(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第四节 主旨大意题——逆转思维 (含详解)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第四节 主旨大意题——逆转思维 (含详解)，共15页。

主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。
微技能一 文章大意题——定位主旨知文意
文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。
eq \a\vs4\al() eq \a\vs4\al(主题句法)
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
eq \a\vs4\al() eq \a\vs4\al(高频词法)
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
eq \a\vs4\al() eq \a\vs4\al(逆向思维法)
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
【典例1】 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)
Sme parents will buy any high－tech ty if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine，an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children at the University f Chicag，fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills.Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知)after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme，educatin and the amunt f parent talk，Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46
mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt，n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld，and abut half f the children in the study played with puzzles at ne time.Higher－incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently，and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills.Hwever，bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls，and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than the parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly abut?
A．A mathematical methd.
B．A scientific study.
C．A wman psychlgist.
D．A teaching prgram.
【分析】
第一步 读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。
第二步 利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。
第三步 排除错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。故选B。
微技能二 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
【典例2】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin.It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives.Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
35．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A．Its appeal t the public.
B．Expectatins fr future studies.
C．Its practical applicatin.
D．Scientists with new perspectives.
【分析】
第一步 找出段落主旨句：分析可知，最后一段中第一句“Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin.”为主旨句。
第二步 对比选项，确定答案：由文章主旨句可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives.可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。
微技能三 标题归纳题——文章主题定标题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)；有吸引力(能吸引读者眼球)。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
eq \a\vs4\al() 利用4大技巧解题
eq \a\vs4\al() 结合3大特点解题
eq \a\vs4\al() 排除3种错误选项
【典例3】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl (水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever－increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat (栖息地)．
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act(Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry (迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival.Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J．N.“Ding” Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, Iwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme.Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat.Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
31．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Stry
B．The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits f Saving Waterfwl
D．The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
【分析】
本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事(The Federal Duck Stamp Stry)，全文都是围绕着这个主旨展开的。
·首段介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；
·第二段介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；
·第三段讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。
最后一句“Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.”更是点明了主题。故选 A。
精做模拟考题
(2021·济南市高三模拟考试)
Face masks and prtective suits can save lives.But what happens after peple are dne using them? Binish Desai, the funder f Ec－Eclectic Technlgies frm Western India, saw the impact brught by the rising use f and demand fr single－use masks and kits due t the crnavirus pandemic, s he created Brick 2.0 t prevent tns f single－use persnal prtective equipment (PPE)frm being thrwn away and ending up in landfills r water streams.
Althugh PPE is essential fr medical use, it is extremely necessary t assess new alternatives and t raise awareness regarding its prper use and dispsal (处理)．A study published by the American Chemical Sciety suggests that 129 billin face masks are used mnthly during the crnavirus pandemic, which causes great envirnmental pllutin.In India alne, ver 18，000 British tnnes f crnavirus－related bimedical waste was generated in just fur mnths between June and September.The waste wuld take hundreds f years t break dwn, accrding t the magazine Waste Advantage.
Brick 2.0 is a new versin f the brick made frm industrial waste, nw als including used face masks and prtective suits.The prcess starts with the cllectin f PPE waste thrugh garbage cans placed in small shps and apartment buildings, with easy access fr peple t thrw away their used items.Once in the factry，the cllectins are kept fr 72 hurs fr safety reasns.Then they are cleaned and trn int pieces befre being mixed with ther waste.Finally, the material is shaped, and nce dry，each brick is ready t use.It is three times strnger than cnventinal bricks at twice the size and half the price.
In a cmplex situatin like the ne we are living in these days, this slutin is nt nly relatively easy t perate, but als very achievable in the shrt term, which can really help vercme tday’s glbal envirnmental challenges.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。新冠肺炎疫情导致防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。Ec－Eclectic Technlgies的创始人Binish Desai看到了商机，他回收这些医疗垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成的砖头强度大、价格低。
1．Why did Desai create Brick 2.0?
A．T recycle the PPE waste.
B．T reduce prductin cst.
C．T prtect water resurce.
D．T prevent serius disease.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第一段尾句中的“s he created Brick 2.0 water streams.”可知，Desai制作砖头2.0旨在将一次性个人防护垃圾回收再利用，故A项正确。]
2．What d the figures in Paragraph 2 indicate?
A．The study lacks sufficient evidence.
B．The pandemic is difficult t cntrl.
C．The demand fr face masks is in decline.
D．The envirnment is facing severe challenges.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，该段提及的数据说明一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。故D项正确。]
3．What is mainly discussed abut Brick 2.0 in Paragraph 3?
A．Its functin.B．Its advantage.
C．Its main characteristic.D．Its prductin prcess.
答案 D [段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段中的“The prcess starts ”说明了砖头2.0的生产过程，故D项正确。]
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Innvatin never ends
B．Envirnmental issues cunt
C．Transfrm waste int treasure
D．Defend yur life with face masks
答案 C [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了印度西部的Ec－Eclectic Technlgies的创始人Binish Desai回收利用防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成强度大、价格低的砖头。据此可知，“变废为宝”最适合作为本文标题，故C项正确。]
挑战外刊阅读
While the nvel crnavirus(新冠病毒) utbreak frced many Chinese t stay at hme, they cntinued nline cnsumptin and turned t new frms f entertainment, which is prviding pwer t the Chinese ecnmy.
Althugh the epidemic(传染病) had a huge impact n the service，manufacturing and trade sectrs, especially cnsumer industries such as turism, catering and entertainment, it als benefited industries such as e－cmmerce, nline games and entertainment, as well as medical services.
Since many peple have cntinued nline shpping at hme, the delivery sectr has remained busy.Online fd delivery platfrms such as Meituan Dianping have intrduced special services fr users t pick up their fd in cntainers withut face－t－face cntacts with deliverymen.
The State Pst Bureau f China reprted that China’s pstal industry cllected 81.25 millin parcels frm January 24 t 29(in 2020), a year－n－year increase f 76.6 percent.In the same perid, it delivered 78.17 millin parcels, up 110.34 percent year n year.
Besides shpping nline, many peple als enjyed playing games and watching vides and live streaming at hme during the festival.Data shws that Hnr f Kings, ne f its vide game prducts, received arund 2 billin yuan frm its game players n January 24, 2020, the Lunar New Year, up frm 1.3 billin n the same day last year.
Industries such as nline entertainment can greatly benefit during the epidemic cntrl as many peple stay at hme.The catering industry may als shift t an innvative(创新的) mde, where fd cked in central kitchens is delivered t utlets(零售) r nline rders fr sale.Traditinal industries will need t further imprve quality t deal with the difficult perid.(Frm Beijing Review)
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。新冠疫情暴发后，云购物、云办公、云学习等方式不断出现，这些不断衍生、形态各异的线上产品和服务逐渐受到大众的青睐。如此背景下催生的“宅经济”以破竹之势暴发了。
1．What des the underlined wrd “they” mean in Paragraph 1 ?
A．The new viruses.
B．The Chinese staying at hme.
C．The cnsumer industries.
D．The new frms f entertainment.
答案 B [代词指代题。根据第一段第一句可知，由于新冠疫情，很多中国人不得不宅在家里，即“他们”指的是宅在家的中国人，因此选B。]
2．Why were the cnsumer industries affected hugely?
A．Peple preferred nline services.
B．Peple culd nt benefit frm the cnsumer industries.
C．Peple wrking in these industries gt sick.
D．Peple were nt allwed t g utdrs t spend mney.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句及第三段第一句，可知因为疫情的原因，人们不得不待在家中依靠网络进行消费，即无法外出消费，因此选D。]
3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Many peple enjyed nline cnsumptin during this perid.
B．Mre peple liked t play games n the Lunar New Year.
C．Hnr f Kings helped the cmpany earn a lt.
D．Shpping nline is the mst ppular nw.
答案 A [段落大意题。根据第五段第一句可知，在节日期间，许多人除了网购，还喜欢玩游戏、观看视频和直播节目，即人们喜欢在线消费，因此选A。]
4．What can be inferred frm the last sentence f the text?
A．The traditinal industries will mainly ffer nline service.
B．The quality f traditinal industries needs t change.
C．The quality f traditinal industries is unsatisfying.
D．Online entertainment will g n ffering benefit.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知，传统行业只有加强品质管控，才能熬过寒冬，即传统行业的品质并不令人感到满意，因此选C。]
【精深阅读】
一、词汇积累
1．cnsumptin n．消费
2．catering n. 饮食服务
3．e－cmmerce n. 电子商务
4．have a huge impact n 对……产生巨大的影响
5．shift t 转向，转移到
6．such as nline entertainment 如在线娱乐
二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析
1． users t pick up their fd...(Para.3) 取走
2． streaming at hme...(Para.5) adj. 现场直播的，__实况转播的
3．Industries such as nline entertainment can greatly(great) benefit during the epidemic cntrl as many peple stay at hme.
4．Traditinal industries will need t further imprve quality t deal with the difficult perid.
5．While the nvel crnavirus(新冠病毒) utbreak frced many Chinese t stay at hme, they cntinued nline cnsumptin and turned t new frms f entertainment, which is prviding pwer t the Chinese ecnmy.(Para.1)
[分析] 本句为复合句。while引导让步状语从句；they cntinued f entertainment为主句；which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面主句的内容。
[翻译] 尽管新冠病毒的爆发迫使很多中国人待在家里，但是他们仍旧网上消费并且开始转向新型娱乐方式，这给中国经济提供了力量。
[背景链接]
“宅经济”是随着网络兴起而出现的一个新词，主要的意思是在家中上班，在家中兼职，在家中办公或者在家中从事商务工作，同时在家中消费也是宅经济必不可少的一部分。众多市民吃饭叫外卖、购物叫快递，催热了“宅经济”，只要能够送货上门，很多人甘愿“宅”在家中。
近3年高考主旨大意题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
1.主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
2．主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。
(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题；
(2)主题类，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
新高考卷Ⅰ
1段落大意＋
1最佳标题
1文章大意
全国卷Ⅰ
(全国乙卷)
1段落大意＋
1最佳标题
1段落大意＋
1最佳标题
1段落大意＋
1最佳标题
全国卷Ⅱ
1最佳标题
1文章大意＋
1最佳标题
1文章大意＋
1最佳标题
全国卷Ⅲ
1段落大意＋
1文章大意＋
1最佳标题
1最佳标题
命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.The best title f the passage is ________．
2．Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
3．The passage is mainly abut ________．
4．What is the text mainly abut?
5．The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________．
6．What is the first paragraph mainly abut？
1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。
2．如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
3．解题时我们可以利用逆转思维，即如果我们作为作者按这个大意或标题写这一篇文章或这一段文章该写哪方面内容，然后对比原文和选项，从而做出正确的判断。
eq \a\vs4\al()正确选项特征
1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2．范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
eq \a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征
1．以偏概全
2.主题过大
3．断章取义
4.无中生有
转折词
句中如有but，hwever，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词
如therefre，thus，in shrt，cnclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句
若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
关键词法
反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法
根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
穿珠
连串法
分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法
根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项