【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题18：阅读理解长难句分析 -精讲精练（上海用）

►专题18 阅读理解长难句分析策略+高考题型组合练

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【考情链接】

高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下：

 带有较多成分的简单句  

 含有多个从句的复合句

 含有插入成份的句子

 含有省略成份的句子

 含有倒装句、强调句

【要点梳理】

        ：破解长难句方法

1. 找谓语，定主语

一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如

Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。

句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。

2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等）

一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：

First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the  Eco-lab Poly technique.

【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。

句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。

3. 寻关联，辨逻辑

一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。

Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.

【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。

句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。

4. 看搭配，防隔离

有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：

Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.

【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。

句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。

5. 关键词，抓线索

有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：

We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.

【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。

句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。

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1. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.

【词汇突破】calculate 计算； abundant 丰富的

【解析】

【翻译】

2.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

【词汇突破】utility 运用； supervision 监管

【解析】

【翻译】

3. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼；disregard 抛弃，丢弃；irrelevant 不相干

            instantaneously 立即；winding 蜿蜒曲折的；suspicious 可疑的

【解析】

【翻译】

4.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

【词汇突破】reveal 揭露；constitutes 包含；primacy 重要性，首要地位

【解析】

【翻译】

5. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员；distract 分散注意力

【解析】

【翻译】

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                                 A

Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”

12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?

A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.

C. They're objective. D. They're strict.

13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A. They think themselves smart.

B. They look up to great thinkers.

C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs

14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A. Improved global communication.

B. Less discrimination against women.

C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.

D. Changes in people's social positions.

15. What is the best title for the text?

A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms

C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck

【长难句】

1. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.

句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________

翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________

2. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.”

句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________

翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________

B

You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.

At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.

In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.

Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.

28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?

A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.

C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.

29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?

A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.

B. To explain why they are useful.

C. To voice his views on modern art.

D. To find a substitute for them.

30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?

A. Calming. B. Disturbing.

C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.

31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety

B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art

C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies

D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures

【长难句】

1. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________

翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled.

句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________

翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________

3. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.

句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________

翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________

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(A)

Female Entertainers Fight Ageism in the Reality Show

A band of entertainment industry "has-beens" has stepped back into the spotlight in Older Sisters Riding Winds and Breaking Waves. It is a girl group knockout reality show ____1____ (feature) performers older than 30.

Produced by Mango TV, the reality show has made huge waves across China's social platforms.The show consists of 30 seasoned, established female singers, actors and hosts, ____2____were born before 1990.

"____3____ some possibilities in life fade after you hit 30, you can still transcend time and reinvent yourself," reads part of the show's preamble(开场白), conveying a clear message ____4____ the ageism facing women.

Some contestants spoke out about their attitude towards aging and age discrimination.

Wu Xin, 37, a hostess on the popular variety show Happy Camp, ____5____(voice) her opinion, believing she's at the best age of her life. "I used to limit myself due to a narrow vision, and thus missed a lot of opportunities. ____6____I get older, I've come to realize that I can do many things, so I decided  _____7_____(seize) this chance to stretch myself," she said.

While some people see the successfully staged show as a progression in challenging society’s youth-obsessed pop culture, ____8____ remain doubtful and critical.

Some viewers reveal that their anxiety towards aging has gotten _____9_____ (bad) after watching the show.

“My heart quivered as I heard 50-year-old Christy Chung say she still feels as young as 20 physically and would always be 18 at heart. The show actually points out the possibility ____10____a woman’s actual age is neither acceptable for the public nor for herself,” reads a Weibo post by Tang Shuang, a senior fashion editor of Vogue China.

(B)

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Facial Recall

Large gatherings such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue-but privacy experts recommend____11____with caution.

The app called Social Recall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition,____12____enminating the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have in terms of____13____the policy of politeness to meet somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, whose start-up, also called SocialRecall, created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1,000 people.

After receiving an invitation to download SocialRecall from an event organizer, a(n)____14____user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event, the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have given their____15____And the app's creators say it____16____wipes users’ data after an event.

Ann Cavoukian, a privacy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence at Ryerson University in Toronto, commends the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be____17____consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to____18____you.”

The start-up has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then____19____it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app.

Jason Schultz, a professor of clinical law at New York University, who was not involved with the app's creation, remains____20____, “The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling with this app is very, very high, and I don't think it respects the consent politics involved with capturing people's images.”