(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第三节 词句猜测题——胆大心细 (含详解)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第三节 词句猜测题——胆大心细 (含详解)，共15页。
词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词块或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。词句猜测题是英语高考阅读理解中的必考题型， 一般每套试卷中的考查数量不超过2道，但是学生理解有一定的难度，易错，属于拉分题。因此要掌握好词句猜测题技法， 做到分分都要得。
微技能一 词语猜测题——巧用线索猜词义
词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。近几年高考每套题一般考查一个小题，个别情况考查两个小题，主要考查以下几个方面：1.纲外陌生词(词块/习语)；2.陌生派生词或合成词；3.熟词(词块)生义；4.有特殊含义的词块。
利用构词法猜测词义
构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings(心弦)，故本单词可能与feeling有关。
【典例1】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅱ阅读 B)
The end f the schl year was in sight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence f 15 years, dealing with the varius kinds f “frbidden fruit” that cme ut f bk bags.Nw was the spring f the water pistl (手枪)．
I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden fruit.
...
My imaginary Grandma’s Bx wrked like magic that spring，and later.Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it.Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away—since I seldm actually kept them.Usually the__ffender wuld appear at the end f the day, and I wuld return the belnging.
25．What d the underlined wrds “the ffender” in paragraph 8 refer t?
A．The student’s parent.
B．The maker f the Grandma’s Bx.
C．The authr’s grandchild.
D．The wner f the frbidden fruit.
【分析】 利用构词法猜测词义。er为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；ffend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”，故ffender有“犯规者，违反者”的含义。结合前文中出现的“frbidden fruit”，以及后文提到“return the belnging”，可推断犯规者指的是拥有前述frbidden fruit的人。故选D。
利用上下文猜测词义
这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思
【典例2】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl (水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever－increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat (栖息地)．
29．What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire.B．Exprt.
C．Destry.D．Distribute.
【分析】 利用上下文猜测词义。文章前两句说，当探险家们第一次踏上北美洲大陆时，天上和大地上有许多各种各样的野生动物。美洲土著人很聪明地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。下一句中的unfrtunately表示转折意义，由此推断，画线单词所在句“Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.”意思是“不幸的是，仅仅几十年后，探险家和定居者就毁灭了大部分资源。”也就是说，画线单词decimate意思是“破坏；毁灭(destry) ”。首段最后两句“Millins f reducing waterfwl habitat (栖息地)．”进一步说明了“探险家和定居者对这里资源的破坏”。故选D。
利用语法关系猜测词义
【典例3】 (2021·全国甲卷阅读C)
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing.I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language.And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dn’t wrry abut it.Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam (横杆), I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up：Safe, man.Safe.A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting：“Safe!__Safe!__Safe！” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.
29．What d the underlined wrds “Safe！Safe！Safe！” prbably mean?
A．Be careful!B．Well dne!
C．N way!D．Dn’t wrry!
【分析】 利用语法关系猜测词义。根据画线词后文的解释说明“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选B。
利用逻辑关系猜测词义
【典例4】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research，bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake.And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份)，it’s the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
13．What des the underlined wrd“beanples”in paragraph 1 refer t?
A．Big eaters.B．Overweight persns
C．Picky eaters.D．Tall thin persns.
【分析】 利用逻辑关系猜测词义。根据 “And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份)，it’s the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“cntrary t”可知，画线词与heavier peple含义相反。故选D。微技能二 代词猜测题——就近原则找指代
代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。
解答这类题目的时候一定要遵循就近原则，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。
【典例5】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue，Washingtn，generally dn’t flash the same length f green twice in a rw，especially at rush hur.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds.By 9：33 am，a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds.Less traffic at 9：37 am culd push it dwn t 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－grwing city just east f Seattle，uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US：intersectin(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins.These lights，knwn as adaptive signals，have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
25．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Increased length f green lights.
B．Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing f traffic signals.
D．Smth traffic flw n the rad.
【分析】
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2
第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，the timing f the signals changes.
第三步 综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。故选C。
微技能三 句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻找，意义吻合是解题关键。
【典例6】 (2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)
Mney with n strings attached.It’s nt smething yu see every day.But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”
24．What des the expressin “mney with n strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Mney spent withut hesitatin.
B．Mney nt legally made.
C．Mney ffered withut cnditins.
D．Mney nt tied tgether.
【分析】
第一步 定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：mney with n strings attached
第二步 寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”
第三步 分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。
第四步 仔细比对选项，“Mney ffered withut cnditins.”符合句意。故选C。
精做模拟考题
(2021·无锡市高三调研)
Having met nly weeks befre, climbers Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Nrgay shk hands befre hugging each ther in a mment that wuld put their names in histry bks frever.They were n tp f the wrld—literally.After five hurs f cntinuus climbing the tw first climbed t the tp f Munt Qmlangma, the highest spt n earth.As the ultimate climbing gal fr them bth and the dream f mst climbers, they had just 15 minutes t absrb the experience f being at 8，848.86 metres abve sea level.Be any lnger and they may nt have made it back t camp t tell the tale.
With this in mind, the pair spent sme f their precius minutes searching the area fr signs f thse wh had been befre them.The bdies f tw previus Qmlangma hpefuls—Andrew Irvine and Gerge Mallry f the 1924 attempt—were in the thughts f Nrgay and Hillary.Hwever, they culd find n sign f them having reached the tp.
Qmlangma has been respnsible fr claiming ver 300 lives and endangering many thers, as it pses huge and unpredictable challenges, with high altitudes (海拔) putting immense pressure n human bilgy and with its icy land making each step a risk.When the climbers made it back t camp and the news spread, glbal admiratin and fame pured in.
Nrgay and Hillary were determined t be the first t cnquer the wrld’s highest muntain.They had dne it.At the time they believed that the bx had been ticked and n ne else wuld put themselves thrugh the danger t repeat their achievement.They culdn’t have been mre wrng.
Tday hundreds f peple chse t fllw in their ftsteps every year.In cntrast t the ttal islatin (孤独) felt n the first successful jurney, during times f ideal weather cnditins, queues frm up t the muntain’s summit.This creates dangerus pauses (停顿) in the muntain’s mst deadly znes.
Whether yu believe these adventurers t be brave，admirable r ut f their minds, it is clear that Hillary and Nrgay have prvided knwledge and inspiratin fr many t find ut hw it feels t truly be n tp f the wrld.
【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。主要介绍了世界上第一次登上珠穆朗玛峰的登山者埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖的故事，以及他们对后世的影响。
1．What did Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Nrgay d n the tp f the wrld?
A．They measured the height f Munt Qmlangma.
B．They celebrated their victry with many climbers.
C．They tried t find signs f earlier climbers.
D．They shared the experience as lng as 15 minutes.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the pair been befre them”可知，埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖在世界之巅寻找早期登山者的迹象，故C项正确。]
2．What can be inferred abut Andrew Irvine and Gerge Mallry frm the passage?
A．They succeeded in reaching the tp f Munt Qmlangma first.
B．They lst their lives in their attempt t cnquer Munt Qmlangma.
C．They were gd friends f Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Nrgay.
D．They died because they didn’t return t their camp in time.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The bdies f tw previus Qmlangma and Hillary”可知，安德鲁·欧文和乔治·马洛里在征服珠穆朗玛峰的途中丧生，故B项正确。]
3．What des the underlined wrd “immense” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Huge.B．Outside.
C．Minimum.D．Limited.
答案 A [词句猜测题。根据上文中的“it pses huge and unpredictable challenges”可知，珠穆朗玛峰给登山者带来了巨大的不可预测的挑战；再结合下文中的“high altitudes(海拔) putting immense pressure n human bilgy”和常识可知，过高的海拔会给人体带来巨大的压力，故A项与画线词的意义最为接近。]
4．What will the present Qmlangma climbers be likely t face cmpared with Nrgay and Hillary?
A．Mre terrible lneliness.
B．Mre ideal weather cnditins.
C．Mre deadly znes.
D．Mre dangerus stps.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第五段中的“This creates dangerus pauses(停顿)in the muntain’s mst deadly znes”可知，与埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖相比，现在的珠穆朗玛峰攀登者面临着更多危险的停滞，故D项正确。]
挑战外刊阅读
When the wrld respnded t the COVID－19 epidemic with brad lckdwn rders, hme delivery services lacked the manpwer (人力) t keep up with the explsin in demand.Stres and cmpanies went n ding the hiring; in sme areas, it was very hard t get gds delivered.
Yu knw what might have made things a bit easier? Drnes.It has taken years fr the Federal Aviatin Administratin (FAA) t allw the use f unmanned aerial devices fr cmmercial delivery.Over the curse f a decade, we’ve gne frm a cmplete ban t slw, heavily regulated, and restricted initial testing.
At the end f August, 2020, the FAA finally gave Amazn apprval fr its Prime Air drne delivery fleet.It did that by classifying Amazn as an “air carrier” and making it subject__t sme relatively recent regulatins intended t facilitate drne deliveries.
The FAA’s rules initially required that private drnes remain in sight f the peratr at all times.That simply wn’t wrk fr delivery services.S in 2019, the agency intrduced a special certificatin prcess that wuld allw apprved pilts t perate drnes acrss much lnger distances.
Amazn will nw be able t jin Ggle in drne deliveries. The cmpany revealed that its fleet can carry packages weighing up t five punds and deliver them within a 15－mile range in less than 30 min.The FAA als recently granted the cmpany Zipline a temprary waiver (豁免) allwing it t deliver medical supplies in Nrth Carlina.Zipline had been perating fr sme time in Africa, but the United States cntinues t lag behind bth develped and develping natins in giving drne cmpanies the freedm t test their services.
While Amazn still faces several technical and regulatry hurdles (障碍), it’s great that the gvernment is giving it this new rm t maneuver.T bad it tk the Feds this lng t allw it, especially as the pandemic made drne deliveries nt just a futuristic innvatin but smething we culd have used yesterday.(Frm Discver)
【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。在新冠肺炎疫情背景下，美国联邦航空局(FAA)从完全禁止到允许包括亚马逊在内的几家公司使用无人机派送货物。
1．What can be inferred frm Paragraph 2?
A．Drnes are the mst cnvenient aerial devices.
B．The use f drnes was cmpletely prhibited at first.
C．It tk a shrt time t permit the use f drnes.
D．FAA allws drnes t serve fr the army.
答案 B [细节理解题。从第二段最后一句“Over the curse f a decade，we’ve gne frm a cmplete ban t slw，heavily regulated, and restricted initial testing.”可以看出，B项正确。]
2．The underlined phrase “subject t” prbably refers t ________．
A．bey B．cntrl
C．damage D．create
答案 A [词句猜测题。根据画线词所在段落可知，美国联邦航空局批准了亚马逊的空中无人机配送服务，亚马逊还为此被归类为“航空公司”，所以需要遵守相应的航空规则，故选A。]
3．What’s Paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．The cmpanies allwed t use drne deliveries.
B．Amazn jining in drne deliveries.
C．Drne deliveries used in medical service.
D．Zipline perating in Africa and America.
答案 A [段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，Amazn，Ggle，和Zipline 这三家公司均被允许一定程度上使用无人机进行物品派送。故选A。]
4．What’s the authr’s attitude tward Amazn’s drne deliveries?
A．Neutral. B．Negative.
C．Favrable.D．Indifferent
答案 C [观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“it’s great that the gvernment is giving it this new rm t maneuver. T bad it tk the feds this lng t allw it”可以判断，作者支持使用无人机进行物品派送。neutral中立的；negative消极的；favrable赞成的；indifferent漠不关心的。]
【精深阅读】
一、词汇积累
1．lckdwn n．活动(或行动)限制
2．drne n. 无人机
3．cmmercial adj. 商业的
4．initially adv. 起初
5．grant v. 准予；授予
6．weigh up t five punds 重达五磅
二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析
1． use f unmanned aerial devices...(Para.2) adj.无人驾驶的，__无人操纵的
2． futuristic innvatin...(Para.6) adj.未来的
3．Stres and cmpanies went n ding the hiring; in sme areas, it was very hard t get gds delivered(deliver)．
4．Over the curse f a decade, we’ve gne frm a cmplete ban t slw, heavily(heavy) regulated, and restricted initial testing.
5．T bad it tk the Feds this lng t allw it，especially as the pandemic made drne deliveries nt just a futuristic innvatin but smething we culd have used yesterday.(Para.5)
[分析] 本句为主从复合句。句首省略了It is；smething为先行词，被定语从句we culd have used yesterday修饰和限定；其中定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作宾语，故可以省略。
[翻译] 很糟糕的是，联邦政府花了很长时间才允许无人机的使用，特别是在疫情之下，无人机派送不仅仅是一种未来的发明，更是我们原本在昨天就可以使用的服务。
[背景链接]
亚马逊公司是美国最大的一家网络电子商务公司，成立于1995年，位于华盛顿州的西雅图。它是网络上最早开始经营电子商务的公司之一，一开始只经营网络的书籍销售业务，现在则扩及了范围相当广的其他产品，已成为全球商品品种最多的网上零售商和全球第二大互联网企业。
近3年高考词句猜测题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
(1)词句猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词语或句子的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词语或句子前后的内容)进行推理。
(2)词句猜测题主要涉及单词意义理解、词块意义理解、句子意义理解和代词指代对象确定等。
新高考卷Ⅰ
1(单词猜测)
1(代词指代题)
1(单词猜测)
全国卷Ⅰ
(全国乙卷)
1(单词猜测)
1(单词猜测)
1(单词猜测)
全国卷Ⅱ
(全国甲卷)
1(单词猜测)
1(单词猜测)
1(词块猜测)
1(代词猜测)
1(词块猜测)
全国卷Ⅲ
1(词块猜测)
1(词块猜测)
命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.The phrase “...” in the sentence culd be replaced by ________．
2．The wrd “...” in the paragraph refers t ________．
3．What des the underlined wrd mean in
4．Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase “...”？
5．The wrd “...” mst nearly means __________.
6．The underlined sentence in the secnd paragraph implies that ________．
考生做词句猜测题时既要能够大胆地根据上下文线索进行猜测；又要心细如发、有凭有据，从而猜测出正确答案。常见技巧有：
1．利用构词法；
2．利用上下文语境；
3．利用语法关系；
4．利用逻辑关系；
5．利用线索关系。
eq \a\vs4\al()正确选项特征
1．含义和其字面意思没有任何的关系。
2．上下文逻辑通顺。
3．与原句意思最接近。
eq \a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征
1．与所考词汇形似。
2．如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
3．句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。