(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第一节 细节理解题——耐心比对 (含详解)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第一节 细节理解题——耐心比对 (含详解)，共15页。

阅读理解的4种命题形式中， 细节理解题难度低，但占比极高， 故而成为考生从阅读理解题中获取高分的基础。 值得注意的是， 近几年高考细节理解题的难度有所增加， 题目信息往往是原文信息的同义转述， 有时答案需要跨段寻找，需要将几个具体细节综合起来才能得出答案。细节理解题分为点式细节理解题、网式细节理解题和数字数据题。要掌握其解题技巧，仔细阅读，认真分析，切不可掉以轻心，确保基础题分分都要得。
微技能一 点式细节理解题——先题后文定答案
【题型概述】
1．直接细节题
直接在原文中找到，考生一般可以通读原文中的某句话或某个词语便能得出答案，此类题属于低层次题。
2．间接细节题
一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息，要求在理解的基础上，对原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。
3．数字数据题
一般需要根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算(“加减乘除”法)，得出正确的结论。
【解题步骤】
解答点式细节理解题，可采取“先题后文，题干定位”法，即从问题中抓关键词(题眼)，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题干相吻合的关键词，关键段落，仔细推敲，最后确定答案。
“直接定位法”全取直接细节题
直接信息题一般能在文中直接找到明确的信息，往往只考查文章中的个别事实，通常只涉及原文一两句话的信息。这类题目比较简单，可以利用“直接定位法”解题。
【典例1】 (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读B)
By day, Rbert Titterman is a lawyer.In his spare time thugh he ges n stage beside pianist Maria Rasppva—nt as a musician but as her page turner.“I’m nt a trained musician, but I’ve learnt t read music s I can help Maria in her perfrmance.”
24．What shuld Titterman be able t d t be a page turner?
A．Read music.B．Play the pian.
C．Sing sngs.D．Fix the instruments.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Tittertn be able t d t be a page turner
第二步 定位到原文：根据题干中的关键词可以定位到第一段。信息句“I’ve learnt t read music s I can hep Maria in her perfrmance.”
第三步 比对选项：由此可知，提特顿是钢琴家玛丽亚的乐谱翻页者，他学会识谱是为了可以在玛丽亚的表演中帮助她。故选A。
4种特征直取间接细节题
间接信息题一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息，要求在理解的基础上，对原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。可以利用正确选项的4种特征确定答案。
【典例2】 (2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)
Dr.Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish.“We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders，” Dr.Jubilad said.“I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
34．Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A．They culd walk n stilts all day.
B．They had a superb way f fishing.
C．They culd stay lng underwater.
D．They lived n bth land and water.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：astnished
第二步 定位到原文：利用同义词复现确定答案，由关键词astnished定位文中的“We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders”为信息句，astnished与amazed为同义词。
第三步 比对选项：年轻的Jubilad对巴瑶族人惊讶不已的地方在于他们可以在水下待很长时间。故选C。
2法破解数字数据题
数字数据题主要考查两种情况：一种是数字定位题，可运用“直接搜索法”解题，即直接找到原文中的数字信息，然后匹配选项即可找到答案，这种类似于直接信息题。还有一种是数字计算题，可运用“加减乘除法”解题，即在原文中找到相关的数字信息后，再对相关的数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行简单计算，最终确定答案。
【典题3】 (全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
At present, the wrld has abut 6，800 languages.The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers.Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1，000; Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800.The median number(中位数)f speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
30．Hw many languages are spken by less than 6，000 peple at present?
A．Abut 6，800.B．Abut 3，400.
C．Abut 2，400.D．Abut 1，200.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Hw many languages
第二步 定位到原文：通过题干的less than 6，000 peple at present可定位文章中的倒数第二段
第三步 比对选项：由第一句可知世界上目前共有大约6 800种语言，又由最后一句“世界语言的一半，不到6千人讲”，由此可知，不到6千人讲的语言只有6 800的一半，即3 400种。故选B。
【典题4】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)
3 Grand Prizes：Trip t Washingtn， each f three winners, a parent and ne ther persn f the winner’s chice.Trip includes rund－trip air tickets，htel stay fr tw nights，and turs f the Natinal Air and Space Museum and the ffice f Natinal Gegraphic Wrld.
21．Hw many peple can each grand prize winner take n the free trip?
A．Tw.B．Three.
C．Fur.D．Six.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Hw many peple
第二步 定位到原文：第二段中“Trip t Washingtn， each f three winners，a parent and ne ther persn f the winner’s chice.”可直接得出答案。
第三步 比对选项：由此可知，特等奖获得者可以带两个人(父母中的一人，另外获奖者自选1人，共2人)。故选A。
微技能二 网式细节理解题——不厌其烦找答案
【题型概述】
网式细节理解题要根据原文中的多处信息才能得出答案。因此在解答该类题目时一定要不厌其烦，题目涉及的多处细节要一一找出，并对选项和原文进行一一比对，做到万无一失。近几年高考网式细节理解题考查的较少，主要考查以下几个方面：
1．正误判断题(3错1对或者3对1错)；
2．常规多细节理解题。
【解题步骤】
命题人往往对网式细节理解题加以修饰和掩盖，这就需要考生要根据原文中的多处信息才能得出答案。对于网式细节理解题，考生可采取“全面甄别法”：
第一步：仔细阅读题干， 抓取关键信息；
第二步：根据关键信息， 找到文章中相应的具体信息；
第三步：涉及的具体信息点可能不是单一的， 这时考生需要综合多个信息点并仔细甄别， 全面思考， 综合考虑得出答案。
3步搞定正误判断题
对于正误判断题，一定要沉着应对，各个击破。逐个选项进行排查，且不可急躁或者盲目自信。要认真分析，仔细比对。
【典例5】 (浙江卷阅读A)
The children sat stunned and silent.Was this a teacher talking? One girl, wh had just cme t us frm a schl where she had had a very hard time, lked at me steadily fr a lng time after I had finished.Then, still lking at me, she said slwly and seriusly, “Mr.Hlt, d yu really mean that？”I said just as seriusly，“I mean every wrd f it.”
During the spring she really astnished me.One day, she was reading at her desk.Frm a glimpse f the illustratins I thught I knew what the bk was.I said t myself, “It can’t be，” and went t take a clser lk.Sure enugh, she was reading Mby Dick, in the editin with wdcuts.I said, “Dn’t yu find parts f it rather heavy ging？” She answered, “Oh, sure, but I just skip ver thse parts and g n t the next gd part.”
44．Which f the fllwing statements abut the girl is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A．She skipped ver thse easy parts while reading.
B．She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.
C．She learned t appreciate sme parts f the difficult bks.
D．She turned ut t be a tp student after cming t this schl.
【分析】
第一步 分析选项：标出选项重要信息词。
第二步 确定目标选项：根据选项重要信息词定位到文中第二段中的“I said，‘Dn’t yu find parts f next gd part.’”确定目标选项A和C。B和D项未提及。
第三步 逐一对照：虽然女孩读的书有些部分有难度，但是女孩在阅读时，会跳过那些晦涩难懂的部分，选择容易理解的部分来阅读。故选C。
耐心敲定多细节理解题
对于一般的多细节理解题，虽然不像正误判断题一样逐个选项与原文排查，但这类题目的答案也是综合原文多个信息得出的，因此也要不厌其烦，认真分析，方能得出正确答案。
【典例6】 (2021·全国乙卷阅读A)
All these stadiums are still functinal, still pen and still hsting the biggest events in wrld sprt.
·Rungrad 1st f May Stadium, Pyngyang, D．: 150，000.Opened：May 1，1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbr, Michigan, U．S.Capacity: 107，601.Opened：Octber 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State Cllege, Pennsylvania, U．S.Capacity：106，572.Opened：September 17，1960.
·Ohi Stadium, Clumbus, Ohi, U．S.Capacity：104，944.Opened：Octber 7, 1922.
·Kyle Field, Cllege Statin, Texas, U．S.Capacity：102，512.Opened：September 24，1927.
22．Of the fllwing stadiums, which is the ldest?
A．Michigan Stadium. B．Beaver Stadium.
C．Ohi Stadium.D．Kyle Field.
【分析】
第一步 分析题干：题干问的是哪个体育场最古老，应定位至文章最后一部分对各个体育场的介绍。
第二步 一一比对信息源：根据该部分的内容可知，四个选项中的体育场分别于1927年、1960年、1922年、1927年开放。
第三步 综合概括：最古老的体育场为Ohi Stadium。故选C。
精做模拟考题
(2021·南通市高三第一次调研)
In 1991, Keith White was at the centre f a 14－vehicle pileup when a truck crssed the central reservatin and hit the van in which he was a passenger.White survived, but his left arm was crushed beynd repair, and he lst his memry fr tw years.
His pilt license was remved and he culd n lnger fllw his passin fr diving.But he had been sailing since he was 16，and s, in 2004, he decided t buy a bat, fitting it ut s he culd sail single－handedly.“I didn’t knw at that pint if I culd sail with ne hand, ”he says.“But at the back f my mind I had always thught I culd d anything if I put my mind t it.”
Within a year, White tk n the challenge f being the first ne－armed sailr t circumnavigate (环绕航行) the British Isles.Then he crssed the Atlantic alne in 2008.Last year he became the first sailr with a disability t circumnavigate the glbe.
Sailing single－handedly fr weeks requires mental, as well as physical strength, especially when yu are alne.S hw des he d it? It’s a questin that makes the yachtsman (帆船比赛选手)laugh.“When yu have seven children，it’s lvely t have a little time n yur wn! It’s awesme，” he jkes.“I d a lg every hur, and my diary, and I read a few bks.I have very little sleep.” “I’m a sciable persn：I d like lts f peple arund.Answering emails and chatting ver scial media can help stp any lneliness.”he adds.
When White made his first Atlantic crssing, he was disappinted t have his peace and quiet brken by his arrival n land.But, he says, he threw himself int meeting new peple.In between adventures, he likes sailing with peple wh haven’t tried it befre r getting invlved in yacht races with friends.Perhaps the main reasn fr his success in adjusting t life after a big adventure, he says, is that he always has an idea fr a new ne.“It keeps me ticking ver—there’s always smething new t d.I just like challenges and ne leads t anther.”
【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。在一起车祸中，Keith White的左臂被压断，无法恢复，他不能再潜水了。但是他没有放弃自己对航行的追求，成了世上首位环航全球的残疾人。
1．Why culdn’t White cntinue his passin fr diving?
A．He lst his left arm.B．His license was due.
C．He had a new hbby.D．His memry was pr.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第二段第一句的内容可知，White不能潜水的原因是他失去了左臂。]
2．Hw did White spend his time at sea?
A．By staying awake.
B．By visiting ld friends.
C．By keeping himself busy.
D．By attending t his children.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I d a few bks”可知，White在海上航行时让自己很忙碌，故答案为C。]
3．What mainly leads t White’s successful adjustment t life after a big adventure?
A．Scializing with new peple.
B．Scheduling new adventures.
C．Caching new yachtsmen.
D．Organizing yacht races.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Perhaps the main reasn fr his success in adjusting t life after a big adventure，he says，is that he always has an idea fr a new ne”可知，他在一次大的冒险后成功适应生活的主要原因是他总是安排新的冒险，故选B。]
4．Which f the fllwing best describes Keith White?
A．Creative.B．Humrus.
C．Easy－ging.D．Adventurus.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是第三段可知，Keith White在失去一只手臂的情况下还独自进行了环球航行，这足以说明他具有冒险精神，故答案为D。]
【温馨提示】 高考语篇通常选自英文网站和英文报刊，语言原汁原味。考前精做1篇外刊阅读胜做1篇普通阅读。希望同学们多加重视。
挑战外刊阅读
Farmer and village head Gerge Shk, frm Chisuma village near Victria Falls in Zimbabwe, clearly remembers the last big thunderstrm he experienced.It was 11 years ag, and it caused flding.Nw, he says, there is less rain each year, it falls later than befre, and the weather seems htter.His hme is nt far frm the Zambezi River, but it is a water scarce area.
“Arund Victria Falls, peple walk between three and 12 miles fr water，” says Charlene Hewat, directr f the nnprfit rganizatin Greenline Africa Trust.Hewat has been wrking with WWF t cllect data n hw peple living arund Victria Falls experience climate change.
Frm the 44 interviews Greenline Africa Trust cnducted, tw－thirds f respndents said there was less freshwater, while 61% experienced mre frequent cnflicts with wildlife, which cmpete with livestck fr water and enter farms and villages in search f fd.Insufficient water cmbined with an increase in the prevalence f pests (reprted by 57% f respndents) cntributed t crp failure.
As peples’ livelihds becme mre vulnerable, they turn t natural resurces.Brick－making, fr example, requires large quantities f firewd during the firing prcess, s it drives defrestatin;__in turn, the remval f trees cntributes t land degradatin alng the riverbanks.
It really is all cnnected.
Hwever, the Manyika family farm, n a small piece f land abut 15 miles frm Victria Falls, suggests what successful adaptatin lks like.In March 2020, when COVID－19 abruptly halted sales, they bartered tmates fr maize(玉米), srghum(高粱)，and millet(小米) a practical innvatin in a cash－pr ecnmy like Zimbabwe.
Accrding t Hewat, mre farmers are starting t think lng term and are investing(投资)in their wn land and water prvisining t imprve their yields.Hewat says she realized very early n that “if we dn’t invlve cmmunities in cnservatin in a meaningful way, there is n hpe fr cnservatin.” And, she says, “Access t water is fundamental.”(Frm https：//wrldwildlife.rg)
【语篇解读】 本文是议论文。文章介绍了来自Chisuma村庄的人们遭遇了因气候问题导致的水资源匮乏等问题，以及这些问题的解决之策。
1．Which is nt the prblem that peple frm Chisuma village are faced with?
A．Less rain.B．Delay f rainfall.
C．Htter weather.D．Mre flds.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第一段“Nw，he says，there is less rain each year，it falls later than befre，and the weather seems htter”可知，flds未被提及，故选D。]
2．What can be a result f a lack f water and pests’ ccupatin?
A．A decline in harvests.
B．Mre frequent cnflicts with wildlife.
C．A decreased demand fr natural resurces.
D．Land degradatin.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第三段“Insufficient water cmbined with an increase in the prevalence f pests(reprted by 57% f respndents) cntributed t crp failure”可知，水资源缺乏导致作物减产。]
3．What des the underlined wrd “defrestatin” in Paragraph 4 refer t?
A．Planting trees.B．Watering trees.
C．Shaving trees.D．Destrying trees.
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据上文“ large quantities f firewd during the firing prcess...”和下文“in turn，the remval f trees...”可知村民在大量伐木。]
4．What is NOT necessary fr the farmers t d if they want t get cnservatin?
A．T wrk with the nnprfit rganizatin.
B．T think in a lng run.
C．T hunt the wildlife.
D．T invest in their land and water.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，与非营利性组织合作、长远打算、投资农业都是村民们保护水资源的方式，C选项未被提及。]
【精深阅读】
一、词汇积累
1．livestck n．家禽
2．insufficient adj. 不充分的
3．cmpete with livestck fr water 与牲畜争夺水
4．cntribute t crp failure 导致农作物歉收
5．a practical innvatin 一个实用的创新
6．imprve ne’s yields 提升产量
二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析
1． climate change...(Para.2) vt. 经历，__体验
2．－thirds f respndents said...(Para.2) n. 受访者
3．Nw, he says, there is(be) less rain each year, it falls later than befre, and the weather seems htter.
4．His hme is nt far frm the Zambezi River, but it is a water scarce area.
5．Frm the 44 interviews Greenline Africa Trust cnducted，tw－thirds f respndents said there was less freshwater，while 61% experienced mre frequent cnflicts with wildlife，which cmpete with livestck fr water and enter farms and villages in search f fd.(Para.3)
[分析] 本句为复合句，while为并列连词，表示对比。第一分句中said之后有一个省略了连接词that的宾语从句；第二分句中which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为wildlife。
[翻译] 据Greenline__Africa__Trust组织的44场采访显示，三分之二的调查对象都反映淡水资源减少了，而61%的人则反映与野生动物的冲突更加频繁，这些野生动物与家禽争夺水源并进入农场和村庄搜寻食物。
[背景链接]
维多利亚瀑布又称莫西奥图尼亚瀑布，位于非洲赞比西河中游，赞比亚与津巴布韦接壤处。宽1 700多米，最高处108米，为世界著名瀑布奇观之一。欧洲探险家，戴维·利文斯敦1855年在旅途中发现它，并以英国女王的名字为其命名。维多利亚瀑布1989年被列入《世界遗产目录》。
层级一
送分题目分分得
细节理解题大都比较容易，只需要认真阅读题目，细心比对原文就能解答正确。对于这种题目，要认真解题，确保一分不丢。
近3年高考细节理解题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
卷别
2021
2020
2019
(1)命题人会要求考生根据不同的要求来阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。
(2)细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，相对比较容易，是阅读理解的送分题。
新高考卷Ⅰ
6
8
全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)
7
7
6
全国卷Ⅱ(全国甲卷)
6
8
10
全国卷Ⅲ
7
10
命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.特殊疑问句形式：以when, where, what, which, wh, hw much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。
2．填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。
3．就文中数字、事件排序等进行设问。
采用寻读法，解题分三步：
第一步——先读题干，抓住关键词；
第二步——带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
第三步——仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
eq \a\vs4\al()正确选项特征
1．同义替换 2.信息归纳
3．正话反说 4.原文原词
eq \a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征
1．张冠李戴 2.无中生有
3．曲解文意 4.颠倒是非
5．正误参半