(通用版)高考英语二轮复习课件 第2讲 专题1名词 (含详解)

这是一份(通用版)高考英语二轮复习课件 第2讲 专题1名词 (含详解)，共52页。PPT课件主要包含了重 温 真 题，dishes ，effects ，crowds ，carrots ，days ，studies ，enemies ，paintings ，belief 等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1　　重 温 真 题
2　　考 点 精 析
3　　考 点 集 训
考向1　名词的数与格单句语法填空1．(2018·6月浙江高考) Making Chinese __________ (dish)is seen as especially trublesme.解析：考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。
2．(2017·全国Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical cmmunity(医学界) as a methd f fighting heart disease, has had sme unintended side ___________(effect) such as verweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.解析：side effect副作用，由前面的sme和下文中的两个例子verweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。
3．(2017·全国Ⅱ)In 1863 the first undergrund passenger railway in the wrld pened in Lndn. It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible __________(crwd) n the rads abve as they travelled t and frm wrk.解析：crwd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。4．(2017·全国Ⅲ)She has turned dwn several _______________(invitatin) t star at shws in rder t cncentrate n her studies.解析：several几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。
invitatins
5．(2017·浙江)Last Octber, while tending her garden in Mra, Sweden, Lena Pahlssn pulled ut a handful f small ___________(carrt) and was abut t thrw them away.解析：a handful f一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful f carrts几个胡萝卜。
6．(全国Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister s that while ne is being bttle－fed, the ther is with mum—she never suspects.解析：few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days每隔几天。句意：护理小组每隔几天就要把他和他的妹妹交换一下以便一个在被人工喂养时另一个和妈妈待在一起，他的母亲从来没有怀疑过。
7．(全国Ⅱ)Recent ___________(study) shw that we are far mre prductive at wrk if we take shrt breaks regularly.解析：根据后面的谓语动词shw可知，主语应该是复数形式。8．(四川)Any smell might attract natural ___________(enemy) that wuld try t eat the little panda.解析：句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌——它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。
9．(全国Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place fr turists seeking the limestne muntain tps and dark waters f the Li River that are pictured by artists in s many Chinese _____________(painting)．解析：many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。
考向2　词形变换之名词单句语法填空1．(2019·全国卷I)In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted increases in bear sightings arund human settlements, leading t a __________ (believe) that ppulatins are increasing. 解析：考查词性转换之名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When they were free frm wrk，they invited us t lcal events and let us knw f an interesting _______________ (cmpete)t watch，tgether with the stry behind it. 解析：考查词性转换之名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式t watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填cmpetitin。
3．(2019·浙江卷)Other American studies shwed n ________________________ (cnnect) between unifrms and schl perfrmance.解析：考查词性转换之名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。n是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。cnnect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填cnnectin/cnnectins。
cnnectin/cnnectins
4．(2017·全国Ⅱ)This develpment was nly pssible with the ________________ (intrduce) f electric－pwered engines and lifts.解析：空格前是the，其后接名词。intrduce的名词形式是intrductin。5．(2017·全国Ⅲ)She is determined t carry n with her _____________ (educate)．解析：形容词性物主代词 her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是educatin。
intrductin
6．(全国Ⅱ)Chengdu has dzens f new millinaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new htels. But fr turists like me, pandas are its tp ______________(attract)．解析：空格前有形容词性的物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7．(全国Ⅱ)Then, handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu'll feel a real sense f _______________(achieve)．解析：介词f后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense f achievement成就感。
achievement
8．(全国Ⅲ)Sme peple think that the great Chinese schlar Cnfucius, wh lived frm rughly 551 t 479 B．C., influenced the _______________(develp) f chpsticks.解析：空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9．(全国Ⅱ)In additin t their simple beauty, what makes the adbe dwellings admirable is their ___________(able) t “air cnditin” a huse withut using electric equipment.解析：形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。句意：除了朴素之美外，这些土坯房令人赞叹的是其具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。
develpment
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)T avid knee pain, yu can run n sft surfaces, d exercises t ______________(strength) yur leg muscles(肌肉), avid hills and get gd running shes. 解析：考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处t是不定式符号，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。
strengthen
►名词的核心考点1．可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, wrks(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：byfriend→byfriends, g－between→g－betweens(中间人)，grwn－up→grwn－ups; passer－by→passers－by, lker－n→lkers－n; wman dctr→wmen dctrs。
(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair f/tw pairs f, many等修饰。如：clthes衣服，tights紧身裤， jeans牛仔裤， pajamas睡衣， pants(长)裤子，shrts短裤， scks短袜， stckings长袜， trusers裤子，glasses眼镜， chpsticks筷子， cmpasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissrs剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an, a pair f等修饰，只能用many, a great many, a lt f等修饰。如：belngings所有物， cngratulatins祝贺， cntents目录， earnings收入， firewrks烟火， gds商品， leavings剩余物， pains辛劳，spirits情绪， savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surrundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。
(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：peple，cattle, plice；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2．不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。
②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knwledge f English is a must in internatinal trade.Wuld yu like t have a walk(swim, bath, talk) with me?It is a waste f time reading such a nvel.She made an aplgy t her mther fr her wrng dings.
(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：sme cffee一些咖啡， a cffee一杯咖啡， three cffees三杯咖啡；sme drink一些饮料， a drink一杯饮料， three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发， a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃， a glass一只玻璃杯。
3．名词所有格(1)－'s所有格the by's mther, the children's tys, the teachers' bks, Lucy and Lily's bedrm(共用), Lucy's and Lily's bedrms(各自的)(2)“f＋名词”所有格the rf f the huse, the cver f the bk, the name f the girl, a picture f my father
(3)双重所有格a friend f my brther's(＝ne f my brther's friends), a picture f my father's(＝ne f my father's pictures)(4)－'s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tm's hme, the dctr's, the cmpany's new factry等。②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：tday's newspaper, five minutes' walk(drive), five punds' weight, ten dllars' wrth f cffee。③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the wrld's ppulatin, China's industry, New Yrk's parks。
(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有关系Jack's brther②表主谓关系Mr. Wang's praise③表动宾关系the famus star's admirers④表修饰关系a dctr's degree⑤表同位关系(只用f所有格)the city f Beijing
4．名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is t meet yu at the airprt.My brther is a wrker.He bught a new bk.We made him mnitr f ur class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。
①分类意义air pllutin空气污染cffee cup咖啡杯bdy language身体语言rad accident交通事故the Nbel Prize诺贝尔奖②时间、地点、称呼等Dctr Jack杰克医生Prfessr Li李教授evening schl夜校winter sleep冬眠
③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义receptin desk接待台sprts field田径场stne table石桌clr TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位语Tm, ur mnitr, left schl last year.
►名词与其他词类的词性转化1．动词变名词的后缀①－al表示人，物，行为：(特殊：去e＋－al)apprve赞成→apprval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝prpse提议→prpsal提议；建议
②－ance/－ence表示性质、状态或行为：appear出现→appearance出现；外貌perfrm表演→perfrmance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠guide指引→guidance引导；指导
③－in/－tin/－atin表示状态或行为；direct指挥；指导→directin方向；指导expect期待→expectatin期待；期望explain解释→explanatin解释invite邀请→invitatin邀请；请柬slve解决→slutin解决cmpete竞争→cmpetitin比赛；竞争prnunce发音→prnunciatin发音describe描述→descriptin描写repeat重复→repetitin重复
④－s(s)in表示行为或状态：discuss讨论→discussin讨论admit承认→admissin承认；准许加入cllide碰撞→cllisin碰撞(或相撞)事故tense拉紧；绷紧→tensin紧张decide决定→decisin决定⑤－ing具有……(特征)的：hear听→hearing听力；听觉listen听→listening听；听力begin开始→beginning开始部分
⑥－ment表示行为、结果等：(去e)argue争论→argument争论；论据⑦－ure/－ture表示行为或状态：fail失败→failure失败press压；挤→pressure压力mix混合→mixture混合物expse暴露→expsure面临；暴露⑧－y表示……的动作(或过程)：recver恢复→recvery恢复；痊愈discver发现→discvery发现
其他常见变化：chse选择→chice选择vary相异→variety多样化；品种tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势grw生长→grwth生长marry结婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客车厢；运输pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒pst邮寄→pstage邮资；邮费stre贮存→strage贮存
2．形容词变名词的后缀①－age集合：shrt短的→shrtage不足；短缺②－cy表示性质、状态：fluent流利→fluency流利；流畅accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)private私有的→privacy隐私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率
③－dm表示地位、状况等：free自由的→freedm自由wise明智的→wisdm智慧④－ness表示性质、状态：dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱kind友好的→kindness善良cld寒冷的→cldness冷淡；冷漠aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识
⑤－th表示结果、过程、性质、状态：warm温暖的→warmth温暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strng强壮的→strength力量lng长的→length长度wide宽的→width宽度
⑥－y/－ity表示性质或状态：difficult困难的→difficulty困难hnest诚实的→hnesty诚实safe安全的→safety安全cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍respnsible负责的→respnsibility责任⑦ent变为ence，ant变为ance，nd变为nse：different不同的→difference不同(之处)silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静
patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席cnfident自信的→cnfidence信心cnvenient方便的→cnvenience便利imprtant重要的→imprtance重要(性)respnd回应→respnse响应defend防御；保卫→defense/defence防御；保护
2．部分名词的复数错误如：familys, knifes，difficultys，pianes，hers，wman dctrs，tths，childrens，medias。3．部分词性易混作名词
4．可数与不可数名词混淆
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．He had witnessed t many __________(die) and wunds at the Battle f Slferin in Italy fur years earlier, in which 40,000 peple were killed, wunded r missing.2．Apple's new machine, the Lisa, prved t be an expensive ___________(fail)．3．I ran int my neighbr, Dennis, yesterday afternn. He asked if I wanted tw tickets t the theater. He had several tickets but culdn't g t this _______________ (perfrm)．
perfrmance
4．Turism shuld als advance the wealth and _____________(happy) f lcal inhabitants.5．These peple have made great _________________(cntribute) t China with their wrk.6．They get advice frm “_____________(strange)”. When they need advice, they dn't usually g t peple they knw.
cntributins
7．My first ______________(impress) f him was that he was a kind and thughtful yung man.8．Thse wh suffer frm headache will find they get __________(relieve) frm this medicine.9．—Why d yu chse t wrk in an internatinal travel agency?—Well, yu knw, English is my ____________(strng). S it is my best chice.10．I made a ____________(decide) t lk at the flight mnitrs t see if there was an earlier flight t San Francisc.
Ⅱ.语法填空(名词专练)Brn n August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy ShuHw Lin is a prfessinal basketball 1.__________(play) with the Hustn Rckets 2.______ the Natinal Basketball Assciatin(NBA). But, t sme degree, many Chinese fans and 3.___________(cach) take him as a Chinese guy r at least are willing t imagine him as 4._____ Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were brn in China.
Jeremy Lin has recently becme 5._____ success and attracted the wrld's attentin, which gives Chinese peple a lt f 6._______________(imagine) and 7._________ (prud). As we knw, in mst 8.____________(peple) eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.In June, 2012, when Jeremy tk his third trip t China, a large crwd came t meet him, amng whm there were varius fans including sme 9.____________(family), sme children and even sme 10._________(wman) players.
imaginatin