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(通用版)高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破专课件题五 主谓一致和动词的时态、语态 (含答案)
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这是一份(通用版)高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破专课件题五 主谓一致和动词的时态、语态 (含答案)，共57页。PPT课件主要包含了-2-，高考感悟，考点归纳，-3-，-4-，-5-，-6-，-7-，-8-，-9-等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Since 2011,the cuntry has grwn(grw) mre crn than rice. 2.(2018·北京卷)—Hi,I’m Peter.Are yu new here?I haven’t seen yu arund?—Hell,Peter.I’m Bb.I just started(start) n Mnday.3.(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid jb and was wrking(wrk) as a vlunteer in the neighbrhd when I visited her last year. 4.(2018·北京卷)China’s high-speed railways have grwn(grw) frm 9,000 t 25,000 kilmeters in the past few years.
5.(2018·江苏卷)Hpefully in 2025 we will n lnger be e-mailing each ther,fr we will have develped(develp) mre cnvenient electrnic cmmunicatin tls by then. 6.(2018·北京卷)A rescue wrker risked his life saving tw turists wh had been trapped(trap) in the muntains fr tw days. 7.(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week,s I have t wash my clthes by hand. 8.(2018·江苏卷)I was sent t the village last mnth t see hw the develpment plan had been carried(carry) ut in the past tw years. 9.(2017·天津卷)I was driving(drive) dwn t Lndn when I suddenly fund that I was n the wrng rad.
10.(2017·江苏卷)The publicatin f Great Expectatins,which was(be) bth widely reviewed and highly praised,strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading nvelist.11.(2017·江苏卷)He hurried hme,never nce lking back t see if he was being fllwed(fllw). 12.(2017·天津卷)Nwadays,cycling,alng with jgging and swimming,is regarded(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f exercise.
Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)At that mment,I remembered that my father nce said,“The classrm is a place fr learning and that include learning frm textbks,and mistakes as well.”include→includes2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)I didn’t realize hw right my parents are until I entered high schl.are→were3.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)It was Mnday mrning,and the writing class had just begin.begin→begun
考点一 主谓一致谓语动词的数应与主语的人称和数保持一致,这叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓是否一致时,要遵循下列三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致的问题。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和与其最近的主语保持一致。
1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况(1)主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、书名等整体概念的名词时。Ten miles is nt a lng way fr me.(2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词做主语,前面由不定代词every/each/n修饰时。Each by and(each) girl has an apple.(3)and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,且两个名词共用一个冠词时。A teacher f English and class teacher is telling us smething abut vlunteer wrkers nw.一位英语老师兼班主任现在正告诉我们关于义工们的一些情况。(4)“the number f+复数名词”做主语时。The number f prfessrs present at the meeting is 1,800.
(5)动词-ing(短语)、不定式、从句做主语时。What the teacher f the science class des and says is f great imprtance t the students at cllege.(6)“mre than ne+单数名词”和“many a+单数名词”做主语时。Mre than ne student has gne t Beijing.—Hey!Here is a message n my cellphne,telling me that I have wn first prize f a weekend fr tw in Paris.—Delete it!It’s a trick.Many a persn has been cheated by such tricks.(7)“the+形容词”做主语,表示一类抽象的事物时,谓语动词用单数形式。The new is sure t replace the ld.
2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况(1)有些集合名词如:clthes,cattle,flk,peple,plice 等做主语,后面的谓语动词用复数形式。The plice are searching fr the murderer.(2)“the+形容词/分词”做主语,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。The ld are living a happy life nw.(3)由and或连接两个单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。Bth cffee and beer are n sale in the shp.
3.谓语动词单复数形式视情况而定(1)集合名词如:grup,family,class,gvernment,team,public,enemy,crwd,audience,club,party,crew等做主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果侧重其成员,谓语动词用复数形式。My family has fur peple.My family all like watching ftball games.(2)主语是单复数同形的名词如:deer,sheep,fish,series,means,wrks,aircraft等时,视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数形式。Every means has been tried,but nne prved successful.Many means have nt cme int effect.
(3)代词nne,neither,all以及what引导的从句等做主语,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所指代的内容。All we need is a small piece f land where we can plant varius kinds f fruit trees thrughut the grwing seasns f the year.What they have are 200 cmputers.(4)ppulatin表示“人口”,即一个国家或地区的居民数目,它做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时,ppulatin是指一个国家或地区的全体居民,它做主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。The ppulatin f Canada is abut 36 millin.Eighty percent f the ppulatin in that cuntry are farmers.
4.“名词(或代词)+介词短语”做主语时的主谓一致(1)有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语,该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。The danger f frest fires is nt t be taken lightly.(2)当主语后面跟有with,tgether with,alng with,accmpanied by,like,in additin t,as well as,as much as,mre than,rather than,n less than,except,but,besides,including 等连接的单词(词组)时,其谓语动词的单复数形式要与它们前面的主语保持一致。Newspapers,as well as the Internet,play an imprtant rle in daily cmmunicatin.
5.“名词(或代词)+f+名词”做主语时的主谓一致(1)由sme,plenty,a lt,lts,mst,the rest,all,half,part或分数、百分数+f+名词等短语做主语时,谓语动词常与f后的名词保持数的一致。如果f后面所接名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果f后面所接名词为单数或不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。Abut ne third f the bks are well wrth reading.Over 30% f the wrk has been finished.(2)由a kind f,this kind f,many kinds f,名词+f this kind(type,srt,part,piece,sectin,pair)等构成的短语做主语时,谓语动词与f前的名词保持数的一致。This kind f animals is dangerus.Animals f this kind are dangerus.
(3)“a large amunt f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。“large amunts f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数形式。“a gd/great deal f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。Vast amunts f mney are being invested in the lcal market.One survey shws that a great deal f water is wasted every year in China,and that ne third is available t be saved.
6.就近原则(1)由r,,,nt als...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Nt nly his family but als he likes Chaplin’s mvies.Are either yu r yur brther ging t the party?(2)there be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。There are sme envelpes and paper fr yu.
7.定语从句中的主谓一致(1)在定语从句中,关系代词that,wh,which等做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thse wh have seen the film please put up yur hands.(2)“ne f+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中谓语动词要用复数形式。Tm is ne f the bys wh have gne abrad.(3)“the nly ne f+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。He is the nly ne f the students wh has passed the exam.
考点二 动词的时态和语态1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:
(2)表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。He ges t schl every day.(经常性动作)He is very happy.(现在的状态)(3)表示永恒的状态或真理。“Life is like walking in the snw,” Granny used t say,“because every step shws.”祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都会留下痕迹。”The mn mves arund the earth.
(4)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时。Whenever yu buy a present,yu shuld think abut it frm the receiver’s pint f view.无论何时,你买礼物的话,都应该从接受者的角度来考虑它。Unless sme extra mney is fund,the theatre will clse.
(5)时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。—S what is the prcedure?—All the applicants are interviewed befre a final decisin is made by the authrity.——那程序是怎么安排的呢?——在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人都要参加面试。The train leaves at 8 ’clck.
2.一般将来时(1)will表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。It is reprted that a space statin will be built n the mn in years t cme.据报道在以后的几年里月球上要建一个空间站。Fish will die withut water.(2)be ging t①表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。We are ging t have a meeting tday.②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。It is ging t rain.
(3)be t①表示预先安排好的计划或约定。Are we t g n with this wrk?②表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。We are t take care f the children.③表示注定要发生的事情。Her plan is t be a failure.(4)be abut t表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。The plane is abut t leave.
(5)will与be ging t的区别will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。be ging t表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。—What time is it?—I have n idea.But just a minute,I will check it fr yu.
3.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:
(2)表示过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复发生的动作。I wasn’t able t hide my eagerness when I asked,“What d yu wish me t d nw?”当我问“你希望我现在干什么?”时,我无法隐藏我的渴望。—Haven’t seen yu fr ages!Where have yu been?—I went t Ningxia and stayed there fr ne year,teaching as a vlunteer.I read several f M Yan’s wrks when I was studying abrad.
4.现在进行时(1)现在进行时的构成现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。 v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:
(2)由“be+v.-ing”构成,表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。—Hi,let’s g skating.—Srry,I’m busy right nw.I am filling in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.(3)g,cme,leave,arrive,return,stp,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。I’m leaving fr Beijing tmrrw.(4)与always,cnstantly,frever,cntinually,all the time 等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。He is always helping thers.(5)进行时有时可表示渐变过程。His health is imprving every day.
(6)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。①表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,lve,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。②表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。③表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allw,accept,remember,permit,prmise,admit,cmplete等。④感官动词:see,hear,ntice,feel,smell,sund,taste,lk等。
5.现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其使用通常有两种情况:(1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。—Oh,n!We’re t late.The train has left.—That’s OK.We’ll catch the next train t Lndn.
(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与fr...和 since...等表示一段时间的状语或 s far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。In the last few years,China has made great achievements in envirnmental prtectin.在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。—Have yu heard f the accident n this rad last night?—Yes.And there have been three accidents here s far this year.注意有些表示短暂性动作的词,如 cme,g,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与fr,since等表示一段时间的词连用。
(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。I’ll g t yur hme when I have finished my hmewrk.Dn’t get ff the bus until it has stpped.
6.过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。She was phning smene,s I ndded t her and went away.In 1980 he was studying in a university.7.过去将来时表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。At cllege,Barack Obama didn’t knw that he was t becme the first black president f the United States f America.James has just arrived,but I didn’t knw he was cming until yesterday.
8.过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。I fund the lecture hard t fllw because it had started when I arrived.(2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用had hped/planned/meant/intended/thught/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hped/planned...+t have dne。I had hped t send him a Christmas card,but I frgt t d s.
9.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+v.-ing”构成的,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。The manager has been telling the wrkers hw t imprve the prgram since 9 am.It has been raining fr 2 days.(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
10.几组时态的区别(1)一般过去时与现在完成时时间上有差异:凡有明确的过去时间的均用过去时,不能用完成时,如含有ag,last year,just nw,the ther day。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。I came t Beijing last year,and have been here since then.
(2)一般过去时与过去完成时这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。When I gt t the party,many f them had left fr hme.
(3)一般过去时与过去进行时尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。He wrte three letters last night.(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完)He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了)
(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时①现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。I have painted my new huse.我已经给我的新房子上完漆了。(强调已完成)I have been painting my new huse.我一直在给我的新房子上漆。(强调动作还在继续)②现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。Have yu been meeting ur teacher these days?这些天来你一直见到我们老师吗?(强调动作的反复)Have yu met ur teacher recently?近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果)
11.固定结构中的时态(1),n 句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly had I pened the dr when Tm came in.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。(2)since,in the last/past+一段时间,s far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Great changes have taken place in ur cuntry in the last few years.(3)This/That/It is/was the +that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema tgether as a family.
(4)“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。Yu will have learned abut 3,000 wrds by the end f next mnth.(5)It+“要过……才”或“在……以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则befre 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则befre 从句中常用一般现在时。I’m srry yu’ve been waiting s lng,but it’ll still be sme time befre Brian gets back.(6)was/were abut t 在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。I was abut t leave when he came in.我正要离开这时他进来了。
12.主动语态表示被动意义(1)表示状态特征的系动词,如lk,sund,feel,smell,taste,prve,appear等构成的系表结构。The sup smells gd but tastes terrible.(2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。This kind f material washes easily.(3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,pen,clse,stp,end,run等。The shp clses at 6 day.
13.动词的被动语态语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made int at least ten different films ver the past years.In sme parts f the wrld,tea is served with milk and sugar.几种特殊形式的被动结构:
(1)“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构He is reprted t have brken a wrld recrd.(2)“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构It’s said that they have discvered a new star.(3)“get+dne”构成的被动结构get married结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lst 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困
Ⅰ.单句填空1.It was raining lightly when I arrived(arrive) in Yangshu just befre dawn.2.I was n my way hme after shpping and saw a small dg running acrss the very busy street I was traveling(travel) n. 3.At present mre and mre peple are buying(buy) clthes nline t save time and mney. 4.Every ne except Tm and Jhn was(be) there when the meeting the less imprtant things until tmrrw is (be) ften acceptable. 6.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 ’clck this afternn because she will be teaching(teach) a class at that time.
7.Just an hur ag he tld me n the phne that he wuld cme(cme) hme right after his wrk. 8.Tmb Sweeping Day is a time t remember the dead.It is a majr Chinese festival which falls(fall) in early Beijing Rast Duck is served(serve) tgether with special pancakes,green nins and sweet sauce. 10.Just as I gt t the schl gate,I realized I had left(leave) my keys in the library. 11.The number f smkers,as is reprted,has drpped(drp) by 17 percent in recent years. 12.It is reprted that millins f punds’ wrth f damage has been caused(cause) by a strm which swept acrss the nrth f England last night.
13.Peter is helping set tables in the hall,where Jhn’s birthday party will be held(hld). 14.My father has been emplyed(emply) at this jb since 1990. 15.In the near future,mre advances in the rbt technlgy will be made(make) by scientists. 16.By the end f last year,anther new gym had been cmpleted(cmplete) in Beijing. 17.Planning s far ahead makes(make) n sense—s many things will have changed by next year.18.I dn’t think Jim saw me,he was staring(stare) int space. 19.In the last few years thusands f films have been prduced(prduce) all ver the wrld.
Ⅱ.单句改错1.It was the first time that I have lived away frm my hme,s I fund it difficult t fit in.have→had2.By the time Jack returned hme frm England,his sn graduated frm cllege.在graduated前加had3.If yu want t knw what was happened that day,please ask the plice.去掉was4.Our new English teacher,wh is said t have cme back t China,has stayed in the UK fr almst five years.去掉has
5.When we arrived there,it had snwed heavily the day befre and there was terrible strms.was→were6.A friend f mine was returned t his huse after a hliday nly t find it had been brken int.去掉was7.The ne wh always listen t thers tends t be easy-ging.When he is in truble,his friends will be willing t help him.listen→listens8.Perhaps it will be a lng time befre they will cme frm abrad.去掉cme前的will
9.As I grew lder and culd read by myself,my father ften takes me t bkstres and left me there reading.takes→tk10.The lin regarded as the king in the animal wrld s it represents pwer.The stne lins are als used t indicate the ranks f fficials.regarded前加is11.I was tld that China was belnged t the develping cuntries.去掉belnged前的was12.D make sure that yu gt a seat tday!gt→get13.I played ping-png quite well,but I haven’t had time t play since the new year.played→play
14.Great changes have been taken place in my schl.去掉been
Ⅲ.语篇填空When he was a little by,Christpher Ckerell nce watched his mther turn the wheel f her sewing machine with her hand.“Wuldn’t it wrk quickly if a machine 1.turned (turn)the wheel fr yu?” he asked.“I suppse it wuld,” said his mther,2.withut paying him any attentin.Christpher knew she always 3.had (have)a lt f wrk,and he wanted t help her.Up in his bedrm there was a ty steam-engine which his father 4.had bught (buy)him as a gift.“I will make better use f it,” little Christpher said t himself.S,when his mther 5.wasn’t using (nt use)her sewing machine,he fixed the ty steam-engine nt it.When the jb 6.was finished (finish),he was quite pleased,thinking his mther 7.wuld like (like)it.
“Very clever,” his mther said when she saw it.Then she sat dwn and went n 8.turning(turn)the wheel by hand.“I 9.have been wrking (wrk)like this fr t many years,” she explained. This taught Christpher Ckerell the lessn that anyne wh tries t imprve anything 10.has(have)t learn:many peple dn’t like new ideas.
Ⅳ.短文改错“Practice makes perfect” was an ld saying.It tells us that it des nt any matter if we are slw at ding smething.As lng as we keep n trying and practice,we’ll d a gd jb at the end.The saying is especial useful in English study.Since a student is pr at speaking,he shuld catch every chance t pen muth and speak English.His ral English may be excellent ne day as a result f his hard wrks.Nt nly is the saying useful in English study,but it is helpful in ur daily life as well.T sme degree,it is n easy way in ding everything since the key t succeed lies in “Practice makes perfect”.
Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Since 2011,the cuntry has grwn(grw) mre crn than rice. 2.(2018·北京卷)—Hi,I’m Peter.Are yu new here?I haven’t seen yu arund?—Hell,Peter.I’m Bb.I just started(start) n Mnday.3.(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid jb and was wrking(wrk) as a vlunteer in the neighbrhd when I visited her last year. 4.(2018·北京卷)China’s high-speed railways have grwn(grw) frm 9,000 t 25,000 kilmeters in the past few years.
5.(2018·江苏卷)Hpefully in 2025 we will n lnger be e-mailing each ther,fr we will have develped(develp) mre cnvenient electrnic cmmunicatin tls by then. 6.(2018·北京卷)A rescue wrker risked his life saving tw turists wh had been trapped(trap) in the muntains fr tw days. 7.(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week,s I have t wash my clthes by hand. 8.(2018·江苏卷)I was sent t the village last mnth t see hw the develpment plan had been carried(carry) ut in the past tw years. 9.(2017·天津卷)I was driving(drive) dwn t Lndn when I suddenly fund that I was n the wrng rad.
10.(2017·江苏卷)The publicatin f Great Expectatins,which was(be) bth widely reviewed and highly praised,strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading nvelist.11.(2017·江苏卷)He hurried hme,never nce lking back t see if he was being fllwed(fllw). 12.(2017·天津卷)Nwadays,cycling,alng with jgging and swimming,is regarded(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f exercise.
Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)At that mment,I remembered that my father nce said,“The classrm is a place fr learning and that include learning frm textbks,and mistakes as well.”include→includes2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)I didn’t realize hw right my parents are until I entered high schl.are→were3.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)It was Mnday mrning,and the writing class had just begin.begin→begun
考点一 主谓一致谓语动词的数应与主语的人称和数保持一致,这叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓是否一致时,要遵循下列三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致的问题。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和与其最近的主语保持一致。
1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况(1)主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、书名等整体概念的名词时。Ten miles is nt a lng way fr me.(2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词做主语,前面由不定代词every/each/n修饰时。Each by and(each) girl has an apple.(3)and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,且两个名词共用一个冠词时。A teacher f English and class teacher is telling us smething abut vlunteer wrkers nw.一位英语老师兼班主任现在正告诉我们关于义工们的一些情况。(4)“the number f+复数名词”做主语时。The number f prfessrs present at the meeting is 1,800.
(5)动词-ing(短语)、不定式、从句做主语时。What the teacher f the science class des and says is f great imprtance t the students at cllege.(6)“mre than ne+单数名词”和“many a+单数名词”做主语时。Mre than ne student has gne t Beijing.—Hey!Here is a message n my cellphne,telling me that I have wn first prize f a weekend fr tw in Paris.—Delete it!It’s a trick.Many a persn has been cheated by such tricks.(7)“the+形容词”做主语,表示一类抽象的事物时,谓语动词用单数形式。The new is sure t replace the ld.
2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况(1)有些集合名词如:clthes,cattle,flk,peple,plice 等做主语,后面的谓语动词用复数形式。The plice are searching fr the murderer.(2)“the+形容词/分词”做主语,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。The ld are living a happy life nw.(3)由and或连接两个单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。Bth cffee and beer are n sale in the shp.
3.谓语动词单复数形式视情况而定(1)集合名词如:grup,family,class,gvernment,team,public,enemy,crwd,audience,club,party,crew等做主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果侧重其成员,谓语动词用复数形式。My family has fur peple.My family all like watching ftball games.(2)主语是单复数同形的名词如:deer,sheep,fish,series,means,wrks,aircraft等时,视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数形式。Every means has been tried,but nne prved successful.Many means have nt cme int effect.
(3)代词nne,neither,all以及what引导的从句等做主语,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所指代的内容。All we need is a small piece f land where we can plant varius kinds f fruit trees thrughut the grwing seasns f the year.What they have are 200 cmputers.(4)ppulatin表示“人口”,即一个国家或地区的居民数目,它做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时,ppulatin是指一个国家或地区的全体居民,它做主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。The ppulatin f Canada is abut 36 millin.Eighty percent f the ppulatin in that cuntry are farmers.
4.“名词(或代词)+介词短语”做主语时的主谓一致(1)有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语,该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。The danger f frest fires is nt t be taken lightly.(2)当主语后面跟有with,tgether with,alng with,accmpanied by,like,in additin t,as well as,as much as,mre than,rather than,n less than,except,but,besides,including 等连接的单词(词组)时,其谓语动词的单复数形式要与它们前面的主语保持一致。Newspapers,as well as the Internet,play an imprtant rle in daily cmmunicatin.
5.“名词(或代词)+f+名词”做主语时的主谓一致(1)由sme,plenty,a lt,lts,mst,the rest,all,half,part或分数、百分数+f+名词等短语做主语时,谓语动词常与f后的名词保持数的一致。如果f后面所接名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果f后面所接名词为单数或不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。Abut ne third f the bks are well wrth reading.Over 30% f the wrk has been finished.(2)由a kind f,this kind f,many kinds f,名词+f this kind(type,srt,part,piece,sectin,pair)等构成的短语做主语时,谓语动词与f前的名词保持数的一致。This kind f animals is dangerus.Animals f this kind are dangerus.
(3)“a large amunt f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。“large amunts f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数形式。“a gd/great deal f+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。Vast amunts f mney are being invested in the lcal market.One survey shws that a great deal f water is wasted every year in China,and that ne third is available t be saved.
6.就近原则(1)由r,,,nt als...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Nt nly his family but als he likes Chaplin’s mvies.Are either yu r yur brther ging t the party?(2)there be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。There are sme envelpes and paper fr yu.
7.定语从句中的主谓一致(1)在定语从句中,关系代词that,wh,which等做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thse wh have seen the film please put up yur hands.(2)“ne f+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中谓语动词要用复数形式。Tm is ne f the bys wh have gne abrad.(3)“the nly ne f+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。He is the nly ne f the students wh has passed the exam.
考点二 动词的时态和语态1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:
(2)表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。He ges t schl every day.(经常性动作)He is very happy.(现在的状态)(3)表示永恒的状态或真理。“Life is like walking in the snw,” Granny used t say,“because every step shws.”祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都会留下痕迹。”The mn mves arund the earth.
(4)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时。Whenever yu buy a present,yu shuld think abut it frm the receiver’s pint f view.无论何时,你买礼物的话,都应该从接受者的角度来考虑它。Unless sme extra mney is fund,the theatre will clse.
(5)时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。—S what is the prcedure?—All the applicants are interviewed befre a final decisin is made by the authrity.——那程序是怎么安排的呢?——在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人都要参加面试。The train leaves at 8 ’clck.
2.一般将来时(1)will表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。It is reprted that a space statin will be built n the mn in years t cme.据报道在以后的几年里月球上要建一个空间站。Fish will die withut water.(2)be ging t①表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。We are ging t have a meeting tday.②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。It is ging t rain.
(3)be t①表示预先安排好的计划或约定。Are we t g n with this wrk?②表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。We are t take care f the children.③表示注定要发生的事情。Her plan is t be a failure.(4)be abut t表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。The plane is abut t leave.
(5)will与be ging t的区别will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。be ging t表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。—What time is it?—I have n idea.But just a minute,I will check it fr yu.
3.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:
(2)表示过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复发生的动作。I wasn’t able t hide my eagerness when I asked,“What d yu wish me t d nw?”当我问“你希望我现在干什么?”时,我无法隐藏我的渴望。—Haven’t seen yu fr ages!Where have yu been?—I went t Ningxia and stayed there fr ne year,teaching as a vlunteer.I read several f M Yan’s wrks when I was studying abrad.
4.现在进行时(1)现在进行时的构成现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。 v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:
(2)由“be+v.-ing”构成,表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。—Hi,let’s g skating.—Srry,I’m busy right nw.I am filling in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.(3)g,cme,leave,arrive,return,stp,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。I’m leaving fr Beijing tmrrw.(4)与always,cnstantly,frever,cntinually,all the time 等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。He is always helping thers.(5)进行时有时可表示渐变过程。His health is imprving every day.
(6)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。①表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,lve,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。②表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。③表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allw,accept,remember,permit,prmise,admit,cmplete等。④感官动词:see,hear,ntice,feel,smell,sund,taste,lk等。
5.现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其使用通常有两种情况:(1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。—Oh,n!We’re t late.The train has left.—That’s OK.We’ll catch the next train t Lndn.
(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与fr...和 since...等表示一段时间的状语或 s far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。In the last few years,China has made great achievements in envirnmental prtectin.在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。—Have yu heard f the accident n this rad last night?—Yes.And there have been three accidents here s far this year.注意有些表示短暂性动作的词,如 cme,g,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与fr,since等表示一段时间的词连用。
(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。I’ll g t yur hme when I have finished my hmewrk.Dn’t get ff the bus until it has stpped.
6.过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。She was phning smene,s I ndded t her and went away.In 1980 he was studying in a university.7.过去将来时表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。At cllege,Barack Obama didn’t knw that he was t becme the first black president f the United States f America.James has just arrived,but I didn’t knw he was cming until yesterday.
8.过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。I fund the lecture hard t fllw because it had started when I arrived.(2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用had hped/planned/meant/intended/thught/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hped/planned...+t have dne。I had hped t send him a Christmas card,but I frgt t d s.
9.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+v.-ing”构成的,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。The manager has been telling the wrkers hw t imprve the prgram since 9 am.It has been raining fr 2 days.(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
10.几组时态的区别(1)一般过去时与现在完成时时间上有差异:凡有明确的过去时间的均用过去时,不能用完成时,如含有ag,last year,just nw,the ther day。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。I came t Beijing last year,and have been here since then.
(2)一般过去时与过去完成时这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。When I gt t the party,many f them had left fr hme.
(3)一般过去时与过去进行时尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。He wrte three letters last night.(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完)He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了)
(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时①现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。I have painted my new huse.我已经给我的新房子上完漆了。(强调已完成)I have been painting my new huse.我一直在给我的新房子上漆。(强调动作还在继续)②现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。Have yu been meeting ur teacher these days?这些天来你一直见到我们老师吗?(强调动作的反复)Have yu met ur teacher recently?近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果)
11.固定结构中的时态(1),n 句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly had I pened the dr when Tm came in.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。(2)since,in the last/past+一段时间,s far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Great changes have taken place in ur cuntry in the last few years.(3)This/That/It is/was the +that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema tgether as a family.
(4)“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。Yu will have learned abut 3,000 wrds by the end f next mnth.(5)It+“要过……才”或“在……以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则befre 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则befre 从句中常用一般现在时。I’m srry yu’ve been waiting s lng,but it’ll still be sme time befre Brian gets back.(6)was/were abut t 在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。I was abut t leave when he came in.我正要离开这时他进来了。
12.主动语态表示被动意义(1)表示状态特征的系动词,如lk,sund,feel,smell,taste,prve,appear等构成的系表结构。The sup smells gd but tastes terrible.(2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。This kind f material washes easily.(3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,pen,clse,stp,end,run等。The shp clses at 6 day.
13.动词的被动语态语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made int at least ten different films ver the past years.In sme parts f the wrld,tea is served with milk and sugar.几种特殊形式的被动结构:
(1)“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构He is reprted t have brken a wrld recrd.(2)“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构It’s said that they have discvered a new star.(3)“get+dne”构成的被动结构get married结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lst 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困
Ⅰ.单句填空1.It was raining lightly when I arrived(arrive) in Yangshu just befre dawn.2.I was n my way hme after shpping and saw a small dg running acrss the very busy street I was traveling(travel) n. 3.At present mre and mre peple are buying(buy) clthes nline t save time and mney. 4.Every ne except Tm and Jhn was(be) there when the meeting the less imprtant things until tmrrw is (be) ften acceptable. 6.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 ’clck this afternn because she will be teaching(teach) a class at that time.
7.Just an hur ag he tld me n the phne that he wuld cme(cme) hme right after his wrk. 8.Tmb Sweeping Day is a time t remember the dead.It is a majr Chinese festival which falls(fall) in early Beijing Rast Duck is served(serve) tgether with special pancakes,green nins and sweet sauce. 10.Just as I gt t the schl gate,I realized I had left(leave) my keys in the library. 11.The number f smkers,as is reprted,has drpped(drp) by 17 percent in recent years. 12.It is reprted that millins f punds’ wrth f damage has been caused(cause) by a strm which swept acrss the nrth f England last night.
13.Peter is helping set tables in the hall,where Jhn’s birthday party will be held(hld). 14.My father has been emplyed(emply) at this jb since 1990. 15.In the near future,mre advances in the rbt technlgy will be made(make) by scientists. 16.By the end f last year,anther new gym had been cmpleted(cmplete) in Beijing. 17.Planning s far ahead makes(make) n sense—s many things will have changed by next year.18.I dn’t think Jim saw me,he was staring(stare) int space. 19.In the last few years thusands f films have been prduced(prduce) all ver the wrld.
Ⅱ.单句改错1.It was the first time that I have lived away frm my hme,s I fund it difficult t fit in.have→had2.By the time Jack returned hme frm England,his sn graduated frm cllege.在graduated前加had3.If yu want t knw what was happened that day,please ask the plice.去掉was4.Our new English teacher,wh is said t have cme back t China,has stayed in the UK fr almst five years.去掉has
5.When we arrived there,it had snwed heavily the day befre and there was terrible strms.was→were6.A friend f mine was returned t his huse after a hliday nly t find it had been brken int.去掉was7.The ne wh always listen t thers tends t be easy-ging.When he is in truble,his friends will be willing t help him.listen→listens8.Perhaps it will be a lng time befre they will cme frm abrad.去掉cme前的will
9.As I grew lder and culd read by myself,my father ften takes me t bkstres and left me there reading.takes→tk10.The lin regarded as the king in the animal wrld s it represents pwer.The stne lins are als used t indicate the ranks f fficials.regarded前加is11.I was tld that China was belnged t the develping cuntries.去掉belnged前的was12.D make sure that yu gt a seat tday!gt→get13.I played ping-png quite well,but I haven’t had time t play since the new year.played→play
14.Great changes have been taken place in my schl.去掉been
Ⅲ.语篇填空When he was a little by,Christpher Ckerell nce watched his mther turn the wheel f her sewing machine with her hand.“Wuldn’t it wrk quickly if a machine 1.turned (turn)the wheel fr yu?” he asked.“I suppse it wuld,” said his mther,2.withut paying him any attentin.Christpher knew she always 3.had (have)a lt f wrk,and he wanted t help her.Up in his bedrm there was a ty steam-engine which his father 4.had bught (buy)him as a gift.“I will make better use f it,” little Christpher said t himself.S,when his mther 5.wasn’t using (nt use)her sewing machine,he fixed the ty steam-engine nt it.When the jb 6.was finished (finish),he was quite pleased,thinking his mther 7.wuld like (like)it.
“Very clever,” his mther said when she saw it.Then she sat dwn and went n 8.turning(turn)the wheel by hand.“I 9.have been wrking (wrk)like this fr t many years,” she explained. This taught Christpher Ckerell the lessn that anyne wh tries t imprve anything 10.has(have)t learn:many peple dn’t like new ideas.
Ⅳ.短文改错“Practice makes perfect” was an ld saying.It tells us that it des nt any matter if we are slw at ding smething.As lng as we keep n trying and practice,we’ll d a gd jb at the end.The saying is especial useful in English study.Since a student is pr at speaking,he shuld catch every chance t pen muth and speak English.His ral English may be excellent ne day as a result f his hard wrks.Nt nly is the saying useful in English study,but it is helpful in ur daily life as well.T sme degree,it is n easy way in ding everything since the key t succeed lies in “Practice makes perfect”.
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