(新高考)高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练14 阅读理解之推理判断题(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

    高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练

(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。

(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。

(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。

1.推断隐含意义——逻辑分析得结论

【典例】（2020·全国1卷B篇节选）

There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.

What can we infer about the author from the text?

A. He loves poetry.

B. He’s an editor.

C. He’s very ambitious.

D. He teaches reading.

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据“The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry.”第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌。可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。

【点拨】第一步　确定题干中的关键信息

第二步　在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。

2. 写作意图类——文体特点看意图

【典例】（2020·全国2卷C篇节选）

Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.

What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?

A. To promote guilt-free fur.

B. To expand the fashion market.

C. To introduce a new brand.

D. To celebrate a winter holiday.

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。

【点拨】写作意图通常有以下三种：

(1)to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。

(2)to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。

(3)to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe ... 多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。

3.观点态度类——依据措辞定态度

【典例】（2020·全国1卷C篇节选）

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.

Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?

A. Skeptical.  B. Objective.  C. Tolerant.  D. Conservative.

【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。

【点拨】

1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。

(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。

(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。

(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。

2.牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：

(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。

(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。

(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。

A

Spotify can tell if you're sad. Here's why that should scare you. Want to figure out if someone is a patient with a mental disability：Ask them what their favorite song is. A New York University study last year found that people who loved Eminem's Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber's What Do You Mean? were more likely to have trouble with mental disabilities than people who were into Dire Straits.

Over the past few years, Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs. They conclude this from the sort of music you're listening to, combined with where and when you're listening to it, along with third­party data that might be available.

Now, to be clear, there's nothing significantly illegal about what Spotify is doing with your information. I certainly don't think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads selling a culture struggle while you're listening to music that suggests you might be in a terrible situation. However, I find it disappointing that our personal, private moments with music are increasingly being turned into information points and offered to advertisers.

You can see where this could go, can't you? As ad targeting gets ever more accurate, businessmen will have the ability to target our feelings in potentially improper ways. According to one study, you are more likely to spend more on a product if you're feeling sad. You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this. Head off to treat myself to something expensive.

1. What’s the purpose of the first paragraph?

A．To introduce a new song.

B．To draw readers' attention.

C．To help more patients.

D．To promote a new medium.

2. Why does Spotify improve its ability to analyze information?

A．To provide services for the government.

B．To work with shadowy consulting firms.

C．To get listeners' personal information.

D．To help businessmen attract consumers.

3．What's the author’s attitude toward Spotify?

A．Uncertain. B．Supportive.

C．Positive. D．Dissatisfied.

4. Who is the text probably designed for?

A．Music lovers. B．Officials.

C．Researchers. D．Managers.

B

Technology offers conveniences such as opening the garage door from your car or changing the television station without touching the TV.

Now one American company is offering its employees a new convenience: a microchip implanted (植入) in their hands. Employees who have these chips can do all kinds of things just by waving their hands. Three Square Market is offering to implant microchips in all of their employees for free. Each chip costs $300 and Three Square Market will pay for the chip. Employees can volunteer to have the chips implanted in their hands. About 50 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so. The president of the company, his wife and their children are also getting chips implanted in their hands.

The chip is about the size of a grain of rice. Implanting the chip only takes about a second and is said to hurt only very briefly. The chips go under the skin between the thumb and forefinger. With a chip in the hand, a person can enter the office building, buy food, sign into computers and more, simply by waving that hand near a scanner. The chips will be also used to identify employees. Employees who want convenience, but do not want to have a microchip implanted under their skin, can wear a wristband (腕带) or a ring with a chip instead. They can perform the same tasks with a wave of their hands as if they had an implanted chip.

Three Square Market is the first company in the United States to offer to implant chips in its employees. Epicenter, a company in Sweden, has been implanting chips in its employees for a while.

Three Square Market says the chip cannot track the employees. The company says scanners can read the chips only when they are within a few inches of them. “The chips protect against identity theft, similar, to credit cards.” The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the chips back in 2004, so they should be safe for humans, according to the company.

In the future, people with the chips may be able to do more with them, even outside the office. Todd Westby is Chief Executive Officer of Three Square Market. He says, “Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.”

5．What is the third paragraph mainly about?

A．The substitutes of the chips.

B．The advantages of the chips.

C．The places to implant the chips.

D．The potential risks of implanting the chips.

6．What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A．the hands B．the employees C．the credit cards D．the scanners

7．We can infer that ________.

A．the chips are popular among the employees

B．the chips have magic powers

C．the price of the chips is reasonable

D．most people suspect the application of the chips

8．Which of the following best describes Todd Westby’s attitude towards the chips?

A．Defensive. B．Disappointing. C．Optimistic. D．Casual.

C

Kevin Randall, a teacher, who teaches biology at Grandville High School, runs the environmental club at the high school, which has around 2,000 students. The club is known as the GHS Green Team, and it aims to raise awareness among students and teachers about sustainability(持续性).It also works on projects to reduce the environmental footprint of the building itself.

One of the club's recent projects focused on reducing waste in the school cafeteria. Randall said their cafeteria supervisor told them that the school went through 54,000 plastic forks every year. The club applied for a financial help, built recycling centers for the cafeteria, and purchased metal silverware.

And now every student uses a durable metal fork or a spoon instead of disposables. (一次性用品),“and that's just one way we're trying to capture the low-hanging fruit, if you will, ”Randall said.

The efforts of Randall and his students have earned Grandville High School the Michigan Green School certification from the state. In addition to their work reducing waste in the cafeteria, the GHS Green Team has also built a garden with flowers and vegetables on campus, and leads cleanups on site and out in the community. Over the years, Randall and his students have also been working on raising money to install solar panels(太阳能板) on the roof of the high school.

Randall said he was motivated to take the lead on environmental issues for his school because he wanted his students to have someone to turn to in the building who understands what's at stake(利害攸关）when it comes to climate change.

“And I also felt like I needed to do more in my life for my own two children at home,” Randall added, “They need to know that their dad is working as hard as he can to reduce the effects of climate change, and to spread the word, and to make sure that other students out there are learning about this just the way they are at home.”

9．What is the purpose of the GHS Green Team club?

A．To inspire students' love for biology.

B．To finish the projects assigned by school.

C．To prepare students for their future jobs.

D．To promote environmental protection.

10．What's the result of the project on school cafeteria?

A．It has changed the outlook of the cafeteria.

B．Students can have more fruits in the cafeteria.

C．Plastic forks are no longer used in the cafeteria.

D．The school has become famous nationwide.

11．What's the fourth paragraph mainly about?

A．The classification of the projects.

B．The characteristics of the club.

C．The activities organized by the club.

D．The future of the club.

12．What was Randall’s aim by doing the work on environmental issues?

A．To educate the young.

B．To get material rewards.

C．To amuse his children.

D．To make himself famous.

D

While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.

Why isn't complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity. The brain is designed to work efficiently. This means that when we repeat a thought, negative or positive, the nerve cells form a bridge between each other to pass information in a higher speed. Therefore, the next time we have a similar type of thought, it is more easily passed. This explains why certain thought patterns become habits.

Yet the harmful effects don't stop there. A study show that complaining causes the hippocampus(海马), which plays a vital role in problem­solving, to become smaller.

In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone：cortisol(皮质醇), a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力)．

The ill effects of our complaining aren't just limited to ourselves: they also involve those around us. We tend to mirror the moods of our friends. For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.

The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude. Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. Research shows it lowers cortisol levels by 23 percent, as well as reduces blood pressure and blood sugar. It also decreases tiredness and depression. Gratitude is the perfect cure for complaining, a behavior that steals our brain power, happiness and physical well­being.

What have you observed about the effects of complaining in your own life or in the lives of others? Have you noticed that when you are grateful, you feel better all round? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.

13. What do Para.2 and Para.3 mainly talk about?

  A. The diseases caused by complaining.

  B. The decrease of a vital part of our brain.

  C. The bad effects of complaining on brain power.

  D. The reason why certain thought patterns become habits.

14. What can we know about cortisol from the passage?

  A. Gratitude is an effective cure for cortisol.

  B. Our body produces cortisol when we feel excited.

  C. Cortisol is a chemical that can cause brain damage.

  D. Having a high level of cortisol can lead to many health problems.

15. What attitude does the writer take to stubborn complainers?

   A. Grateful.     B. Tolerant.    C. Disapproving.     D. Skeptical.

16. Where can the passage most probably appear?

   A. In a newspaper.       B. In a medical report.     

C. On a website.        D. In a radio

A

【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。作者以令人感兴趣的话题引入，吸引读者注意力，进而在第二段中提出主题，由此可知，第一段的目的是引起读者的兴趣，故选B项。

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“... Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs.”可知，Spotify一直在提高其分析信息的能力，其目的是帮助商人吸引消费者，故选D项。

【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“However, I find it disappointing that ...”和最后一段中的“And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this.”可知，作者对Spotify很失望，故选D项。

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“the sort of music you're listening to”和第三段中的“while you're listening to music”可知，本文主要针对音乐爱好者而写，故选A项。

B

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段 “With a chip in the hand, a person can enter the office building, buy food, sign into computers and more, simply by waving that hand near a scanner. The chips will be also used to identify employees.”可知手握芯片，人们可以进入办公楼，购买食物，登录电脑等等，只需在扫描仪附近挥动这只手。这些芯片还将被用来识别员工。由此可知，第三段主要是在说明这种芯片能够给人们带来便利的优势。故选B。

【答案】D

【解析】词义猜测题。扫描仪只能在芯片离扫描仪不到几英寸的地方读取芯片。由此可知，此处“them”指代上文中的the scanners “扫描仪”。故选D。

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“About 50 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so.”超半数的员工选择植入微型芯片，由此可知该芯片受欢迎。故选A。

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中He says, “Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.”这项技术将会标准化，你可以将其用作护照、公共交通工具、支付方式等。”由此可推知，Todd Westby对芯片的态度是乐观的。故选C。

C

【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“it aims to raise awareness among students and teachers about sustainability(持续性).It also works on projects to reduce the environmental footprint of the building itself.”（它旨在增强学生们和老师们关于可持续发展的意识。它也致力于减少建筑本身的环境面积的项目。）可知，the GHS Green Team club的目的在于促进环境保护。故选D。

【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“And now every student uses a durable metal fork or a spoon instead of disposables.(一次性用品),”（现在每个学生都使用耐用的金属餐叉或勺子，而不是一次性餐具。）可知，学校餐厅项目的结果是餐厅不再使用塑料餐具。故选C。

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，“reducing waste in the cafeteria”（减少餐厅废物的垃圾）；“built a garden with flowers and vegetables on campus”(在校园里建立了有鲜花和蔬菜的花园）; “install solar panels(太阳能板) on the roof of the high school”（在高中屋顶安装太阳能电池板）;可知第四段的主要介绍了这个俱乐部组织的活动有哪些。故选C。

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“because he wanted his students to have someone to turn to in the building who understands what's at stake(利害攸关）when it comes to climate change.”（因为他想要让他教学楼里的学生能够变成理解气候变化的利害相关的人。）可知，Randall的目的在于教育年轻人。故选A。

D

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意题。第二段中研究表明，“抱怨”使大脑处于悲观状态，这样会导致人们习惯性的悲伤。第三段中表明，危害远不止于此，还会使我们用于解决问题的海马变得越来越小。所以这两段主要是谈抱怨对大脑的伤害，故选C。

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力)．”可知，高皮质醇会导致高血压，高血糖，免疫力弱等一系列的健康问题。故选D。

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段可知，抱怨会影响周边的人，所以我们要远离那些偏执的抱怨者，故作者对这类人的态度是不满的。故选C。

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.”你可以在评论区分享你的看法。可知，这篇文章出现在网站上。

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