(新高考)高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练15 阅读理解之词义猜测题(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

    高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练

1.正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。

2.英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同，能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。

3.阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。

1. 根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测

【典例1】（2020·山东卷C篇节选）

In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.

His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.

What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A Developing a serious mental disease.

B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.

C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.

D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.

【答案】D

【解析】词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代第一段的内容，根据第一段最后一句“A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea”(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。

【点拨】文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。

【典例2】（2020·浙江卷B篇节选）

The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.

That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.

What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.

C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.

【答案】C

【解析】指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。

2.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测

【典例】（2020·江苏卷C篇节选）

For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.

The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.

A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast

C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered

【答案】B

【解析】词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。

【点拨】短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。

3. 根据转折或对比关系进行猜测

【典例1】（2020·全国1卷B篇节选）

While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.

What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?

A. Debt  B. Reward.  C. Allowance.  D. Face value.

【答案】B

【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是再次阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。

【点拨】根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, while, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。

【典例2】(2020·山东卷D篇节选)

And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?

A. Big eaters.     B. Overweight persons.

C. Picky eaters.    D. Tall thin persons.

【答案】D

【解析】词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。

4. 意义吻合定句意

【典例1】（2019·全国2卷B篇节选）

I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”

What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?

A. Encourage team work.

B. Appeal to feeling.

C. Promote good deeds.

D. Provide advice.

【答案】B

【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线前句she may just need a little persuading.和下面的一句话I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on ...可知，作者为了劝服这位家长，举了两个例子。故可知，划线句此处应是“煽情”之意。故选B。

【点拨】高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句表达的含义，巧解语句猜测题。

【典例2】（2020·全国1卷D篇节选）

As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.

What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Pleasure from working in the library.

B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.

C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.

D. A closer bond developed with the readers.

【答案】B

【解析】词句猜测题。根据后文可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。

A

The different parts of a health care system have different focuses. A hospital’s stroke（中风） unit monitors blood flow in the brain. The cardiac unit is interested in that same flow, but through and from the heart. Each collection of equipment and data is effective in its own field. Thus, like the story of blind men feeling an elephant, modern health care offers many separate pictures of a patient, but rarely a useful united one.

On top of all this, the instruments that doctors use to monitor health are often expensive, as is the training required to use them. That combined cost is too high for the medical system to scan regularly, for early signs of illness, so patients are at risk of heart disease or a stroke.

An unusual research project called AlzEye, run by Moorfields Eye Hospital in London, in cooperation with University College, London (UCL), may change this. It is attempting to use the eye as a window through which signals about the health of other organs could be discovered. The doctors in charge of it, Siegfried Wagner and Pearse Keane, are studying Moorfields’ database of eye scans, which offers a detailed picture of the health of the retina (视网膜).

The project will go a step further：With the information about other aspects of patients’ health collected from other hospitals around England, doctors will be able to look for more accurate signs of disease through eye scans.

The Moorfields data set has lots of linked cases to work with--far more than any similar project. For instance, the UK Biobank, one of the world’s leading collections of medical data about individual people, contains 631 cases of a “major cardiac adverse event”. The Moorfields data contain about 12, 000 such. The Biobank has data on about 1, 500 stroke patients. Moorfields has 11, 900. For the disease on which the Moorfields project will focus to start with dementia, the data set holds 15, 100 cases. The only comparable study has 86.

Wagner and Keane are searching for patterns in the eye that show the emergence of disease elsewhere in the body. If such patterns could be recognized reliably, the potential impact would be huge.

1. Why does the author mention “the story of blind men feeling an elephant” in Paragraph 1?

A. To claim the ineffectiveness of our health care system.

B. To tell the similarity in various health care units.

C. To explain the limitation of modern health care.

D. To show the complexity of patients' pictures.

2. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. The challenge of making advanced medical instruments.

B. The high risk of getting a heart disease or a stroke.

C. The inconvenience of modern health care service.

D. The incomplete and expensive health monitoring.

3. How does AlzEye work?

A. By thoroughly examining one’s body organs.

B. By identifying one’s state of health through eye scans

C. By helping doctors discover one’s diseases of the eye

D. By comparing the eye-scan data from different hospitals.

4. What can be inferred about the Moorfields's project from Paragraph 5?

A. It takes advantage of abundantly available medical data.

B. It makes the collection of medical data more convenient.

C. It improves the Moorfields' competitiveness in the medical field.

D. It strengthens data sharing between the Moorfields and the Biobank.

【答案】1. C    2. D    3. B    4. A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个试图通过眼睛扫描信息来发现疾病早期迹象的研究项目。

1.推理判断题。根据第一段“modern health care offers many separate pictures of a patient, but rarely a useful united one.”( 现代医疗保健提供了许多病人的单独照片，但很少是有用的联合照片)可知，盲人摸象的例子是为了解释现代医疗检查很少能全面地提供患者的整体情况，因此具有局限性。故选C。

2.词句猜测题。前两段主要讲了现代医疗检查的片面性以及高昂的费用，结合划线句句意：由伦敦Moorfields眼科医院与伦敦大学学院(UCL)合作经营的一个名为Alzeye的不寻常的研究项目可能会改变这一点。因此推断this指代上文提到的不完整的和昂贵的健康监测。故选D。

3.细节理解题。根据第三段可知，它试图用眼睛作为窗口，通过它可以发现关于其他器官健康的信号。负责这项工作的医生西格弗里德·瓦格纳和皮尔斯·基恩正在研究莫尔菲尔德的眼睛扫描数据库，该数据库提供了视网膜健康的详细图片，因此可知AlzEye的工作模式是通过眼部扫描来辨别一个人的健康状况。故选B。

4.推理判断题。根据第五段列举的数据信息可知，世界上领先的个人医疗数据收集之一，包含631例“主要心脏不良事件”。 Moorfields的数据包含大约12000个这样的数据。 生物库有大约1500名中风患者的数据。 Moorfields有11,900例，Moorfields项目的重点从痴呆开始的疾病，数据集包含15,100例。 唯一可比的研究有86项。因此推断Moorfields的项目较同类项目充分利用了更多现存的数据。故选A。

B

Smoking in your own home in Thailand may now be considered a crime, if the smoke is considered harmful to other people in the house.

The new law , Family Protection and Development Promotion Act , was initiated(启动) by the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security and was announced in the Royal Gazette on May 22 ,2019.

The law aims at curbing smoking at home which might be hazardous for others' health residing under the same roof. In that case, it will be considered as “domestic violence". The new law came into force on August 20.

According to the center for research and knowledge management for tobacco control, at the Faculty of Medical Science of Mahidol University, there are about 4.9 million households where one or more family members smoke.

An average of 10. 3 million people have unwittingly (不知不觉地) become passive smokers because they’ve been breathing in smoke at home. Scientific studies show that passive smokers are at greater risk of being affected by cancer.

Of 75 child patients from houses where smoking is practiced, 76% of them were found to have nicotine traces in their urine, with 43% of them having nicotine content exceeding permissible levels.

Smoking at home also “may lead to physical or emotional violence” because of aggressiveness when there is a lack of smoking, and might as well ruin relationships between smokers and non-smoker family members.

According to the new law, anyone who thinks they are affected by domestic smoking can report to officials concerned so that inspectors will be sent to investigate and take legal action against the smokers.

Once convicted, the court may order a person to receive treatment to quit smoking in an attempt to protect the person's family.

In February in 2019, Thailand had banned smoking at six of its airports along with a ban in public places.

5. What is the fact about the new law in Thailand?

A. It makes it clear that smoking at home is a crime.

B. I’s a law on protecting the health of non-smokers.

C. It was drafted and adopted by the royal family.

D. It classifies smoking as a form of domestic violence.

6. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “curbing” in Paragraph 3?

A. Treating. B. Changing.

C. Improving. D. Controlling.

7. What is NOT the evil consequence of smoking at home?

A. It may increase the risk of cancer in passive smokers.

B. It will probably cause physical or emotional violence.

C. It will make the smokers become more aggressive.

D. It may lead to disharmony in family relations.

8. What conclusion can we draw from the passage?

A. Smoking is illegal anywhere in Thailand.

B. Smokers are less likely to develop cancer than non-smokers.

C. People who smoke at home in Thailand will be sent to prison.

D. Thailand is committed to creating a smoke-free environment.

【答案】5. D    6. D    7. C    8. D

【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要描述了泰国新法旨在抑制在家中吸烟，并致力于创造一个无烟的环境。

5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Smoking in your own home in Thailand may now be considered a crime , if the smoke is considered harmful to other people in the house.”可知，如果家庭中其他人认为吸烟是有害的，那么吸烟者的行为会被认定为一种犯罪，故选D。

6.词义猜测题。根据第三段中“The law aims at curbing smoking at home which might be hazardous for others’ health residing under the same roof. ”可知，该法律旨在限制在家中吸烟，因为吸烟可能会危害同屋檐下的其他人的健康。所以curbing指的是控制，限制，故选D。

7.推理判断题。根据第七段中“ Smoking at home also “may lead to physical or emotional violence” because of aggressiveness when there is a lack of smoking”可知，在家吸烟也“可能导致身体或情绪暴力”，因为在不吸烟的情况下，人们会表现出攻击性。C. It will make the smokers become more aggressive. 意思为在家吸烟会使吸烟者变得更有攻击性。与原文意思不符，故选C。

8.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Smoking in your own home in Thailand may now be considered a crime , if the smoke is considered harmful to other people in the house.”可知，如果家庭中其他人认为吸烟是有害的，那么吸烟者的行为会被认定为一种家庭暴力的犯罪；再根据最后一段“In February in 2019 ,Thailand had banned smoking at six of its airports along with a ban in public places.” 2019年2月，泰国在6个机场禁止吸烟，并禁止在公共场所吸烟。综上可以推断出，泰国致力于创造无烟的环境。故选D。

C

As we grow old, we realize that we have so little time to read and there are so many great books that we’ve yet to get around to. Yet re-readers are everywhere around us. For certain fans, re-reading The Lord of the Rings is a conventional practice annually. One friend told me that Jane Austen's Emma can still surprise him, despite his having read it over 50 times.

New sudden clear understandings can be gained from the process of re-reading. Journalist Rebecca Mead, a long-time English woman in New York, first came across George Eliot’s Middlemarch at 17. Since then, she has read it again every five years. With each re-reading, it has opened up further; in each chapter of her life, it has resonated differently. Mead evidenced the large number of ways in which really good books not only stand the test of repeat reads, but also offer fresh gifts each time we crack their spines. These kinds of books grow with us.

Scientists have also recognized the mental health benefits of re-reading. Research conducted with readers in the US found that on our first reading, we are concerned with the “what” and the “why”. Second time round, we’re able to better appreciate the emotions that the plot continues to express. As researcher Cristel Russell of the American University explained returning to a book “brings new or renewed appreciation of both the great book and its readers.”

It’s true that we often find former selves on the pages of old books (if we’re fond of making notes on the pages). These texts can carry us back to a time and place, and remind us of the kind of person that we were then. We're changed not only by lived experience but also by read experience — by the books that we've discovered since last reading the one in our hand.

More so than the movie director or the musician, the writer calls upon our imaginations, using words to lead us to picture this declaration of love or that unfaithfulness in life. A book is a joint project between writers and readers, and we must pour so much of ourselves into reading that our own life story can become connected with the story in the book.

Perhaps what’s really strange is that we don’t re-read more often. After all, we watch our favorite films again and we wouldn’t think of listening to an album only once. We treasure messy old paintings as objects, yet of all art forms, literature alone is a largely one-time delight. A book, of course, takes up more time, but as Mead confirms, the rewards make it adequately worthwhile.

9. The two books are mentioned in Paragraph 1 mainly to__________.

A. attract the attention of readers    B. introduce the topic of the passage

C. provide some background information  D. show the similarity between re-readers

10. The underlined expression “crack their spines” in Paragraph 2 refers to ____________.

A. recite them   B. re-read them  C. recall them   D. retell them

11. It can be learned from paragraphs 3 and 4 that______________.

A. reading benefits people both mentally and physically

B. readers mainly focus on feelings on their first reading

C. we know ourselves better through re-reading experience

D. we will change writers by reading the books

12. The writing purpose of the passage is to______________.

A. call on different understandings of re-reading old books

B. argue against the mental health benefits of re-reading

C. bring awareness to the significance of re-reading

D. introduce the effective ways of re-reading old books

【答案】9. B    10. B    11. C    12. C

【解析】这是一篇说明文。随着我们渐渐变老，我们意识到我们读书的时间很少，有很多好书，我们没有去读。但是在重新阅读的过程中，我们可以获得新的突然清晰的理解。科学家们还认识到重读会给心理健康带来好处，重读也会让我们更了解自己。

9.推理判断题。根据第一段中“For certain fans, re-reading The Lord of the Rings is a conventional practice annually. One friend told me that Jane Austen’s Emma can still surprise him, despite his having read it over 50 times.”(对于某些粉丝来说，每年重读《指环王》是一种惯例。一位朋友告诉我，简·奥斯汀的《爱玛》仍然能给他带来惊喜，尽管他已经读了50多遍)以及第二段第一句New sudden clear understandings can be gained from the process of re-reading.可知，在重新阅读的过程中，可通过重新阅读，可以突然获得新的清晰认识。由此可推知，第一段提到这两本书主要是为了引入这篇文章的主题：通过反复阅读，可以突然获得新的清晰的认识。故选B。

10.词义猜测题。根据上文“Since then, she has read it again every five years. With each re-reading, it has opened up further; in each chapter of her life, it has resonated differently.”可知，从那时起，她每五年读一遍。每重读一遍，它会使她豁然开朗；在她生命的每个篇章中，都有不同的共鸣。由此可知，Mead 证明了许多真正的好书不仅经得起反复阅读的考验，而且在每次我们重新阅读它们时都能提供新鲜的礼物。故划线短语指的是“重新阅读它们”。故选B。

11.推理判断题。根据第四段中“It’s true that we often find former selves on the pages of old books (if we're fond of making notes on the pages). These texts can carry us back to a time and place, and remind us of the kind of person that we were then.”可知，的确，我们经常会在旧书中找到过去的自己（如果我们喜欢在书页上做笔记的话）。这些文字可以带我们回到过去的时间和地点，提醒我们那时的我们是什么样的人。由此判断出，通过重读，我们更好地了解自己。故选C。

12.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“New sudden clear understandings can be gained from the process of re-reading.”可知，在重新阅读的过程中，以突然获得新的清晰认识。结合文章主要说明随着我们渐渐变老，我们意识到我们读书的时间很少，有很多好书，我们没有去读。但是在重新阅读的过程中，我们可以获得新的突然清晰的理解。科学家们还认识到重读会给心理健康带来好处，重读也会让我们更了解自己。由此可推知，这篇文章的写作目的是让人们意识到重读的重要性。故选C。

D

Bees seem to fly aimlessly as they search for the sugary liquid called nectar (花蜜). But their flight plans actually do have a pattern. Flowers act as the insects’ air-traffic controllers. And new research shows bees prefer flowers that aren’t too flashy.

Flowers give bees clues about how much a plant can offer. Those clues can be in the color of petals, in the type, in the smell or even in the electrical charge. All of these characteristics send signals to the bees, telling them whether to land or not, among which the colors play the most significant role. The insects keep track of the color of the flowers that are especially rich in nectar. They then visit more flowers of that color.

However, color can’t guarantee bees a good meal. It may change depending on the angle at which sunlight hits its petals. A yellow follower, for example, may look somewhat blue from one angle and red from another. Beverley Glover studies plants at the University of Cambridge in England. Glover and her colleagues showed that even when the color of petals looks similar, bees behave differently in searching for nectar. They started to guess that the strength of petals’ indescence (色彩斑斓) might be related to how bees find the petals.

Glover and her colleagues tested their hypothesis in the lab. In their experiment, they found that bees felt confused sometimes when the petals were very iridescent and that bees had no problem finding the flowers with more nectar when the petals were not very iridescent. The team shared its new findings in the March 21 Current Biology.

“At first glance, it’s very surprising because animals can usually detect a more vivid signal more easily,” says Klaus Lunau, a biologist in Germany, who was not involved in the study.

13．What can we know about the flight of bees?

A．They usually fly in a regular pattern.

B．They fly under the direction of flowers.

C．They usually fly without any purpose.

D．They fly to some very flashy flowers.

14．What is the most important clue for bees to search for nectar?

A．The petals’ type. B．The followers’ smell.

C．The followers’ electrical charge. D．The petals’ color.

15．What does the underlined word “hypothesis” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．Discussion. B．Method.

C．Assumption. D．Invention

16．What is the new finding of the team?

A．Petals that are not very flashy are better for bees to make adjustments.

B．Petals of different color usually give different signals.

C．Petals that are vivid are detected by bees more easily.

D．Petals of different types make bees confused to find the right flower.

【答案】13.B  14.D  15.C  16.A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。蜜蜂似乎在寻找一种叫做花蜜的含糖液体时无目的的飞行。但他们的飞行计划确实有一个模式。花扮演着昆虫的空中交通管制员。新的研究表明，蜜蜂更喜欢不太浮夸的花朵。

13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But their flight plans actually do have a pattern. Flowers act as the insects’ air-traffic controllers. And new research shows bees prefer flowers that aren’t too flashy.”可知，关于蜜蜂的飞行，我们能知道它们飞向花的方向。故选B。

14．细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“Flowers give bees clues about how much a plant can offer. Those clues can be in the color of petals, in the type, in the smell or even in the electrical charge.”可知，蜜蜂寻找花蜜的最重要线索是花瓣的颜色。故选D。

15．词义猜测题。根据第四段中她的同事在实验室里测试了他们的假设，在他们的实验中，他们发现，当花瓣非常艳丽时，蜜蜂有时会感到困惑；当花瓣不是很亮时，蜜蜂就会发现有更多花蜜的花朵。因此推断画线词的意思是“假设”，故选C。

16．推理判断题。根据第四段中“they found that bees felt confused sometimes when the petals were very iridescent and that bees had no problem finding the flowers with more nectar when the petals were not very iridescent.”可知，这个团队的新发现是“不太光鲜的花瓣让蜜蜂调整会更好”,故选A。

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