高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 5 First Aid导学案

Unit 5 First Aid Period3 Discovering useful structures  导学案

1. to rewrite the sentence with the -ing form and summarize the different structures in the sentence

2. to summarize the grammatical function of the "ing" form of the verb and understand its expressive effect.

3. to learn grammar from self-induction of grammar rules to flexible use of grammar points and language output.

4. to understand the difference between –ing form of verbs and the gerund forms.

一:  找出本单元所有包含-ing形式的句子，并总结其作用。

语法功能：

二: 复习有关-ing形式的基本知识:

动词­ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。

一、动词­ing形式(动名词)作主语

1．动词­ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。

Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.

大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。

Wasting a person's time is the same as killing him for his property.

浪费别人的时间无异于谋财害命。

[点津]　(1)不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。

To lie to her is wrong.对她撒谎不对。

(2)动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.对于老人来说爬山确实困难。

2．形式主语it代替动词­ing形式作主语。

此类句式常见的有：

It's a waste of time doing sth.　做某事是浪费时间

It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.  做某事没用/是值得的

It's no good/use/fun doing sth.  做某事没用/没意思

It is no use ______________________other people to make decisions for you.

等别人替你做决定是没有用的。

It is a waste of time______________________ such a person to join us.

劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。

3．当句型“There is no ...”表示“不允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动词­ing形式作主语。

There is no __________________ that the environment is from bad to worse.

不能否认，环境状况正在逐步恶化。

There is no______________________ about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。

Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。

Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。

Swimming is a good sport in summer.夏天游泳是一项好的体育活动。

It's no use _________________________without taking action.只抱怨不行动是没用的。

二、动词­ing形式(动名词)作宾语

1．作动词的宾语

常接动词­ing形式作宾语的动词有：

avoid、miss、postpone

避免，错过，推迟

advise/suggest、finish、practice

建议，完成，练习

enjoy、imagine、can't help

享受，想象，情不自禁

admit、deny、envy

承认，否认，嫉妒

escape、risk、excuse

逃避、冒险、借口

stand、keep、mind

站着，记住，介意

Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？

He tried to avoid ________________________________ my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。

2．作动词短语的宾语

常见的跟动词­ing形式作宾语的动词短语有：insist on、object to、be good at、be fond of、lead to、put off、give up、look forward to、feel like、devote to、get/be used to、pay attention to、be worth等。

He insisted on ____________________it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。

3．在有些动词的后面，如：start、begin、continue等既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，两者意义区别不大。

They continued working/to work as if nothing had happened.

他们继续工作，似乎什么也没发生过。

4．在love、hate、prefer、like等动词后接动词­ing形式作宾语指经常性的动作，用不定式作宾语指具体的动作。

He preferred _________________________ in the house when it rained.

下雨时他宁愿待在家里。(用动词­ing形式作宾语，指每逢天下雨都待在家里。)

I prefer to stay at home this afternoon.

今天下午我宁愿留在家里。(用动词不定式作宾语，表示今天下午留在家里这一具体的动作。)

5．有些动词(短语)后跟不定式和动词­ing形式作宾语均可，但含义不同。常见的有：

动词 宾语的形式 意义

forget to do 忘记做……               ~  doing 忘记做过……

remember to do 记着要去做……        ~ doing 记得做过……

regret to do 遗憾/抱歉要做……         ~doing 后悔做了……

try to do 尽力做……                   ~doing 尝试做……

mean to do 打算做……          ~doing 意味着……

go on to do 接着做(另外一件事)    ~ doing 接着做(同一件事)

stop to do 停下来去做……             ~ doing 停止做……

Please remember to give my best regards to your family.请记着代我向你的家人问好。

I still remembe_____________________________ the museum for the first time.我仍记得第一次参观博物馆的情景。

6．下列动词可接动词­ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。

need/want/require/deserve doing＝ need/want/require/deserve to be done

The bike needs r___________________/___________________.这辆自行车需要修一下。

I remember to mail the letter but forget to buy the stamp.我记得要去寄信可忘了买邮票了。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour．误了这班火车就意味着再等一个小时。

It's quite hot today. Do you feel like _________________g for a swim?今天很热。你愿意去游泳吗？

三、动词­ing形式作表语

作表语的动词­ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。

1．   现在分词作表语，往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征等。作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。

常见的有moving、interesting、encouraging、exciting、inspiring、boring、surprising、puzzling、amusing、astonishing ...这类分词有“令人……的”的含义，常修饰物。

The argument is very ____________________________.这个论点很令人信服。

Your speech is very interesting and _______________________.你的演讲很有趣而且很鼓舞人。

2．动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容。

Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.＝_____________________the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。

His job is painting walls. 他的工作是粉刷墙。

His job is to paint the wall. 他的工作是粉刷这面墙。

四、动词­ing形式作定语

动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但有所区别。

1．动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途，相当于for引导的介词短语。

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室里不准大声说话。

2．现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主动关系，表示所修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。

The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.

＝The boy _________________________________________on the playground is my younger brother.

在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我的弟弟。

[点津]　现在分词、过去分词和不定式作定语的一般区别：现在分词表示正在进行或习惯性的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成意义；不定式表示动作尚未发生。

You should adapt to the changing situation.你应该适应不断变化的形势。

The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地上满是落叶。

Our school went on an _____________________trip last week.

我们学校上周进行了一次有组织的旅行。

I can't go with you, for I have a lot of work to do．

我不能和你一起去，因为我有许多工作要做。

There's a note _________________________ to the door saying when the shop will open again.

门上别着一张便条，上面写着商店什么时候再开门。

五、动词­ing形式(现在分词)作宾语补足语

动词­ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词­ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。

1．表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词(短语)(常见的有see、hear、feel、smell、find、notice、observe、look at、listen to等)＋sb.＋doing sth.(作宾语补足语)。

I felt somebody________________________ behind me.我感觉有人站在我后面。

I saw the little boy ________________________ there.我看到小男孩在那儿哭。

2．表示指使意义的使役动词(常见的有have、let、keep、get、leave等)＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.(作宾语补足语)。

We kept the fire ________________________ all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。

I won't have you __________________________about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。

[点津]　使役动词接现在分词作宾语补足语表示“让……一直做某事”。接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语表示“让某人做某事”；接过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“主语请某人做某事，使完成某事或主语遭遇某事”。

They use computers to keep the traffic ________________________ smoothly.他们用电脑使交通畅通。

The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.

那对老夫妇晚饭后经常带着他们的宠物狗在公园散步。

He had the walls ________________________ this morning.他今天早上让人粉刷了墙。

Tom's mother made him paint the house.汤姆的母亲让他油漆房子。

Be careful, or you'll have your hands_____________________.当心，否则会弄伤手的。

3．用于with复合结构中。

I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。

With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.这么多人看着她，她感到紧张。

I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist.我突然感到自己被重重地打了一拳。

He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去检查眼睛。

We shouldn't keep our lights _____________________ in the day.我们白天不应该开着灯。

With all fans ___________________together，he felt so proud.所有的粉丝一起歌唱，他感到如此的骄傲。

六、动词­ing形式(现在分词)作状语的用法

现在分词(短语)在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。

1．作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)

__________________________ in the park, she saw an old friend.＝When/While (she was) walking in the park, she saw an old friend.当她在公园里散步时，她看到了她的一个老朋友。

[点津]　 当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上when/while，此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。

2．作原因状语(一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句)

Being ill, he couldn't go to school.＝________________he was ill, he couldn't go to school.

因为生病了，他无法去上学。

3．作条件状语(一般放在句首，其前可以加if、unless等连词)。

Working hard, you'll make great progress.＝If ___________________________, you'll make great progress.

如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。

4．作结果状语

现在分词作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。

The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated.

这家医院最近得到一批新的医疗设备，这使更多的病人能得到治疗。

[点津]　现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。试比较：

He was caught in the rain, thus ____________________________ a cold.被雨淋后他感冒了。

I hurried to school,____________________________________ it was Sunday.我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。

5．作让步、方式和伴随状语

现在分词作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成并列句。

Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and ____________________________a book.

玛丽坐在教室的窗边读一本书。

[点津]　为强调动词­ing形式表达的意义，可在其前加上各种连词。例如，加上when、while，强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before、after，强调动作先后发生；加上thus，强调结果；加上(al)though，强调让步等。

_________________________________ all this, they made me pay for the damage.

尽管他们了解这一切，但还是让我赔偿损失。

There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring at the night sky。没有什么比躺在草地中央，望着夜空更快乐的事了。

Being poor, he can't afford a computer.因为穷，他买不起电脑。

Newly­built wooden cottages line the street,_____________________the old town into a dreamland.

新建的木屋沿着街道排列，把老城区变成了一个梦幻之地。

七、动词­ing形式的时态和语态

　　　　                语态

时态　　　　 主动语态 被动语态

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

1.现在分词的时态

当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式；当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。

Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine.

我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)

______________________________ the letter, he went to post it.

他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)

2．现在分词的语态

使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。

_______________________________ around the factory, they were very happy.(现在分词的被动式)

被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。

Having finished his homework, he went to bed.(现在分词的主动式)

完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。

Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.

看到没人在家，他决定给他们留个便条。

________________________ for several times, he still couldn't understand the rules.

虽然被告诉了好几次，他还是不明白规则。

Having received his reply, she rang him up.收到他的回信后，她给他打了电话。

Being talked to, you should look into the eyes of the person.和别人说话时，你应该看着对方的眼睛。

Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.由于那天晚上被要求加班，我错过了一场精彩的电影。

八、动词­ing形式的否定形式及动词­ing形式的复合结构

1．动词­ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not，带有逻辑主语时 not应放在逻辑主语和动词­ing形式之间。

You have no excuse for not going.你没有理由不去。

He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作业而受到惩罚。

2．动词­ing形式复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动词­ing，即“sb./sb.'s＋doing”构成。动词­ing形式的复合结构实际上是给动词­ing形式加了一个逻辑主语。动词­ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：

①形容词性物主代词＋动词­ing

②名词所有格＋动词­ing

③代词宾格＋动词­ing

④名词＋动词­ing

Her coming to help encouraged all of us.她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。

The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。

Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?你能想象他/杰克在家做饭的样子吗？

无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用第②种形式。

Tom's winning first prize last year impressed me a lot.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。

Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？

Excuse me for my not coming on time．很抱歉我没能按时来。

His father's being ill made him worried.他父亲病了，他很担心。

We are looking forward to the singer's/the singer to give us a concert.我们盼望着这位歌手来给我们举办一场演唱会。

三：巩固练习。

A.单句语法填空

1．Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe, ________________________(survive) entirely on discarded (丢弃)food.

2．The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief _________________ (catch)．

3．His _________________ (get) to the station on time made everyone worried last week.

4．When I was on my way to school this morning, I saw two women _________________ (argue)．

5．The old couple often take a walk after supper with their pet dog_________________ (follow)them.

6．Give me the blue raincoat, please, the one _________________ (hang) behind the door.

7．On the bank of the river, we found him lying (lie) on a bench, with his eyes _________________ (fix) on a kite in the sky.

8．A beggar in rags stood there with his eyes _________________ (stare) at the steak on the plate.

9．The stadium being _________________ (build) at present in our city is intended for the coming Asian Games.

10．The windows haven't been cleaned for a long time. They need cleaning/_________________ (clean)．

B：一句多译

1.这个问题值得讨论。

→The question deserved _________________.

→The question deserved __________________________________.

2.这个窗户需要清扫了。

→The window needs/requires/wants _________________.

→The window needs/requires/wants __________________________________.

3.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

→The man _________________ the teacher is our monitor's father.

→The man__________________________________ speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.