九年级复习指南（人教版）基础篇Unit 13单元重点知识

九年级复习指南（人教版）基础篇>>UNIT 13重点单词litter v.乱扔 n.垃圾;废弃物            bottom n.底部;最下部 fisherman n.渔民;钓鱼的人             coal n.煤;煤块 ugly adj. 丑陋的;难看的               advantage n.优点;有利条件 cost v.(cost，cost)花费 n.花费;价钱     wooden adj.木制的;木头的 plastic adj. 塑料的 n.塑料:塑胶         cruel adj. 残酷的;残忍的harmful adj.有害的                    industry n.工业;行业lawn.法律;法规                       scientific adj.科学上的;科学的afford v.承担得起(后果);买得起        recycle v.回收利用;再利用 gate n. 大门                         bottle n. 瓶子 president n. 负责人;主席;总统          work n. (音乐、艺术)作品 metal n.金属重点短语save the earth 拯救地球               solve the problem 解决问题 be good for 对…… 有益               make a difference 起作用 cut off 切断                         be harmful to 对…… 有害worse and worse 越来越糟糕 /严重      not…any longer 不再 turn off 关掉                        add up 把…… 加起来 throw away 扔掉;抛弃                 pull…down 拆下;摧毁 win a prize 获奖                      be known for 因…… 而闻名 bring back 恢复;使想起;归还           be made from/of 用…… 制成 noise pollution 噪音污染              cut down 减少go shopping 去购物                   hear of 听说not only…but also … 不但…… 而且……   take part in 参加begin with 以…… 开始                pay for 付费;付出代价 take action 采取行动                 set up 建立put sth. to good use 好好利用某物      upside down 上下颠倒;倒转 look like 看起来像                   on the top of 在…… 的顶部 / 顶端in the ocean's ecosystem 在海洋生态系统中 at the top of the food chain 在食物链顶端 重点句型1. try to do sth. 尽力做某事2. play apart in doing sth. 参与做某事3. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事4. instead of doing sth. 代替做某事5. start doing sth. 开始做某事6. remember to do sth. 记得去做某事7. can't afford to do sth. 负担不起做某事8. by doing sth. 通过做某事9. be good at doing sth. 擅长做某事10. plan to do sth. 计划做某事11. hope to do sth. 希望做某事12. need to do sth. 需要做某事13. be known for doing sth. 因做某事而出名14. way(s) to do sth. 做某事的方法/方式/途径15. keep sth./sb.+adj. 使某物 / 某人保持某种状态单元重点语法一、现在进行时现在进行时由am/is/are+动词现在分词构成。1.现在进行时用来表示现在正在进行的动作-What are the boys doing on the mountain?这些男孩儿正在山上做什么? -They are planting trees. 他们在植树。2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态，这一动作不一定在说话人说话时发生This term he is trying to improve his spoken English. 这学期，他正努力提高他的英语口语水平。go, come, leave, start，arrive 等动词用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作 We are leaving tomorrow. 我们明天就要走了。4.现在进行时与 always 连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气You're always interrupting me! 你总是打断我的话!(抱怨) She's always helping people. 她总是帮助人们。(赞扬)5.get , become, turn, run, go, begin, forget, die,finish 等动词，它们的现在进行时表示将来，有逐渐、越来越或快要的意味Our house is becoming old. 我们的屋子逐渐变旧了。I'm afraid the dog is dying. 恐怕这只狗要死了。二、现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has+及物动词的过去分词” 构成。过去分词的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化的动词的过去分词和过去式的构成一样;不规则变化的动词的过去分词需特别记忆。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用非延续性动词，如 begin， give， go, meet, see等，但不能与for，since 引导的延续性的时间状语连用(在否定句中不受此限制) -Have you had your lunch yet?你吃过午饭了吗? -Yes, I have. I've just had it.是的，我刚刚吃过。 I have already met these foreign guests at the station.我已经在车站见过这些外国客人了。2.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。通常用延续性动词，如be，work，study live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如 for two days，since 1998，all day等 He has been away for a long time. 他已经离开好长时间了。I have kept the book since last month. 自从上个月我就借这本书了。3. have/has been to 和 have/has gone to 的区别have/has been to 曾经去过某地: have/has gone to 去了某地(现在不在这里)，指已经到达某地或在去某地的路上。-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去过长城吗?-Yes. I've been there twice.是的，我去过那儿两次。-Where are Daming and Lingling? 大明和玲玲在哪儿? -They have gone to the library.他们去图书馆了。4.一般过去时与现在完成时在时间状语上的区别一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday，last month. three days ago， in1990等;现在完成时不能与它们连用，但可以和不确定的含有“过去”之意的时间状语连用，如 before. in the past few years, in recent years 等。Last year great changes took place in the village. 去年，这个村子发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。5.非延续性动词和延续性动词的区别(1)非延续性动词所表示的行为是短暂的、瞬间就结束的，常用的有 buy，borrow，leave， open, close, begin，start,go, finish, catch, join 等。这些动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。(2)延续性动词表示的行为或状态可以在一个较长的时间内延续，常用的有be，teach，work，learn live. have. keep. talk. walk. wait 等。这些动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。小贴士 : 非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时中，但不能与 for，since 引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。其否定形式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。I haven't borrowed any books from the library since last month.自上个月以来，我就没有从图书馆借书了。三、被动语态1.被动语态的构成(1)被动语态的基本结构:bet及物动词的过去分词(2)各种时态的主，被动语态结构(以动词 do为例)见下表: 时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are done一般过去时didwas/were done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done 一般将来时shall/will doam/is/are goingto doshall/will be doneam/is/are going to be done  过去将来时should/would dowas/weregoing to doshould/would be donewas/were going to be done 含有情态动词can, may, must...can/may/must docan/may/must be done 2.被动语态的用法(1)当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时 This kind of book is sold in the bookstore near our school.这种书在我们学校附近的书店出售。(2)有动作的执行者，但需要强调动作的承受者时English is spoken by people all over the world.全世界的人都说英语。(3)动作的执行者不是人时The tree was hit by a car. 这棵树被车撞了。(4)在上下文中，为了使句子间连接紧密时I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father.我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲送给我作为生日礼物的。(5)在新闻报道中，为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性时A car accident happened on the highway this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event.今天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸，三人丧生，伤员马上被送往了医院，警察被立即派去处理这一事件。(6)在科技论文中，强调客观事实时When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice.当天气足够冷时，水将变成冰。(7)有些习惯用法常以被动语态形式出现I am determined to do better than Mike. 我决心比迈克做得更好。We should be devoted to what we do. 我们应致力于我们所做的(工作)。 She was seated by the window. 她坐在窗户旁。 He is dressed very well. 他穿得很得体。Maria was born in Malaysia in 1995. 玛丽亚 1995 年出生于马来西亚。 My hometown is situated in southern Shan-dong Province.我的家乡坐落在山东省南部。3.不用被动语态的六种情况(1)不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动结构那儿发生了什么事?[正] What has happened over there?[误] What has been happened over there?(2)            连系动词 seem，be，become，feel，taste，look 等不能用于被动语态这种食物尝起来很可口。[正] The food tastes delicious.[误] The food is tasted delicious(3)宾语为动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。(3)            宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态 We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。He thinks of himself too much. 他过多地考虑自己。We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。(4)            宾语表示处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态 He has gone to London. 他已经去了伦敦。(5)            谓语部分(动词与宾语)是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态 He saw the doctor yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上看了医生。