【高考真题解密】高考英语真题题源——专题04《阅读理解（议论文）》母题解密（全国通用）

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 专题04阅读理解( 议论文) 【母题来源一】2021年全国甲卷【母题题文】DWho is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act onthat belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with“intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.C. They're objective. D. They're strict.13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?A. They think themselves smart.B. They look up to great thinkers.C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?A. Improved global communication.B. Less discrimination against women.C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.D. Changes in people's social positions.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many FormsC. Genius and Intelligenc D. Genius and Luck【母题来源二】2022全国乙卷【母题题文】                        BIn 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed  drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.26. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.27. What is the text?A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. （2020届广东省肇庆市高三质量监测）More than a billion people around the world have smart phones, almost all of which come with some kind of navigation app such as Apple Maps or Amap. This age-old question we meet with any technology: What abilities is our brain losing to th raises the ese apps? But also, importantly: What abilities are we gaining?Talking with people who are good at finding their way around or good at using paper maps, I often hear a lot of annoyance with digital maps. North/south direction gets messed up, and you can see only a small section at a time. I can really understand that it may be quite disturbingfor the already skilled to be limited to a small phone screen.But consider what digital navigation aids have meant for someone like me. Although being a frequent traveler, I'm so terrible at finding my way that I still use Apple Maps almost every day in the small town where I have lived for many years.In many developed nations, street names and house numbers can be meaningful, and instructions such as go north for three blocks and──then west’’ make sense to those familiar with these rules. In Istanbul, however, where I grew up, none of those hold true. For one thing, the locals seldom use street names. Besides, the city is full of winding and ancient alleys that cross with newer avenues at many angles. In such places, you’d better turn to the locals. In the countryside, however, there is often nobody outside to ask. In fact, along came Apple Maps, like a fairy grandmother whispering directions in my ear. Since then, I travel with a lot more confidence, and my world has opened up.Which brings me back to my original question: While we often lose some skills after depending on new technology, this new equipment may also allow us to gain new abilities. Maybe when technology closes a door, we should also look for the doors it opens.12．Why do people who are skilled at reading paper maps feel upset?A．They are interested in reading paper maps,B．They don’t know how to use navigation, apps.C．They are limited to a single smart phone app.D．They are confused by digital maps’ direction.13．According to the text, which is the best way to find the destination in Istanbul?A．Asking local people the way.B．Following the navigation app.C．Getting familiar with the city rules.D．Looking for street names and house numbers.14．What’s the author’s attitude towards the navigation apps?A．Cautious  B．AmbiguousC．Favorable D．Critical15．What could be the best title of the passage?A．Benefits of Navigation AppsB．Disadvantage of Navigation AppsC．My World Opens Up by New TechnologyD．Have Navigation Apps Worsened Our Brain?（2020届广东省珠海市高三三模） Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, has an ancient competition with Chongqing, a city to its south-east. Residents of Chongqing accused their Chengdu cousins of being pompous . The people of Chongqing were hotheads, Chengdu residents shot back. Both cities share a love of spice-laden Sichuan cuisine, which in recent decades has occupied Chinese dinner tables. But they are at war over which has the best Sichuan hotpot—a type of DIY-cooking that involves boiling vegetables and slices of meat with chillies and numbing peppercorns.A private museum in Chongqing, opened several years ago, makes the case for the Chongqing-style hotpot. It describes how it developed from a method used to make cheap offcuts of meat taste delicious. But Chengdu is playing catch-up. In January the city sold a plot of land on condition that the developer build a hotpot museum on part of it.The two cities are among many in China with their own styles of hotpot. Hotpot restaurants in China are more profitable than other kinds. Haidilao, a well-known Sichuan-based hotpot chain, raised nearly $1bn when it was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (股票交易所) in September.Not all Chinese warm to hotpot. Some older Sichuanese refuse to be connected with it. They complain that it is causing overuse of chilli in other dishes that cover up the original genuine flavours. But Chengdu’s plans for a museum suggest that Sichuan hotpot is not only growing in popularity, but is also becoming symbolic. If it can set the West on fire, officials may hope it will become a delicious new source of Chinese soft power. There will be plenty of  glory for both Chengdu and Chongqing to take pride in if that happens.4．Why are Chengdu and Chongqing competing with each other?A．Because Chengdu people think Chongqing people are pompous.B．Because Chengdu residents like to shoot back in battles.C．Because they both think they are better at eating spicy food.D．Because they both believe they have the best Sichuan hotpot.5．What is the purpose of building a hotpot museum in Chengdu?A．To compete with Chongqing. B．To advertise Sichuan cuisine.C．To show their love for hotpot. D．To keep the hotpot tradition.6．What can we infer about hotpot from the last paragraph?A．The two cities have competed only in recent decades.B．More hotpot museums will be built in the future.C．Hotpot is already a source of Chinese soft power.D．People hold a high expectation for hotpot culture.7．Which can be a suitable title for the text?A．Growing Popularity of Hotpot in Two CitiesB．Two Cities’ War Over Tastiest Sichuan HotpotC．“No Hotpot, No Happiness” True in Food BusinessD．Private Museum in Chongqing Opened First（2022·河北衡水中学模拟预测）While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer, few would say that we’ve “summered.” “Summer” is clearly a noun, more precisely, a verbed noun.Way back in our childhood, we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb. With such a tidy definition, it was easy to spot the difference. Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to“foot” bills, “chair” committees, and “dialogue” with political opponents. Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns.“The verbing of nouns is as old as the English language,” says Patricia O’Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review. Experts estimate that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns. And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing. Since 1900, about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns.Even though conversion is quite universal, plenty of grammarians object to the practice. William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, in The Elements of Style — the Bible for the use of American English — have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are suspect.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care.“Sometimes people object to a new verb because they resist what is unfamiliar to them,” says O’Conner. That’s why we’re comfortable “hosting” a party, but we might feel upset by the thought of “medaling” in sports. So are there any rules for verbing? Benjamin Dreyer, copy chief at Random House, doesn’t offer a rule, but suggests that people think twice about “verbifying” a noun if it’s easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb. Make sure it’s descriptive but not silly-sounding, he says.In the end, however, style is subjective. Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it.9. What can we learn about the verbing of nouns?A. It hasn’t recently been opposed by many grammarians.B. It is more commonly accepted by children than adults.C. It hasn’t been a rare phenomenon in the past century.D. It is easily replaced by existing verbs in practice10. What is most leading experts’ attitude towards the practice of the verbing of nouns?A. Cautious. B. Satisfied.C. Disappointed. D. Unconcerned.11. What does the author think of ending the verbing of nouns?A. Predictable. B. Practicable.C. Approaching. D. Impossible.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Are 40 Percent of all new verbs from nouns？B. Are Summering and Medaling Annoying?C. Are You Comfortable about a New Verb?D. Are There Any Rules for Verbing?（2022·天津·耀华中学模拟预测）Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty forces will come to your aid.Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,” said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet — and stopped him cold.”Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guaranteeof success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeed.So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.44. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?A. He faced huge risks.B. He lacked mighty forces.C. Fear prevented him from trying.D. Failure blocked his way to success.45. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?A. Swallow more than you can digest.B. Act slightly above your abilities.C. Develop more mysterious powers.D. Learn to make creative decisions.46. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?A. His physical strength.B. His basic skill.C. His real fear.D. His spiritual force.47. What can be learned from Paragraph 5?A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.B. Trying without success is meaningless.C. Repeated failure creates a better life.D. Boldness can be gained little by little.48. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A. To encourage people to be courageous.B. To advise people to build up physical power.C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.D. To recommend（推荐，建议） people to develop more abilities.（2022·天津市咸水沽第一中学模拟预测）As you are probably aware, the latest job markets news isn’t good: Unemployment is still more than 9 percent, and new job growth has fallen close to zero. That’s bad for the economy, of course. And it may be especially discouraging if you happen to be looking for a job or hoping to change careers right now. But it actually shouldn’t matter to you nearly as much as you think.　　That’s because job growth numbers don’t matter to job hunters as much as job turnover data. After all, existing jobs open up every day due to promotions, resignations, terminations, and retirements. Yes, people are retiring even in this economy.) In both good times and bad, turnover creates more openings than economic growth does. Even in June of 2007, when the economy was still humming along, job growth was only 132,000, while turnover was 4.7 million!　　And as it turns out, even today — with job growth near zero — over 4 million job hunters are being hired every month.　　I don’t mean to imply that overall job growth doesn’t have an impact onone’s ability to land a job. It’s true that if total employment were higher, it would mean more jobs for all of us to choose from (and compete for). And it’s true that there are currently more people applying for each available job opening, regardless of whether it’s a new one or not.But what often distinguishes those who land jobs from those who don’t（ is their ability to stay motivated.They’re willing to do the hard work of identifying their valuable skills; be creative about where and how to look; learn how to present themselves to potential employers; and keep going, even after repeated rejections. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that 2.7 million people who wanted and were available for work hadn’t looked within the last four weeks and were no longer even classified as unemployed.　　So don’t let the headlines fool you into giving up. Four million people get hired every month in the U.S. You can be one of them.39. The author tends to believe that high unemployment rate ______?A. deprives many people of job opportunities.B. prevents many people from changing careers.C. should not stop people from looking for a job.D. does not mean the U.S. economy is worsening.40. Where do most job openings come from?A. Job growthB. Job turnoverC. Improved economyD. Business expansion41. What does the author say about overall job growth?A. It doesn’t have much effect on individual job seekers.B. It increases people’s confidence in the economy.C. It gives a ray of hope to the unemployed.D. It doesn’t mean greater job security for the employed.42. What is the key tolanding a job according to the author?A. EducationB. IntelligenceC. PersistenceD. Experience43. What do we learn from the passage about the unemployment figures in the US?A. They clearly indicate how healthy the economy is.B. They provide the public with the latest information.C. They warn of the structural problems in the economy.D. They exclude those who have stopped looking for a job.