转换成形容词n.+-able→adj. 　value→valuablen.+-al→adj. 　nature→naturaln.+-ful→adj. 　colour→colourfuln.+-en→adj. 　wood→woodenn.+-y→adj. 　dust→dusty2.空格处在句中作谓语,提示词要变成动词熟记名词变动词的前缀/后缀
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]Provide _______(finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples. 2.[2021·全国甲卷]Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their ________(day) routines. 3.[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________(wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. 
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1.financial　根据空后名词aid可知,空格处应填形容词来修饰名词aid,finance的形容词形式为financial。2.daily　修饰名词routines应用day的形容词形式daily。3.wealthy　此处需要用形容词修饰名词people, wealth的形容词形式为wealthy。
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二、提示词是形容词
1.形容词和副词、名词的词性转换分析句子结构, 发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词。若空格处作主语、宾语或表语,则应填名词形式;若空格处修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,则应填副词形式。2.添加词缀变反义词根据句意和前后逻辑关系, 确定句意表否定时,形容词前可以添加否定前缀(un-、im-、dis-等)或否定后缀(-less)变为反义词。同理,若提示词为副词也一样。
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1.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]It will_____ (undoubted) help you get refreshed! 2.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]Filled with _______(curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 3.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]As the small boat moved _________(gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. 
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1.undoubtedly　空格处修饰动词help,应用副词undoubtedly “毫无疑问地”。2.curiosity　介词with后应使用名词,curious的名词形式为curiosity。3.gently　修饰动词moved应使用副词,gentle的副词形式为gently。
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三、提示词是动词
1.动词与名词的转换(1)根据所作成分判断设空处作主语或及物动词(短语)或介词(短语)的宾语,以及作表语时填名词。(2)根据设空位置判断在“冠词(+形容词)”后填名词。在“冠词+________ of”结构中填名词。 (3)在形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词、形容词之后,考虑填名词。2.动词和形容词的转换分析句子结构并确定所填词在句子中所作的成分是解答词性转换题的关键所在。作定语修饰名词,作表语或补足语时常用形容词。
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the __________(develop) of the local areas. 2.[2019·全国Ⅲ卷]When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _______(compete) to watch,together with the story behind it. 
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3.[浙江卷]The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be_______ 　　　　(afford) but doing this most days adds up. 4.[浙江卷]But something made her look closer, and she noticed a_______ 　　　　(shine) object. 
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1.development　根据空格前的定冠词the可知,此处应填名词development来作动词benefits的宾语。2.competition　根据空格前的an interesting可知,此处应填动词compete的名词形式competition。3.affordable　本句为主系表结构, 故此处应用形容词作表语, afford的形容词形式为affordable。4.shiny/shining　根据空格后的object可知,此处应用形容词作定语,故填shiny/shining。
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1.人称代词的宾格形式分析句子结构,发现提示词作宾语时,应考虑用人称代词的宾格形式(me、us、you、it、her、him、them)。2.反身代词分析句子结构,发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人/物时,应考虑用其反身代词(myself、ourselves、yourself、yourselves、itself、herself、himself、themselves)。3.形容词性物主代词分析句子结构, 发现提示词作定语时,应考虑用形容词性物主代词(my、our、your、her、his、their、its)。
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1.[2021·浙江卷]She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of__________ 　　　　(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 2.[2021·全国乙卷]Ecotourism has _____(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 3.[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ______(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 
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1.herself　根据句意可知,此处意为“她自己”,故应用反身代词,提示词she的反身代词是herself。2.its　根据空格后名词origin可知,此处应用形容词性物主代词its来修饰名词origin。3.themselves　根据语境可知,主语visitors发出的动作imagine作用于自身,故此处应用they的反身代词形式themselves。
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提示词是形容词或副词,根据语境和句意,该词词性不变,意思不变,则可能填该词的比较等级。1.利用标志词判定等级(1)若题目中有much、far、still、even、rather、a little、a bit、a lot、a great deal、than等标志性词汇用比较级。(2)若空格后有表示范围的标志词in、of、among等用最高级。(3)若空格前有one of the、the+序数词等修饰词用最高级。2.利用固定句型(1)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。(3)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。3.利用隐含信息判断若句中没有than等标志词,但暗含比较级,也需要用比较级。
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1.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the _______(hot) the spring! 2.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their ______(fine) work, so that he could choose the best.
◎经典考例
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1.hotter　此处是固定句型“the +比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……越……”,故填hotter。2.finest　根据句意可知,空格处所在句子表示“皇帝叫所有知名画家过来献上他们最好的作品”,故此处应用fine的最高级finest。
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Ancient Rome was one of the world’s most 1.__________ (power) empires (帝国 ) more than 2,000 years ago. The Roman’s ideas about roads, laws, government and buildings still influence us today, 2._________　　 (make) it the centre of Western civilization. [语篇解读]文章主要介绍了古罗马的相关历史知识。1.powerful　根据空格后的名词empires可知,设空处应填形容词powerful。2.making　空格处应用现在分词形式作结果状语。
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People may wonder how ancient Rome 3._______(link) to the capital of Italy today. Actually, very few Roman 4.________(native) live in Rome now as most ancient Romans were killed during conflicts in history.5.___________, ancient buildings like the Roman Colosseum(罗马斗兽场) and Roman Forum are still standing strong today. Built in the first century AD, the Colosseum is 6.______ popular tourist attraction today. 3.is linked　ancient Rome为主语,设空处为谓语,两者之间为动宾关系,结合时态为一般现在时且主语为单数可知,此处应用一般现在时的被动语态,故填is linked。4.natives　根据上文的few可知,设空处应填名词的复数形式natives。5.However　根据语境可知,设空处上下文之间是转折关系,所以应用副词However。6.a　此处表示泛指,且空格后的popular是以辅音音素开头的单词,故用不定冠词a。
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Roman roads, the most 7.__________(advance) roads in the ancient world, enabled the Roman Empire, 8._______was over 1.7 million square miles at the pinnacle(巅峰)of 9.______(it) power,to stay connected. Over 50,000 miles of road were built by 200 BC and several are still 10._____ use today. 7.advanced　根据上文的most及下文的roads可知,设空处应填形容词advanced。8.which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中作主语,指代Roman Empire,故用which。9.its　根据空格后的名词power可知,设空处应填形容词性物主代词its。10.in　in use是固定短语,意为“在使用中”。
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策略3 不忽视虚词 联系语境 精准填入
一、厘清冠词的基本用法
1.明确冠词在句中的位置名词是冠词的标志,当空格后是名词或“形容词+名词”,而且没有其他限定词时,一般需要用冠词。2.辨析特指和泛指(1)在文中第一次提到某人或某物时,一般为泛指,用不定冠词a/an;第二次提到时用定冠词the表示特指;(2)当名词前有定语修饰时,多数情况用定冠词the;(3)在序数词或最高级前或有only、 very、 same 等修饰的名词前用定冠词the;(4)在“逢十”的年代前,即表示“在某世纪几十年代”用定冠词the。3.注意a与an的选用:主要看名词首字母的发音,而不是首字母。
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]Due to ______growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 2.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is _____must to visit! 3.[2021·浙江卷] ______Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family. 4.[2020·全国Ⅱ卷]The plum trees are _____first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
◎经典考例
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1.the　此处特指与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,所以应填定冠词the。2.a　must作名词时,意为“必须做(或看、买)的事(物)”,为可数名词。此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”,应用不定冠词,且must是以辅音音素开头的单词,故填a。3.The　“the+姓氏复数”表示“……夫妇俩;……一家人”。设空处位于句首,所以首字母要大写。4.the　序数词前加定冠词the,表示“第几个”。
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二、厘清冠词的固定搭配
1.定冠词用在固定搭配中,如at the same time、on the contrary、to tell the truth、in the distance、make the most/best of、in the middle of、on the spot等。2.不定冠词用在固定搭配中,如catch a cold、have a fever、all of a sudden、as a matter of fact、as a result、have a gift for、make a living、have/take a rest、give sb a lift、have a good knowledge of等。3.动词(catch/take/hit等)+sb+介词+the+身体部位
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1.[2021·全国甲卷]It took us about 3 hours to go all ______way around the Xi’an City Wall. 2.[全国Ⅲ卷]Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _____top of her lungs. 
◎经典考例
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1.the　all the way为固定短语,表示“一直;一路”。2.the　at the top of为固定短语,表示“在……的顶端”。at the top of one’s lungs表示“以某人最大的肺活量喊叫”。
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一、根据情境填介词
1.表示时间的in、on、atin表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。at表示某个时间点、时刻等。 2.表示方位的through和acrossthrough表示“从……的内部穿过”。 across表示“从……表面穿过”。3.表示交通方式的by和on/inby后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词,名词前不加冠词。
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on/in后跟交通工具时,名词前应有冠词、物主代词或指示代词等修饰语。4.表示“用……”的by、in、withby指“靠……手段;用……方法;凭借……”,后可接名词、代词或动名词。in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。5.of表示“……的”“of+n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词。
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1.[2021·全国甲卷]It was built originally to protect the city _____the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 2.[2020·浙江卷1月]This aging of the population is driven _____two factors. 3.[2019·北京卷]First celebrated _____1970,the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区). 
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1.in　表示“在某个朝代”应用介词in。2.by　设空处位于表示被动的动词后, 故应填by。3.in　在年、月和季节前应用介词in。
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二、依据句式和搭配填介词
1.与动词搭配remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事rob sb of sth 抢劫某人某物go back to/ date from 追溯到exchange ... for... 交换……come about 发生run out of 用完
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2.与名词或代词搭配 by accident 偶然by oneself 靠自己in spite of 尽管;虽然in turn 依次;反过来3.与形容词搭配be curious about 对……感到好奇be proud of 因……而自豪
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ____trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 2.[2021·浙江卷]In 1844 they bought it_______$1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842. 3.[2020·浙江卷]Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived _____, through agriculture. 
◎经典考例
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1.of　various types of 为固定搭配,表示“各种各样的”。2.for　“buy sth for +价格”为固定搭配,意为“以……价格买某物”。3.in　live in是固定短语,表示“在……地方生活”。
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　Since Chinese archaeologists(考古学家) 1._______　(make) public some of the newly unearthed artifacts from the Sanxingdui Ruins site on Saturday, a gold mask has caught most of the attention from experts and 2.__________ public alike. [语篇解读]自从中国考古学家公布了三星堆遗址出土的一些文物后,一个黄金面具吸引了专家和公众的大部分关注。文章主要介绍了三星堆遗址以及黄金面具的一些情况。1.made　分析句子结构可知,这里应用谓语动词。根据下文时间状语on Saturday可判断用一般过去时。2.the　the public表示“公众”,故填the。 
made
the
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　Recognized as one of the most important ancient 3._______(remain) found in the 20th century, the 3,000-year-old Sanxingdui in southwest China’s Sichuan Province is a treasure house 4._______(bury) with a collection of pottery, jade, bronze and gold wares. 5._________astonished the archaeologists most about this gold mask is its large size—23 centimeters wide and 28 centimeters high. 3.remains　此处为“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数形式”结构,remain表示“遗迹;遗址”时为可数名词,故填remains。4.buried　分析句子结构可知,此处应用非谓语动词形式。bury与其逻辑主语a treasure house构成动宾关系,故用过去分词作定语。5.What　设空处引导主语从句,从句中缺少主语,指物,故应用what;设空处位于句首,所以首字母要大写。
remains
buried
What
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Although only about half of the gold mask was unearthed, it’s so far the 6.___________　　　　(large) of its kind found in the primary stage of the Chinese civilization, weighing about 280 grams.  It 7._____________(estimate) that the whole mask could weigh more than 500 grams. This lightweight mask is made of gold foil(箔), featuring a raised nose with a sharp edge at the tip. It’s 8.________(basic) the same size as the head sculptures from the same pit. 6.largest　根据语境以及上文定冠词the可推知,此处应填形容词最高级largest。7.is estimated　it is estimated that...为固定句型,表示“据估计……”。8.basically　设空处作状语,修饰整个句子,故应用副词形式basically。
largest
is estimated
basically
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Thus, archaeologists believe it was originally attached 9._______the face of a head sculpture.  The mask’s eyes and eyebrows are delicately hollowed out, 10.__________　　　　(create) a sense of seriousness and dignity. It most likely represents authorities or top-level figures at that period, according to the archaeologists. 9.to　be attached to 为固定短语,意为“被系在……上;附着于……”。10.creating　分析句子结构可知,设空处应用非谓语动词形式。create与上文句子为逻辑上的主谓关系,故应用现在分词作状语。
to
creating
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策略4 不低估并列句和三大从句 搞定复杂情境
高考对连词的考查主要集中在并列句及三大从句如何正确使用连词上。并列句和三大从句是高考语法填空的重点和难点,也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分,牢记连词的用法是解题的关键。
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1.确定填并列连词无提示词,空格前后是两个并列的主谓完整的句子、单词、短语等,而且相并列的成分之间是并列、转折、选择或因果关系时,应填并列连词。2.熟用两个技巧技巧1:关系分析法分析空格前后单词、短语或分句之间的关系,确定用哪个连词。表示并列或递进关系的有and、both...and...、not only...but (also) ...等。表示选择关系的有or、either...or...、not...but...等。表示转折或对比关系的有but、while等。表示因果关系的有so、for等。技巧2:句型法祈使句+and/or+陈述句sb be doing sth when .../sb be about to do sth when...
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1.[2021·全国甲卷]My bike was old and shaky _____did the job. 2.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure ________offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs. 
◎经典考例
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1.but　下文did the job和上文My bike was old and shaky之间存在转折关系,故用表示转折的连词but连接。2.and　分析句子可知,highlights the whole adventure与offers a place部分为并列关系,故用并列连词and连接。
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第一步:确定是定语从句设空处无提示词,而设空前的主句完整;设空后的句子不完整,且对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用,就要考虑填定语从句的关系词。第二步:分清限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。1.that不能引导非限制性定语从句;2.which引导非限制性定语从句时可代表主句的全部或部分内容;3.as引导非限制性定语从句时,可置句首、句中或句末,意为“正如”。
四步法确定关系词
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第三步:寻找先行词,判断属性(指人还是指物;表示时间,地点,还是原因)1.先行词指人时,用关系代词that/who/whom/whose;2.先行词指物时,用关系代词that/which/whose;3.先行词表示时间/地点/原因时,用关系副词when/where/why。第四步:判断所缺成分,确定关系词1.定语从句缺少主语:that/which/who;2.定语从句缺少动词的宾语:that/which/who/whom;3.定语从句缺少介词的宾语:whom/which;4.定语从句缺少定语:whose;5.定语从句缺少时间/地点/原因状语:when/where/why。注意:不能忘记“介词+关系代词”的使用三规则
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1.[2020·天津卷]Dr Rowan, ______secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 2.[2020·全国Ⅰ卷]Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 3.[2019·北京卷]The students benefitting most from college are those _______　　　　are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources (资源).
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1.whose　设空处引导非限制性定语从句。secretary与Dr Rowan之间为所属关系,所以应该填whose,在从句中作定语。2.where　设空处引导定语从句,先行词是a spot,在从句中作地点状语,故应用where引导。3.who/that　设空处引导定语从句,先行词为those,指人,在从句中作主语,故用who/that引导定语从句。
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判断名词性从句的5个方法
方法1:若名词性从句不缺任何成分且句子意义完整、引导词无意义, 常用that引导同位语从句和表语从句。方法2:名词性从句不缺句子成分,且表示“是否”时,常用whether引导;if也有“是否”之意,引导名词性从句,但不能引导介词后的宾语从句。方法3:从句缺少主语、宾语、表语:用连接代词what、who、whom、which、whatever等。
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方法4:从句缺少状语(结合句意判断):用连接副词where(表地点)、when(表时间)、how(表方式),why(表原因)等。方法5:it句型:it作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句要牢记。
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1.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]______is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. 2.[2020·浙江卷]Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on _____　　　　could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown. 3.[2019·全国Ⅰ卷]The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence _____they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 
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1.What　空格处引导主语从句,从句中缺乏主语,故应用what引导,指代“经历的事情”。2.what　空格处引导宾语从句,作on的宾语,由于该宾语从句中缺少主语,同时空格处表示“……的事物”,故应用what引导。3.that　空格处引导同位语从句,解释了名词evidence“证据”的具体内容。空格处在从句中不充当成分,也无意义,故本空应填that。
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一、 通过理解句意确定引导状语从句的连词
设空处前后两个句子之间含有一定的逻辑关系时,应考虑填连词。while/when/as/since引导时间状语从句;before/after/once引导时间状语从句;if/unless引导条件状语从句;though/although引导让步状语从句;in case引导目的或条件状语从句;where引导地点状语从句;whether... or...引导让步状语从句。注意:在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,一般来说,从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。
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1.[全国Ⅰ卷]______you are looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 2.[2020·全国Ⅲ卷]_____ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river. 3.[2019·天津卷]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion________ 　　　　he wants their support. 
◎经典考例
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1.Whether　根据句意可知,此处考查连词结构“whether...or...”,意为“ 无论……还是……”。2.When/As　分析句子可知,这里用When/As引导时间状语从句,When/As在句中表示“当……时”。3.unless　根据语境可知,这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。
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二、固定句式法确定状语从句引导词
牢记以下固定结构,培养做题灵敏度。1.so/such...that...如此……以至于……2.not...until...直到……时候才……3.It will/won?t be+一段时间+before...要过多少时间才/没过多长时间就……4.It is some time(一段时间)+since...自从……多长时间5.whether...or not 无论是否……(引导让步状语从句)
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6.when意为“就在这/那时”时,常用于以下句式:(1)be doing sth when...正在做某事就在这/那时……(2)be about to do sth when...刚要做某事就在这/那时……(3)had just done sth when...刚刚做完某事就在这/那时……(4)hardly...when...一……就……
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1.[2021·全国乙卷]It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ______the late 1980s. 2.[浙江卷]Pahlsson screamed so loudly ______her daughter came running from the house. 
◎经典考例
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1.until　根据句意可知,此处表示“直到20世纪80年代晚期它才作为旅游观念被广泛接受”。表示“直到……才……”使用固定句型“not...until...”,故填until。2.that　由设空处后的内容可判断这里为so...that...引导的结果状语从句,故答案为that。
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[2022·湖北武汉联考]Mobile phones have become the category with the most potential in the on-demand retail segment, apart from fresh food and groceries, according to a white paper 1.________(release) by Dada Group, China’s leading local on-demand delivery and retail platform.  JD Daojia, the local on-demand retail platform of Dada Group, collaborates(合作) with electronics stores to promote online purchases across the country. The white paper stated JD Daojia achieved2._____new milestone at the end of 2020, with more than 6,000 online electronics stores and 150 partner dealers on the platform. [语篇解读] 文章主要介绍了达达集团的按需零售平台的发展。1.released　分析句子结构可知,设空处要用非谓语动词作后置定语。a white paper和release是逻辑上的动宾关系,因此需要使用过去分词表被动。2.a　空后的名词milestone为可数名词单数,此处指“一个里程碑”,应用不定冠词,且空后的new以辅音音素开头,因此这里要用a。 
released
a
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The white paper noted more than 90 percent of interviewed consumers3._____________　　　　(choose) JD Daojia are attracted by its one-hour delivery service, 4.______84 percent of consumers are satisfied with the one-hour delivery service.  Moreover, the average delivery time for mobile phones in 20205.__________(cut) by 17 percent compared with 2019, 6.______the fastest order delivered in just 10 minutes.3.choosing　分析句子结构可知,设空处应用非谓语动词作后置定语。consumers和choose是逻辑上的主谓关系,因此要使用现在分词表主动。4.and　此空前后是完整的两句话,且两个句子之间为逻辑上的并列关系,应用and连接。5.was cut　分析句子结构可知,设空处应用谓语动词。本句主语the average delivery time和cut之间是动宾关系,因此要用被动语态,再结合此处陈述的是过去的内容,故用一般过去时的被动语态。6.with　此处是“with+宾语+宾补”的复合结构,with在这里表伴随。 
choosing
and
was cut
with
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“Mobile phones offer the most promising opportunities for7._________　　　　(grow) in the age of on-demand retail. JD Daojia has expanded its presence in lower-tier cities and seeks to collaborate with more electronics stores, bringing its convenient one-hour delivery service to a growing consumer base,” said He Huijian, vice-president of Dada Group. 7.growth　此处应用grow的名词形式作介词for的宾语。
growth
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8._________(ensure) the safety of high-value orders, Dada Now, the local on-demand delivery platform of Dada Group, selects specially qualified riders9._________　　　　have undergone training through the Dada Now smart logistics(物流) system. JD Mobile and JD Daojia have created a micro e-commerce shopping ecosystem that not only helps retailers improve their efficiency, but also10.________(gradual) changes consumers’ online consumption habits.8.To ensure　此处应用动词不定式表目的。9.who/that　设空处引导定语从句,先行词为riders,指人,从句中缺主语,因此要用关系代词who/that。10.gradually　这里应该用副词修饰动词changes,故填gradually。
To ensure
who/that
gradually