普通高中英语学业水平合格性考试第2篇板块3第2讲冠词和介词学案

这是一份普通高中英语学业水平合格性考试第2篇板块3第2讲冠词和介词学案，共16页。学案主要包含了冠词，介词等内容，欢迎下载使用。

第二讲　冠词和介词
一、冠词
[语法规则再现]
(一)不定冠词的基本用法
1．表示泛指某个人或事物。
Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract?
你对成为一名音乐家并获得录制合同感兴趣吗？
2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man，a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个每个人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。
3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.
我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。
4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没得到金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
5．用在形容词的比较级前，表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus，we'll have a better view.
如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。
6．用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。

不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：
have a gift for有……的天赋　
have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb.a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
as a rule通常；照例
in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离
a waste of ……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！
be/go on a diet节食
a collection of一批……
a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴
make a living谋生
in a sense/way在某种意义上
for a while暂时；一时
all of a sudden突然
a matter of ……的问题
have a population of有……的人口
cover an area of占……的面积
(二)定冠词的基本用法
1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。
I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century.
我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。
2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。
①As we all know，the brain is the centre of thought.
众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。
②As a matter of fact，the rich aren't always happy.
事实上，富人并非总是快乐的。

“the＋adj.”表示一类人的常用短语：
the rich富人 the dead死者
the poor穷人 the aged老人
the old老人 the living活着的人
the young年轻人
the injured/wounded受伤的人
3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。
We're bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands.
我们带你去参加当地最好的乐队带来的摇滚和流行音乐之夜。
4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。
5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。
As is well known to all，the Second World War broke out in the 1930s.
众所周知，二战爆发于20世纪30年代。
6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence，as it happened so long ago.
没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。
8．用于被演奏的乐器前。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。

1.固定结构中的定冠词。
(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。
—It's said that John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year.
—Right，he will also get paid by the week.
——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。
——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。
(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部分”结构中。
His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.
那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。
(3)用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。
The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就会越少犯错误。
2.固定短语中的定冠词。
at the moment 此刻；目前
in the end最后；最终
to tell the truth说实话
to the point中肯；切题
at the same time同时
on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说
in the distance在远处
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
(三)零冠词的基本用法
1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。
①Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress.
记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。
②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.
电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。
2．表示月份、季节、星期几、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring，summer，autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。
After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.
多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位优秀的经理。
5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”

1.固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2.固定短语中的零冠词。
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for让位 in debt负债
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side并排
　from time to time不时地
hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
heart and soul全心全意地
①Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push­ups too to stay in shape.
汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。
②The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.
这本字典过时了：自从它出版以来，这门语言已增添了许多单词。
[典型例题分析]
1．They can be seen in many factories and have gone to such far places as ________moon.
the　[月球是世界上独一无二的事物，因此用定冠词the。]
2．It is not ________easy job，but Lucy does it properly.
an　[第一次提到某物，因此用不定冠词；easy发音以元音因素开头，因此用不定冠词an。]
[语法专项对练]
Ⅰ.在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词，不需用冠词处画斜线(/)
1．As he approached the bridge，the sound got louder and then he saw a pitiful sight.
2．Recently when he took a look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
3．But a parent of another child came up with an even better idea—getting the whole class to learn sign language along with Jack.
4. Are you sure that the party came to / power in the 1960s.
5．As we all know，there is an electric field inside the earth.
6．As / unemployment is very high at the moment，it is very difficult for people to find / work.
7．It is believed that / computer is the most important of the twentieth century.
8．It's / bad manners to blow your nose at / table.
9．Most seriously，relying on smartphones to make friends does not give us the same advantage as making new friends in the real world.
10．For your generation to live in a better world，there is so much our generation can do.
11．I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.
12．The more learned a man is，the more modest he usually becomes.
13．Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
14．The village where I was born has grown into a town.
15．It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
16．Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.
17．India attained / independence in 1947，after a long struggle.
18．The parents were shocked by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee.
19．—Why didn't you invite John to your birthday party?
—Well，you know he's a wet blanket.
20．Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years，but one thing or another always got in the way.
Ⅱ.语法填空
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1．An old gentleman whose eyesight (视力) was falling came to stay in a hotel room with 2.a bottle of wine (酒) in each hand.On the wall there was 3.a fly which he mistook for a nail (钉子)．So as soon as he hung them on，the bottles fell broken and the wine split all over the floor.
When a waitress discovered what had happened，she felt really sorry for him and wanted to give him 4.a hand.
So 5.the next morning when he was out taking 6.a walk in the garden，she put a nail on the wall exactly where the fly had stayed.
Now the old man entered his room.7.The smell of the split wine reminded him of 8.the accident.When he looked up at the wall，he found the fly was there again! He walked to it carefully and hit it with all his strength.
On hearing a loud cry, waitress rushed in.To her great surprise，9.the poor old man was there sitting on the floor，his face was pale and 10.a lot of blood was running on his right hand.
二、介词
[语法规则再现]
(一)表示地点的介词
1．表示两地位置关系的in，on，to。
介词
用法
in
表示某一地域之内的某方位。
Shandong Province is in the east of China.
山东位于中国东部。
on
表示与某地相邻的关系。
Shandong Province is on the north of Jiangsu Province.
山东省在江苏省的北边。
to
表示在某一地域之外的某方位(不属于该范围)。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本在中国的东边。
2.表示上下位置关系的on，beneath；over，under；above，below。
介词
用法
on和
beneath
on表示“在……之上”，意指与表面有接触，反义词是beneath。
There are some bananas on the desk.
桌子上有些香蕉。
The earth lay beneath a blanket of snow.
大地被厚厚的白雪覆盖着。
over
和
under
over表示“在……之上”，指在物体的正上方或覆盖在物体表面，反义词是under。
A lamp was hanging over the table.
桌子上方吊着一盏灯。
We spread a carpet over the floor.
我们给地板铺上了地毯。
They are playing chess under the tree.
他们正在树下下棋。
above
和
below
above表示“在……之上”，指离开物体表面而在其上方，但不一定是正上方，反义词是below。
The plane flew above the clouds.
飞机在云层上飞行。
Please do not write below this line.
请不要写在这条线下面。
3.表示“穿过；越过；经过”的across，through，over，past。
介词
用法
across
表示“横穿，穿越”，运动在物体的表面进行。
They ran straight across the road.
他们径直跑过了马路。
through
表示“穿过”，动作在物体内部进行。
Walk through the small gate and you will find the garage.
穿过那扇小门，你就看见车库了。
over
表示“从(某物)一边到另一边”，强调从上方跨过、越过。
Go over the mountain，and you can see my hometown.
翻过那座山你就能看见我的家乡了。
past
表示“从……旁经过”。
Will you be going past my house on your way home?
你回家的路上会经过我家吗？
4.表示“在……之间”的between，among。
介词
用法
between
一般指空间或时间上的两者之间或多者中的两两之间。
They planted a lot of trees between the two buildings.
他们在两座楼之间种了很多树。
among
一般指在三者或三者以上之间。
He quickly disappeared among the crowd.
他很快消失在人群中。
(二)表示时间的介词
1．表示“在……”的in，on，at。
介词
用法
in
后接时间段，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月等或表示上午、下午、晚上的词，即在较长的一段时间内。
Many flowers are blossoming in spring.
许多花在春季绽放。
In 2010，he graduated from Shandong University.
2010年，他毕业于山东大学。
on
后接表示特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、节日或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上的词。
They set out on a Friday morning.
他们在一个周五的早上出发了。
On September 17，they held a party to celebrate Hellen's birthday.
9月17日那天，他们举行聚会为海伦过生日。
at
后接表示某一具体时刻，或把某一段时间看作某一时刻的词及某些节假日的名词。
We often have lunch at 12：00.
我们经常12点吃午饭。
People send each other cards and presents at Christmas.
人们在圣诞节互赠贺卡和礼物。
2.表示“在一段时间内”的during，in。
介词
用法
during
强调时间的延续，可以表示在某段时间内自始至终的状态，谓语动词一般是延续性的。
During the meal we talked about the TV play.
我们在吃饭时谈起了那部电视剧。
The shop was closed during the whole three months.
整整3个月那家商店都没有营业。
in
较准确地说出某个动作发生的时间。
The fire happened in the evening.
那场大火发生在晚上。
3.表示“……之后”的in，after。
介词
用法
in
“in＋一段时间”用于一般将来时，表示将来的一段时间之后。
We will meet again in two weeks.
两周后我们还会再见面的。
This project will be finished in four months.
这个项目4个月后完工。
after
“after＋一段时间”用于一般过去时，表示过去的一段时间之后。
He left home in 1984 and came home after twenty years.
他1984年离家，20年之后才回来。
“after＋时间点”可用于一般将来时，表示某一时刻之后。
My father will be back after four o'clock.
我父亲将会在4点之后回来。

注意：“in＋一段时间”也可用于一般过去时，意为“在……以内”。
He wrote the book in two and a half years.
他在两年半的时间内写完了这本书。
4．表示“在……之前”的by，before。
介词
用法
by
表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内。
I will finish the work by Friday.
最晚星期五我会完成这项工作。(包括星期五在内)
before
表示“在某时之前”，不包括某时在内。
I will finish the work before Friday.
星期五之前我会完成这项工作。(不包括星期五)
5.表示时间延续的for，from，since。
介词
用法
for
“for＋时间段”表示动作延续多久，不涉及动作的起始与终止时间。作时间状语时，句子可用一般过去时、完成时或将来时。
I worked in this factory for ten years.
我在这家工厂工作过10年。
I have worked in this factory for ten years.
我在这家工厂已经工作10年了。
I will stay in Shanghai for ten days.
我要在上海待10天。
from
“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始时间，不涉及持续时间的长短。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我妹妹从5岁时就开始学习舞蹈。
since
“since＋时间点”说明动作的起始时间，表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间，常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。
I haven't seen her since ten years ago.
自从10年前我就再没见过她。
She has been watching TV since seven o'clock.
她从7点开始就一直看电视。
续表
(三)表示运动方向的along，into，to，from
介词
用法
along
表示动作“沿着”某物进行。
I was driving my car along a muddy path.
我正沿着一条泥泞的小路开车。
into
表示动作“进入……里面”；还可表示“朝，向；触及”。
The man walked into the house in the dark.
那个男人摸黑走进了屋里。
to
表示动作的朝向，意为“朝，向，对着(某方向或某处)”。
She is on the way to the train station.
她正在去火车站的路上。
from
表示某人、某物出发的源地和方向。
He comes from Shanghai.
他来自上海。
Ernest ran away from home twice.
厄内斯特两次离家出走。
(四)常用介词短语的构成
1．介词＋名词。
for example例如　in all总共　in common共同的
in hospital住院　in need需要　on earth究竟
on business出差　on show展览
2．形容词＋介词。
be good/bad for对……有益处/害处
be good/bad at擅长/不擅长于……
be famous for因……而出名
be famous as作为……而出名
be angry with sb.生某人的气
be strict with对……要求严格
3．动词＋介词。
be made of由……制成(从成品中能看出原材料)
be made from由……制成(从成品中看不出原材料)
belong to属于
agree to同意
be made up of由……组成(强调由单个的个体组成)
be/become used to (doing) sth.习惯于(做)某事
be used as被当作……来使用
answer for对……负责
注意：to既可作动词不定式符号，后接动词原形，也可用作介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词。在下列词组中to为介词，在使用时应特别注意，后接动词时，需用其动名词形式。如：
pay attention to注意　lead to导致
look forward to期望　be/get used to习惯于
(五)易混介词，介词短语辨析
介词短语
用法
例句
because
of
一般作状语，不作表语，位于句首或句尾
Because of illness，the boy did not go to school.
这个男孩生病了，所以没去上学。
owing to
通常作状语，一般不用作表语
The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons.
这次飞行由于技术原因而被推迟。
due to
通常作表语或状语，一般不位于句首
The failure is due to his carelessness.
失败是由他的粗心造成的。
thanks to
“幸亏，多亏”，只能作状语，多表示正面意义，有时也表示讽刺含义
Thanks to you，everyone knows about it now.
多亏了你，现在大家都知道此事了。
[典型例题分析]
1．She likes to travel and meet new people who have their own opinions that are different ________hers.
from　[be different from意为“与……不同”。]
2．In your daily life，there are many examples where your parents control hundreds ________things for you when you are a kid.
of　[hundreds of意为“上百的”。]
[语法专项对练]
Ⅰ.用适当的介词填空
1．Mary is flying to France on the morning of July 2 and will arrive in (at/in) Paris at 10 a．m.
2．I have been in China since 2007.
3．How I miss my parents! I intend to return home in a month.
4．Look out! It's dangerous to walk across the road.
5．The River Danube runs through ten European countries.
6．It is important for us to make full use of time.
7．It's a good idea to offer the old books to the children who need them.
8．Hong Kong is in the southeast of China.
9．Last Sunday，a group of pupils talked happily in a loud voice as they went to the countryside on their bikes.
10．At school，we learn some other subjects besides English.
11．As a sports fan，my brother is looking forward to the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.
12．Tim is going to give his father a surprise on Father's Day.
13．You can improve your English by reading more.
14．I like flowers，and I hope to study at a school with many flowers and trees in it.
15．My cousin usually gets up at half past six.
16．The “teacher­free exam” means that students take their exams without teachers.Students must be honest.
17．Teenagers under sixteen are not allowed to drive.
18．John is standing between Lucy and Lily.
19．—What did you get for your birthday，Tony?
—An Apple watch from my aunt.
20．Welcome to our store.We have all types of skirts in all colors.
Ⅱ.语法填空
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Father's Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day 1.for children to honor their fathers began in Spokane，Washington.A woman 2.with the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought 3.of the idea for Father's Day while listening to a Mother's Day sermon 4.in 1909.
Having been raised 5.by her father，Henry Jackson Smart，after her mother died，Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was 6.to her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was，7.in the eyes of his daughter，a courageous，selfless，and loving man.Sonora's father was born in June，so she chose to hold the first Father's Day celebration 8.in Spokane，Washington 9.on the 19th of June，1910.
In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June 10.as Father's Day.Roses are the flowers for Father's Day.