【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题04：名词性从句 -精讲精练（上海用）

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►专题04 名词从句用法梳理+高考题型组合练_________________________________________________________________________________________【考情链接】名词从句是英语高考常考点之一。在高考中主要考查点有:考查名词从句连接词(特别是what/that/whether 在名词从句中的运用)、it 形式主语句式、it 形式宾语句式、名词从句和定语从句的区别等。名词从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空，句子翻译中。 【要点梳理】种类作用例句关联词宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之后。He asked me which team could win the game.We hope （that ）you will enjoy your trip. Tell me why you don’t like school.I don’t know whose pronunciation is the best. 连接词that/whetheras if/as though; 连接代词what/ whichwho/whosewhateverwhoeverwhomeverwhichever; 连接副词Where/when why/howwhereverwhenever表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后。 It looks as if it is going to snow.New York is no longer what it was ten years ago.The book is where you left it.The problem is when he came here.主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前；也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后。Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.It is not yet decided who will do that job.That she was chosen made us very happy.同位语从句放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容。The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.Do you have any suggestion where we get cheaper secondhand car?You have no idea how worried we are.          考点一：宾语从句1．宾语从句的引导词连接词that，whether，if只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what，who，whom，which，whichever，whatever，whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when，where，how，why在从句中作状语 She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn't.她问我是否把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。Our teacher always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果我们想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事情以及我们自己。易错警示(1)that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略：①动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可省略，其余的不可省略；②宾语从句前有插入语时；③that引导的从句位于句首时。(2)一般情况下介词后只能用wh­类连接词引导宾语从句。介词后的宾语从句，连接词表示“是否”时，只用whether，不用if。2．形式宾语宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后，但是，在下列情况下，须用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。(1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make＋it＋宾补(形容词或名词)＋不定式/从句(2)动词hate/ like/ dislike/ appreciate/enjoy＋it＋从句(3)短语动词see to/ depend on/rely on＋it＋从句(4)固定搭配take it for granted that/owe it to sb.that＋从句No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.无论他在哪里，他都定了一个规矩——早餐前散步。I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.我认为我们每天多喝白开水是有必要的。3．宾语从句的时态一般情况下，宾语从句须与主句的时态保持一致，即当主句是一般现在时时，从句可根据具体情况选用合适的时态；当主句为过去的某种时态时，从句须用相应的过去的某种时态。当从句的内容为真理或客观事实时，须用一般现在时。          考点二：表语从句1．表语从句的引导词连接词that，whether只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what，who，whom，which，whichever，whatever，whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when，where，how，why在从句中作状语 The most important result for the user is that the product does what is intended.对用户来说最重要的是产品达到了预期的效果。This is where we usually think it's easier to just give up.这就是我们通常认为更容易放弃的地方。易错警示if不能引导表语从句；that引导表语从句时不能省略。2．as if/as though引导表语从句as if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(如seem，appear，look，taste，sound，feel，smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市，好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。3．其他常考的表语从句(1)This/ That/ It is why＋表语从句(表结果)“这/那就是……的原因” (2)This/ That/ It is because＋表语从句(表原因)“这/那是因为……” (3)The reason why...is that＋表语从句“……的原因是……” From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。          考点三：主语从句1．主语从句的引导词连接词that，whether，if只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what，who，whom，which，whichever，whatever，whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when，where，how，why在从句中作状语 Your support is important to our work.Whatever you can do helps.你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都会对我们有所帮助。How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.我们如何理解事情与我们所感受到的有很大关系。Where Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some won't accept it.李白，中国伟大的诗人，出生的地方人人皆知，但是有些人对此并不接受。The limits of a person's intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but whether he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.通常来说，一个人智力上的极限从一出生就确定了，但他是否能够达到极限取决于他所处的环境。易错警示(1)that引导主语从句时一般不省略。(2)当主语从句位于句首时，常用whether引导，而不用if。2．形式主语it作形式主语的常见句型：(1)It＋be＋形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain等)＋that从句(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)＋that从句(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said/told/reported等)＋that从句(4)It＋不及物动词(seem，appear，happen，matter等)＋that从句It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。It doesn't matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.在这个商店里你用现金支付还是信用卡支付都没有关系。易错警示当it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用if或whether引导均可，但如果被后置的主语从句中引导词后接or not时，只能用whether。          考点四：同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。常见同位语从句的名词：advice，conclusion，doubt，fact，hope，idea，news，promise，question，suggestion，thought，truth，wish，word等。引导同位语从句的引导词：that，whether，how，where，when，why等。The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。易错警示that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that引导定语从句时，that既起引导词的作用，又在从句中充当句子成分；如果在从句中作宾语that还可以省略，所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。引导同位语从句时，that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，不能省略。                                                                          _____              单句语法填空1．Jane moved aimlessly down the tree­lined street，not knowing ________ she was heading.2．The notice came around two in the afternoon__________ the meeting would be postponed.3．It is often the case ___________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.4．Richard swims three times a week after work.This is_________ he keeps fit.5．Since there is only one laboratory in the school，it is important to check _____ the students can use it.6. The manager may appoint __________________ he thinks is the most qualified for the post.7．However dark the road ahead is，always keep your head up to the sky because that's ____ your dreams lie.8．The fact has worried many scientists_______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.9．________ there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasn't been proved until now.10．Every year, ________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.11．It is said______ he is focusing on a book on space exploration.But ______it will come out remains up in the air.12．When I walked on the street, I wanted to say_________ clean the streets were.13．I don't doubt_______ the plan is practical，but I doubt ______he will stick to the plan until it's finished.14．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is_______ one can be entirely free from dust.15．“Every time you eat a sweet，drink green tea.” This is _______ my mother used to tell me.16．The question occurred to me _______ we should go to get the car repaired.We were in the middle of the forest at that time.17._______ will come to help with my English hasn't been decided.One of the main reasons for this is _______ teachers work too hard but get too little.We have offered him the position，but I don't have the slightest idea ________ he will accept it.20.__________he lacked cooperation consciousness was the reason why he lost the election last month.  Translation（注意使用名词性从句）1．无论谁违反法律，都应受到惩罚。（主语从句）2. 我此刻主要问题是我是否应该请求另一笔贷款。(表语从句)3. 我们一致同意一旦得出调查结论，就尽早让公众知晓。（宾语从句）4. 她的内心深处一直存着一个疑惑，她可能是18年前被父母领养的。(In the depth)  （同位语从句）5. 对志愿者来说, 重要的不是能为别人做多少, 而是能从中获得宝贵的经验和帮助他人的快感。(What)                                                                          _____Work–life balance is the second-most mentioned concern for women. It is clear ____26____ many of the women have made huge personal sacrifices to obtain their PhDs. 【2022年奉贤二模】2. I hardly minded the lack of daylight. Instead, ____25____ caught my attention was the fascinating beauty of the white, frozen landscapes and the endless shades of blue. 【2022年长宁二模】3.In 2019, the rising popularity of short videos inspired Zhao. “I felt that I should make some videos of ____26____ I experienced in my daily life.【2022年金山二模】4. May you always bring the best from your heart to ____10____life may throw at you then!【2022年静安二模】5.Moreover, the creative approach ____29____ only a single torch was placed inside the cauldron highlighted China’s low-carbon and environmental protection efforts. 【2022年松江二模】6.In 2020, Congress passed a law ____22____ management of the land is transferred from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service back to Salish and Kootenai Tribes. 【2022年青浦二模】7.But US law forbids making these super-sharp pictures public, to prevent enemies from using them. But the idea ____25____ anybody might be able to spy on the entire Earth in such detail may seem frightening. .........Ray Purdy of University College London told CNN that he is concerned about ____27____ this could mean for privacy.  【2022年黄埔二模】8.It’s not surprising ____4____ fascinated history lovers are by the area’s history and geographical features. 【2022年杨浦五月线上】9.While there's no solid evidence ____27____ preservatives are bad, many people don't like chemicals in their food. 【2022年宝山二模】10.Sklansky is convinced that even long-held cultural customs can change over time if we realize _____30_____ unhealthy they are. 【2022年崇明二模】11.___25____ has always made Taiwan architects proud is its leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building certification. 【2022年杨浦二模】12.But there are things we can do that machines can’t do. ___29__ machines have made very little progress is in dealing with novel situations. They can’t handle things they haven’t seen many times before.【2022年嘉定二模】                                                                         _____   A. pleasurable    B. alteration    C. likelihood    D. fortunately    E. thickening    F. immediateG. physically     H. temporary   I. shortness     J. normalize      K. weakenedHow do Cigarettes Affect the Body?Cigarettes aren’t good for us. But how exactly do cigarettes harm us? Let’s look at what happens as their ingredients make their way through our bodies, and how we benefit (31) ______ when we finally give up smoking.Inside the airways and lungs, smoke increases the (32) ______ of infections as well as long-lasting diseases. It does this by damaging the tiny hair-like tissues which keep the airways clean. That’s one of the reasons smoking can lead to oxygen loss and (33) ______ of breath.Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, creating the (34) ______ sensations which make smoking highly addictive. Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette, at the same time, cause tightness of blood tubes, restricting blood flow. These effects on blood tubes lead to (35) ______ of blood tube walls, increasing the possibility of heart attacks and strokes.Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can activate dangerous (36) ______ in the body’s DNA that make cancers form. In fact, about one of every three cancer deaths in the United States is caused by smoking. And it’s not just lung cancer. Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs, as well as damaged eyesight and (37) ______ bones. It makes it harder for women to get pregnant. And in men, it can cause long-term damages of body functions.But for those who quit smoking, there’s a huge positive upside with almost (38) ______ and long-lasting physical benefits. A day after ceasing, heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates (39) ______. Lungs become healthier after about one month, with less coughing. After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored. There’s no point pretending this is all easy to achieve. Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression. But fortunately, such effects are usually (40) ______. Advice and support groups and moderate intensity exercise also help smokers stay cigarette-free. That’s good news, since quitting puts you and your body on the path back to health.    （选自华东师大附中2021学年第二学期在线阶段检测）In interviews, famous people often say that the key to becoming both happy and successful is to “do what you love.” But ____21____ a skill, even one that you deeply love, calls for plenty of drills. Any challenging activity —from computer programming to playing a musical instrument to athletics — requires ____22____ practice. A perfect golf swing or faultless butterfly stroke (蝶泳) takes countless hours of practice and repetitions to perfect.Anyone who wants to have a good command of a skill must go through the ____23____ of practice, critical feedback, polish, and increasing improvement again, again, and again. Some people seem able to concentrate on practicing an activity like this for years and take ____24____ in their gradual improvement. Yet others find this kind of focused, time-intensive work to be ____25____ or boring. Why?The ____26____ may depend on the ability to enter into a state of “flow,” the feeling of being completely involved in what you are doing. Flow states can happen in the course of any activity, and they are most common when a task has definite goals and where the individual is able to ____27____ their performance to clear and immediate feedback.Csikszentmihalyi suggested that those who most ____28____ entered into flow states had an “autotelic personality” — a tendency to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow. While those without such a personality see difficulties, autotelic individuals see opportunities to build skills and they have low levels of self-centeredness. Such people, with their ability to focus on tasks rather than rewards have a great____29____ over others in developing their innate (天生的) abilities. But how can we get into flow state for an activity so that we enjoy both the process of improving skills and the ____30____ of being a master？____31____ for those of us who don’t necessarily possess an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be ____32____ by environmental factors. For instance, in Montessori schools, students do not study by following direct instruction. ____33____, they are encouraged to develop and pursue personal interests. Competition is ____34____ and grading is not emphasized. Students are grouped together according to shared interests, rather than separated by ability.While there isn’t yet a pill that can turn dull practice into an exciting activity for anyone, it is comforting that we seem to be able to advance into flow states. By giving ourselves unstructured, open-ended time, minimum distractions and task set at moderate level of ____35____, we may be able to love what we’re doing while we put in the hard work practicing the things we love doing.21. A. functioning B. stimulating C. enriching D. mastering22. A. fixed B. concentrated C. paralleled D. instructed23. A. transformation B. substitute C. cycle D. condition24. A. role B. pleasure C. an interest D. part25. A. poisonous B. rewarding C. ignorant D. frustrating26. A. objection B. distinction C. principle D. standard27. A. apply B. devote C. adjust D. expose28. A. deliberately B. readily C. hesitantly D. flexibly29. A. feature B. control C. advantage D. sympathy30. A. security B. jealousy C. reward D. contribution31. A. Unexpectedly B. Fortunately C. Typically D. Obviously32. A. cultivated B. extended C. influenced D. bridged33. A. Otherwise B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Instead34. A. advocated B. suspended C. discouraged D. observed35. A. priority B. difficulty C. curiosity D. identity                            A （选自2022全国乙卷）Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)The ExhibitionThis exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.Lecture SeriesScottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.An Introduction to RaeburnSunday 26 Oct., 15.00DUNCAN THOMSONRaeburn’s English ContemporariesThursday 30 Oct., 13.10JUDY EGERTONCharacters and Characterisation inRaeburn’s PortraitsThursday 6 Nov., 13.10NICHOLAS PHILLIPSONRaeburn and Artist’s Training in the18th CenturyThursday 13 Nov., 13.10MARTIN POSTLEExhibition TimesMonday-Saturday 10.00-17.45Sunday 12.00-17.45Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.Closed: 24-26 December and 1 January.Admission£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.Schools and CollegesA special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organized groups with teachers.1. What is the right time for attending Raeburn’s English Contemporaries?A. Sun. 26 Oct.          B. Thurs. 30 Oct. C. Thurs. 6 Nov.        D. Thurs.13 Nov.2. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?A. £4.            B.£8.          C. £12.         D.£16.3. How can full-time students get group discounts?A. They should go on Sunday mornings.  B. They should come from art schools.C. They must be led by teachers.  D. They must have ID cards with them.B Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archaeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.   “Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.   The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.   The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.   Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.   Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”   The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.4.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains5.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.6.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.7.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.   A. However, meal kits are likely heading for the mainstream.B. If it’s single-use and thrown away, the packaging is a killer.C. In that case, you might replace dozens of car trips with one truck trip.D. Meal knits arrive on your doorstep by truck filled with every ingredient you need.E. Tailor-made meal kits save waste by providing precise quantities of fresh ingredients.F. If food waste was a country, it would rank third in emissions behind the US and China. Meal kits(餐具)cut food waste but packaging is a problemHome delivery meal kits can slash(大幅消减)food waste by more than two-thirds, but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly.___54___ That means leftovers are minimized. But while the delivery services score well on reducing food waste, buying the same ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if you have meals that are tailored for consumption, people won’t over-buy and you have less food waste. You will adjust the portion size according to the food that people will actually actually eat.Beyond the cost of the waste itself, thrown-away food generates methane(甲烷)that contributes to climate change. ___55___ A 2018 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that the waste was set to soar by a third by 2030 when global food waste was estimated to reach 2.1 billion tons.Meal kits can reduce transport emissions if they mean people take fewer trips to the supermarket. If people only went to buy goods that are unlikely to decay such as soap and toilet paper, they might only have to visit the supermarket once every couple of months. That delivery truck can carry meals for you and dozens of neighbors. ___56___The study found that even if delivered meal kits reduced food waste to zero, they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth. ___57___ All the environmental benefits are lost. But if the packaging can be reused, you can get some benefits.    Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 请简要描述图片，并结合生活实际（自身或他人的例子），谈谈你对于 “舒适圈” 的看法。