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 专题04 阅读理解（人类语音变化） 2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考Ⅰ卷）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? A. Its variety.      B. Its distribution.      C. Its quantity.      D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication.      B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system.      D. It drives the evolution of human beings.  一、题源删减“f” and “v” are relatively recent soundsHuman speech contains more than 2000 different sounds, from the ubiquitous “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study investigation shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.More than 30 years ago, the linguist Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found pinpointed how and why this trend arose.They discovered found that the upper and lower front teeth incisors of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite correlated with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point., which led to changes in human jaws and teeth: for instance, because it takes less pressure to chew softer, farmed foods, the The jawbone didn’t doesn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t doesn’t grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age era, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years dramatically in recent millennia. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular prevailing view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings Homo sapiens evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the emergence of our human beings species, but rather the huge variety immense diversity of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like factors involving biological change and cultural evolution,” said team member Steven Moran, a member of the research team linguist at the University of Zurich, at a briefing about this study.This new approach to studying language evolution is a game changer, says Sean Roberts at the University of Bristol, UK. “For the first time, we can look at patterns in global data and spot new relationships between the way we speak and the way we live,” he says. “It’s an exciting time to be a linguist.” 二、母题分析Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. 主要内容及关键词一项研究（人类发音的变化和人类饮食习惯有关）：diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds分析利用连词把握篇章、段落结构，注重文章中的自问自答形式。第一段落自问“But why are certain sounds more common than others?”以及自答“diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages”。这里就是第一段的重点，考题也会在这里出。More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. 主要内容及关键词讲述新的研究成果（被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃较软食物的社会的语言中更为常见）："f" and "v", were more common；how and why this trend arose分析先说出新的研究结论，最后has found how and why this trend arose，唇齿音具体如何产生，为什么会产生呢？下文会详细说明。 They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds. 主要内容及关键词唇齿音变化的主要原因：the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals；our jaws changed to an overbite structure分析主要是两个原因：①古代人类的上下牙齿都是对其的，所以很难产生唇齿音；②之后我们的下巴改变了结构，比较容易发出唇齿音。 The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. 主要内容及关键词唇齿音变化的另一个原因（农业的发展使食物更容易咀嚼）：connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period分析农业的发展使食物更容易咀嚼，所以我们的下颚骨就没必要长那么大了。 Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. 主要内容及关键词唇齿音的显著变化（“f”和“v”的使用显著增加）：the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably；still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today分析新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球变化，在过去几千年中，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到。 This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.主要内容及关键词总结：overturn；all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved；biological change and cultural evolution分析人类语音的变化是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。 三、命题规律Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? A. Its variety.      B. Its distribution.      C. Its quantity.      D. Its development. 命题规律及备考建议命题规律1. 考察段落细节。文章开篇介绍了两个结论人类发音的变化和人类饮食习惯有关被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃较软食物的社会的语言中更为常见，接着讲述Damián Blasi's的研究：labiodentals were more common；how and why this trend arose2. 正确选项D设置：段落关键词的总结归纳。labiodentals were more common；how and why this trend arose→development.3. 错误选项设置①原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“more than 2,000 different sounds”，选项用“variety（多样性）”，原文用各种声音作为引入，重点讲述后面有个别声音非常常见，并非讲声音的多样性。②原文语句的错误解读。原文用“such as "f" and "v", were more common”，选项用“distribution（分配）”，原文说有些发音很常见，Damián Blasi的团队想研究其原因和发音方式，而非分配。③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“2,000 different sounds”，选项用“quantity”。关于数量也是原文引入部分，并非研究重点。备考建议答题时把握题干关键词，定位原文来锁定答案。如本题，只要锁定关键词“Damián Blasi”，就可以定位到第二段末尾，在根据前后连接词，判断上下文逻辑关系，即可得出答案。 They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.  命题规律及备考建议命题规律1. 考察段落细节。唇齿音变化的主要原因：the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals；our jaws changed to an overbite structure；connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period2. 正确选项C设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。our jaws changed to an overbite structure→jaws were not conveniently structured.3. 错误选项设置①原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“our jaws changed to an overbite structure”以及“The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large（下颚骨变小了）”，选项用“fewer upper teeth than lower teeth（上牙齿比下牙齿少了）”，两者语义相差甚远。②原文重点词汇的误解。原文用“the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（上下牙齿是对其的）”，选项用“could not open and close their lips（上下唇不能轻易地张开闭上）”，两者语义相差甚远。③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large（下颚骨不需要做那么多的工作，所以没有长得这么大）”，选项用“lower front teeth were not large enough”。选项与原文相矛盾。备考建议答题抓住题干关键词，如本题题干是“ancient human”，答案就是之前分析的原因：①古代人类的上下牙齿都是对其的，所以很难产生唇齿音。 Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.  命题规律及备考建议命题规律1. 考察段落大意。本段主要讲述唇齿音的显著变化（“f”和“v”的使用显著增加）：Analyses of a language database also confirmed that；the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably；still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today 2. 正确选项A设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。recovers food and turns it into healthy meals→Supporting evidence for the research results. 3. 错误选项设置①原文信息的错误推断。原文用“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that”，选项用“Potential application of the research findings”，错误选项指研究结果的引用，但是本段还是讲述研究的结果。②原文信息的东拼西凑。原文用“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that”以及“the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably”，选项用“A further explanation of the research methods”，错误选项中“A further explanation”没问题，但是“research methods”就有问题了，文章讲述更深层次的研究结果，而非研究方法。③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that”以及“the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably”，选项用“A reasonable doubt about the research process”，此处错误选项“the research process（研究过程）”，也是错的，本段讲述研究结果，而非过程。备考建议答题时注意选项中关键词，如本题中选项“research results”“Potential application”“research methods”“research process”都是非常明显的区分。 This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication.      B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system.      D. It drives the evolution of human beings.命题规律及备考建议命题规律1. 考察段落细节。各种各样的语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物：not necessarily remained stable；appearance of human beings；biological change and cultural evolution2. 正确选项C设置：段落关键词的重组和同义转换。a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution→a complex and dynamic system3. 错误选项设置①原文重点词汇的误解。选项用“key to effective communication”，原文未提及，本段原文主要讲述语音变化的主要原因：是多重因素的复杂作用下的结果，而非它的功能。②原文语句的错误解读。原文用“but rather the huge variety of speech sounds is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution（人类语音变化的原因）”，选项用“contributes much to cultural diversity（语音的功能：导致文化多样性）”，选项对原文的“语音变化的原因”归结为“语音的功能”进行错误的解读。③原文信息的错误挖掘。原文用“but rather the huge variety of speech sounds is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution”，选项用“drives the evolution of human beings”。原文说人类的进化导致语音都变化，选项将因果关系弄反（语音导致人类进化），鱼原文相矛盾。备考建议答题时注意选项中关键词，如本题中选项“effective communication”“cultural diversity”“rives the evolution of human beings”都是非常明显的区分。 四、外刊赏析“f” and “v” are relatively recent soundsHuman speech contains more than 2000 different sounds, from the ubiquitous “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year investigation shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.More than 30 years ago, the linguist Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has pinpointed how and why this trend arose.They found that the upper and lower incisors of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite correlated with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point, which led to changes in human jaws and teeth: for instance, because it takes less pressure to chew softer, farmed foods, the jawbone doesn’t have to do as much work and so doesn’t grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic era, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing dramatically in recent millennia. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the prevailing view that all human speech sounds were present when Homo sapiens evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the emergence of our species, but rather the immense diversity of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of factors involving biological change and cultural evolution,” said team member Steven Moran, a linguist at the University of Zurich, at a briefing about this study.This new approach to studying language evolution is a game changer, says Sean Roberts at the University of Bristol, UK. “For the first time, we can look at patterns in global data and spot new relationships between the way we speak and the way we live,” he says. “It’s an exciting time to be a linguist.”