人教版八年级上册英语第八单元知识点归纳总结

Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?一、词汇与短语● 重点单词● 重点短语● 重点句子● 重点单词变形二、语法知识点A部分1、可数名词与不可数名词在英语中，一般只有可数名词才有“单数”和“复数”之分，不可数名词和专有名词一般没有“单数”和“复数”之分。⑴ 可数名词指能以数目来计算，可数名词有“单数”和“复数”之分。❶ 单数：数量是1; 如：a cow（一头牛）;a book（一本书）;an apple（一个苹果）等。a用在辅音音素开头之前，an用在元音音素开头之前。❷ 复数：数量超过1，如：two pens（两只钢笔），four pigs（四只猪），some boys（一些男孩）等。可数名词变复数形式比较多样,其变化规则如下：⑵ 不可数名词不可数名词，顾名思义就是数不清的，所以表示液体的单词如water、milk、tea、juice、coke；表示食品的单词如meat、rice、bread、fish、beef等都属于不可数名词。不可数名词没有“单数”和“复数”之分。用法接近于单数可数名词。所以单词前面不能出现a/an，单词末尾也不能直接加-s，若要表示不可数名词的量，只能通过单位词（类似语文量词）来实现。❶ 模糊性单位词来修饰表示数量eg：There is a little water in the glass. 玻璃杯中有一点儿水。I want some tea,please. 请给我来点茶。There is a lot of rice in the bowl. 碗里有很多米饭。I will tell you much good news. 我会告诉你许多好消息。❷ 确切性单位词来修饰表示数量不可数名词的数量还可以用适当的量词（由普通名词充当）作单位来表示，结构为“数词+量词+ of + 不可数名词”。其单复数变化就体现在量词上。eg：a piece of paper 一张纸 three pieces of paper 三张纸1）piece(条、块、片、张、份、则)eg：a piece of meat 一块肉 a piece of bread 一片面包two pieces of news 两则新闻/两条消息 a piece of paper 一张纸2）glass(玻璃杯) , cup(茶杯) , bottle(瓶)eg：a glass of milk 一杯牛奶 a cup of tea 一杯茶six bottles of water 六瓶水3）basket(篮)、bag(袋)、box(箱，盒)eg：a basket of food 一篮食物 five bags of rice 五袋大米   a box of juice 一箱果汁⑶ 可数名词复数前可用many, some, any, few,a few等修饰;不可数名词前可用much, some, any, little, a little 等修饰。eg. many teachers 许多教师 much money 许多钱some books 一些书 some juice 一些果汁⑷ 提问可数名词的数量用how many；提问不可数名词的数量用how mucheg：How many books do you have? 你有多少本书？How much salt do we need? 我们需要多少盐？⑸ 名词作定语通常情况下，当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时,其复数形式只需将其中心词变为复数形式就行。但当man或woman修饰另一个名词时，变复数时要将中心名词及man、woman都变成复数。eg：a girl student → girl students 女学生 a new-comer → new-comers 新来的人a man driver → men drivers 男司机 a woman teacher → women teachers女教师2、turn on的用法turn on意为“打开;接通(电流;煤气;水等)”，其反义短语为turn off意为“关闭；切断(电流;煤气;水等)”。eg：Please turn on the radio. 请打开收音机。Don't forget to turn off the light. 不要忘记关灯。● 与turn相关的短语：● turn on 与 open的区别eg：Open the door and turn on all the lights. 打开门，并打开所有的灯。Turn on the blender. 打开食物搅拌器。3、祈使句的用法祈使句通常以动词原形开头，用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告和禁止等的句子称为祈使句。否定式在动词原形前面加don't。其主语是第二人称，所以通常省略主语，句末使用感叹号或者句号。eg：Turn on the blender. 打开食物搅拌器 （命令）Go and wash your hands！快去洗手！（命令）Be quite, please！ 请安静！（请求）Be kind to the children.善待孩子们。（劝告）Watch your steps!小心脚下!（警告）No photos!禁止拍照! No Smoking!禁止吸烟!（禁止）● 祈使句的类型及用法肯定结构：否定结构:4、cut up的用法cut up 意为“切碎"，相当于cut…into pieces，cut up是一个"动词+副词”型短语，人称代词作宾语时只能放在两词之间；名词作宾语时，可放在两词之间，也可放在up的后面。eg：Please help me cut up the apples. 请帮我把苹果切碎。Hand the meat to me. I'll cut it up. 把肉递给我。我要切碎它。Cut up the bananas. 切碎香蕉。● 与cut相关的短语：5、pour…into…的用法pour…into…意为“将…倒入…”，into为介词，意为“到…里面；进入”。eg：Please pour the water into the bowl. 请把水倒入碗中。⑴ into意为''到…里面；进入”，是表示动态的介词；in意为''在…内"，是表示静态的介词。eg：She walked into the room. 她走进了房间。She is walking in the room. 她正在房间里走来走去。⑵ 在put, throw, break, fall等动词之后，既可以用in，也可以用into，这时in也表示动态，常含有into的意思。eg：He put all the books in/into the bag. 他把所有的书都放进了包里。⑶ in可以用作副词,into则不能。eg：Come in!进来！6、milk shake的用法milk shake意为“奶昔”，此处shake作名词，意为“奶昔”，是一种用牛奶、冰激凌和水果或巧克力做成的饮料。eg：How do you make a banana milk shake? 你怎样做香蕉奶昔？● shake还可用作动词，意为"摇动；抖动”。其过去式为shook。eg：The house shook when the earthquake started. 地震开始时房子摇晃起来。We usually shake hands when we meet for the first time. 第一次见面时我们通常握手。7、need的用法need用作实义动词，意为“需要”，其后可接名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语。eg：I need an apple. 我需要一个苹果。She needs to have a try. 她需要试一下。How many bananas do we need ? 我们需要多少香蕉？● need作情态动词，意为“需要”，一般用于否定句或疑问句中，后面必须接动词原形。eg：You need not go there. 你不必去那里。You needn't finish that work today. 你今天不必完成那项工作。8、how much与how many的用法eg：How much milk do you need? 你需要多少牛奶？--How much water do you want? 你想要多少水？--Two bottles. 两瓶。--How much are your shoes? 你的鞋子多少钱？--90 yuan. 90 元。--How many books do you have?你有多少本书？--six. 6本。9、名词的量“基数词/不定冠词+表示计量单位的名词+ of”可以用来表示数量,修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数。eg：We need one cup of yogurt. 我们需要一杯酸奶。a cup of tea 一杯茶 three bags of salt 三袋盐 ten bottles of water 十瓶水six boxes of apples 六箱苹果10、add的用法add用作及物动词，意为“增加; 添加”。add…to…意为“添加…到…”。eg：Next, put the beef, carrots and potatoes into a pot and add some water.接下来，把牛肉、胡萝卜和土豆放入锅中，并加一些水。put…into… 此处意为“把…放进…里”。Remember to add some honey. 记得加入一些蜂蜜。If you add six to ten,you will get sixteen. 5加10等于16。❶ add to意为''增加；增添”。eg：The TV adds to our happiness. 电视增加了我们的快乐。❷ add up to意为''总共是；总计为”。eg：All of these add up to 20. 所有这些总共是20。another 10 minutes=10 more minutesanother 10 minutes意为“另外10分钟”。“another +基数词+名词”表示“又… 再…”，相当于“基数词+ more+名词”表示“又… 再…”eg：Then, add the cabbage, tomatoes and onion and cook for another 10 minutes.然后，加入卷心 菜、西红柿和洋葱，再煮10分钟。The doctor worked for another two hours after twelve o'clock. =The doctor worked for two more hours after twelve o'clock.这个医生十二点之后又工作了两个小时。12、first, next, then与finallyfinally副词，意为“最后;最终"，其同义短语为at last和in the end.eg：Finally, they agreed with our plan. 最后，他们同意了我们的计划。Finally, don't forget to add some salt. 最后，不要忘记加一些盐● first,next,then与finally一起使用，意为''首先…，接下来…，然后…，最后…”，用来描述做某件事的过程或步骤的先后顺序，使叙述更加有条理。eg：First, cut up an apple. Next, put it into the blender and add some milk. Then,turn on the blender. Finally, enjoy your apple milk shake.首先，切碎一个苹果。接下来，把它放入食物搅拌器并加入一些牛奶。然后，打开食物搅拌器。最后，享用你的苹果奶昔。13、疑问词+动词不定式“疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构前面第五章已经讲过，动词不定式前可与疑问词（how/what/when/where/which/whose（＋名词））+动词不定式，意为“应该如何做/何时做/何地做/做哪些事…”。在句子里作主语，宾语，表语等，注意why后的不定式不带toeg：I don't know what to do next. 我不知道接下来做什么. （作宾语）Do you know how to plant a tree ? 你知道怎样种树吗？ （作宾语）We haven’t decided where to go for lunch. 我们还没有决定去哪里午餐。（作宾语）where to go is not decide yet. 去哪儿还没有决定 （主语）● 可以单独使用，相当于一个特殊疑问句eg：what to do next?= what will you to do next? 下一步怎么办？Why go there?=Why do you go there? 为什么去那里？● “疑问词+动词不定式”常见考点：⑴ “疑问词+动词不定式”的同义转换。eg：I don't know what to do.=I don't know what I should do. 我不知道做什么。⑵ 动词不定式的动词后面是否加介词。eg：I didn't decide which room to live in. 我没有决定住哪个房间。I didn't decide where to live. 我没有决定住在哪儿。⑶ 动词不定式的动词后面是否需要宾语。eg：I don't know what to do. 我不知道做什么。I don't know how to do it. 我不知道怎样做它。14、dig a holedig作及物动词，意为“掘（地）；凿（洞）；挖（土）”，其过去式是dug，现在分词是digging。hole作可数名词，意为“洞；孔；坑”。eg：They will dig the garden before winter. 他们将在冬天来临前把花园翻一遍。What are they digging? 他们在挖什么？There are some holes in the wall. 墙上有些洞。He dug a hole and planted a tree. 他挖了个洞并种了一棵树。B部分1、a piece ofa piece of意为“一片；一块；一段；一张；一条；一首”a piece of： 一块 一片 一条 一首 一张a piece of 后接不可数名词，表示数量；如果表示的数量超过一个，则piece用复数形式。a piece of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；而…pieces of短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。eg：First,put some butter on a piece of bread. 首先，在一片面包上放一些黄油。I'm hungry. Please give me a piece of bread. 我饿了。请给我一片面包。She wrote something on a small piece of paper.她在一小片纸上写了点儿什么。There is a piece of bread on the plate. 盘子里有一片面包。There are two pieces of bread on the plate. 盘子里有两片面包。2、traditionaltraditional为形容词，意为“传统的；惯例的”，可在句中作定语或表语。其名词为：tradition 意为“传统”。eg：In most countries, people usually eat traditional food on special holidays.在大多数国家，人们通常在特殊的节日里吃传统食物。In fact, many people like traditional Chinese medicine in the world.事实上，世界上有许多人喜欢传统中药。It's our tradition to eat dumplings at the Spring Festival. 春节吃饺子是我们的传统。3、动词不定式作定语动词不定式（短语）作定语时，常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，即作后置定语。eg：It is a time to give thanks for food in the autumn. 是一个感恩秋季获得食物的时候。The next train to arrive is from Qingdao. 下一列到站的火车是从青岛开来的。4、give thanks for sth.与give thanks to sb.give thanks for sth. 意为“因某事表示感谢”。give thanks to sb. 意为“对某人表示感谢”。eg：It is a time to give thanks for food in the autumn. 是一个感恩秋季获得食物的时候。I'd like to give thanks for your help. 对你的帮助，我深表谢意。Betty's parents gave thanks to the doctor. 贝蒂的父母对那位医生表示感谢。5、美式英语与英式英语的不同单词6、celebratecelebrate动词，意为“庆祝；庆贺”。它的过去式和过去分词都是在后面加-d，名词为：celebration 意为“庆祝；庆典；庆祝活动”。形容词为：celebrated 意为“著名的；闻名的；驰名的”。eg：These days, most Americans still celebrate this idea of giving thanks by having a big meal at home with their family.现在，大多数美国人仍然以和家人在家一起吃大餐的方式来庆祝这种感恩的想法。How do you usually celebrate Thanksgiving? 你们通常怎样庆祝感恩节？7、one way to do sth.one way to do sth. 意为“做某事的一种方式或方法”，其中动词不定式短语作名词way的后置定语，该结构相当于one way of doing sth.。eg：Here is one way to make turkey for a Thanksgiving dinner.这是为感恩节大餐制作火鸡的一种方法。This is the most traditional way to celebrate Spring Festival.=This is the most traditional way of celebrating Spring Festival. 这是庆祝春节最传统的方式。8、mix……and……mix…and…意为“把…和…混合”，其中mix用作及物动词，意为“（使）混合; 融合”。eg：First, mix together some bread pieces, onions, salt and pepper.首先，将一些面包屑、洋葱、盐和胡椒粉混合在一起。You can't mix oil and water. 你不能把油和水融合。She mixed the butter and sugar together. 她把黄油和糖拌在了一起。● mix up意为“混合；混淆”。eg：Let's mix up the two kinds of seeds. 让我们把这两种种子混合在一起吧。● mix也可用作名词，意为“混合配料”，相当于 mixture。eg：Please add water to the cake mix. 请往蛋糕混合料里加水。9、fill……with……fill此处用作及物动词，意为“（使）充满；装满”。fill…with…意为“用…填充/装满…”。常见短语：be full of=be filled with 充满…eg：Next, fill the turkey with this bread mix. 接下来，用这种面包混合配料装满火鸡。The boy filled the bottle with sand. 那个男孩儿用沙子把瓶子装满了。10、a few, few, a little与littlea few意为“一些;几个”，修饰可数名词复数,相当于several或some,表示肯定概念。eg：There are a few eggs in the fridge,so I needn't buy any at once.冰箱里还有几个鸡蛋，所以我不必立刻去买。There are few eggs in the fridge, so I must buy some.冰箱里几乎没有鸡蛋了，所以我必须买一些。I can only speak a little French. 我只会说一点儿法语。There's little rice in the bowl. 碗里没多少米饭了。11、place的用法place用作及物动词，意为“放置;安放”。还可用作名词，意为“地方”eg：When the turkey is ready, place it on a large plate and cover it with gravy.当火鸡烤好时，将火鸡放在一个大盘子上并且把肉汁覆盖在上面。Don't place the bottle near the fire. 不要把瓶子放在火附近。There is no place for your book. 没有地方放你的书。12、cover……with……cover用作及物动词，意为“覆盖；遮盖”。cover…with…意为"用…覆盖…”；be covered with 意为“被……覆盖”。eg：When the turkey is ready, place it on a large plate and cover it with gravy.当火鸡烤好时，将火鸡放在一个大盘子上并且把肉汁覆盖在上面。Lucy covered her face with her hands. 路西用双手捂住了脸。The mountain is covered with thick snow all year round.那座山终年被厚厚的雪覆盖着。● cover用作名词时，意为“封面；覆盖物；盖子”。eg：The cover of the magazine is nice. 这本杂志的封面很漂亮。You can use a cover to cover the cup. 你可以用一个盖子盖住这个杯子。13、serve的用法serve用作及物动词，意为“接待；服务；提供”。常用短serve sth. to sb.或serve sb. (with) sth. 意为“用某物招待某人”。其名词为：service 意为“接待；服务；伺候”eg：Finally, serve it to your friends with some vegetables.最后，用它配着一些蔬菜招待你的朋友们。She served some coffee to her friend. 她用咖啡招待了她的朋友。=She served her friend (with) some coffee.The service in that hotel was terrible. 那家宾馆的服务很差。14、temperature的用法temperature 名词，意为"温度”，at a very high/low temperature 意为“以高温/低温；在高温/低温下”。eg：Then, cook it at a very high temperature for a long time.然后,在很高温度下烘烤很长时间。The workers often work at a very high temperature. 工人们经常在高温下工作。❶ temperature 还可意为"气温”，对气温提问用whateg：What was the temperature yesterday? 昨天气温是多少？❷ take one's temperature 意为“量某人的体温”。eg：The nurse took my temperature just now. 刚才护士给我量了体温❸ the temperature of 意为"……的温度"。eg：The temperature of the water is just right for drinking. 水的温度正好适宜饮用。15、It's time (for sb.) to do sth.It's time (for sb.) to do sth. 为固定句型，意为“到(某人)该做某事的时间了”。=It's time for sth. 意为“到(做)某事的时间了”，for是介词，后常接名词或代词。eg：Now, it's time to enjoy the rice noodles! 现在，是享用米线的时刻了！It's time to make resolutions. 该做决定了。It's time for us to save our environment. 是我们拯救环境的时候了。It's time to go to school.=It's time to for school. 该上学了。16、固定搭配A部分shake n.& v. 摇动；抖动peel v. 剥皮;去皮pour v. 倒出；倾倒yogurt n. 酸奶honey n. 蜂蜜watermelon n. 西瓜spoon n. 勺；调羹add v. 增加；添加finally adv. 最后；最终salt n. 食盐sugar n. 食糖cheese n. 干酪；奶酪corn n. 玉米；谷物machine n. 机器;机械装置dig v. 掘(地)；凿(洞)；挖(土)hole n. 洞；孔；坑B部分sandwich n. 夹心面包片；三明治piece n. 片；块；段traditional adj. 传统的；惯例的autumn n. 秋天；秋季celebrate v. 庆祝；庆贺prepare v. 使做好准备；把…准备好pie n. 果馅饼；果馅派mix n. 混合配料 v.混合；融合pepper n. 胡椒粉；柿子椒fill v. (使)充满；装满plate n. 盘子；碟子cover v. 遮盖;覆盖 n. 覆盖物;盖子serve v. 接待;服务;提供temperature n. 温度；气温；体温A部分milk shake 奶昔turn on 接通(电流、煤气、水等)；打开cut up 切碎pour…into… 把…倒进…里面how many/much 多少put…into… 把…放进…里面one cup of yogurt 一杯酸奶make fruit salad 做水果沙拉make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物Russian soup 俄式汤/罗宋汤take out sth. from… 从…取出某物one more thing 另外一件事cook for another 10 minutes再煮十分钟B部分in most countries 在大多数国家traditional food 传统食物on special holidays 在特殊的假日里in the United States 在美国a time to do sth. 做某事的时间give thanks for… 因…而感谢see…as… 把…看作是…mix together 融合在一起fill…with… 用…装满…cut…into thin pieces 把…切成薄片cover…with… 用…遮盖…one by one 一个接一个地for a long time 好长时间A部分How do you make a banana milk shake? 你怎么制作香蕉奶昔?Turn on the blender. 打开搅拌器。Cut up the bananas. 切碎香蕉。Pour the milk into the blender. 把牛奶倒进搅拌器中。--How many bananas do we need? 我们需要多少根香蕉？--We need three bananas. 我们需要三根香蕉。--How much yogurt do we need? 我们需要多少酸奶？--We need one cup of yogurt. 我们需要1杯酸奶。I want to make Russian soup for a party on Saturday.我想为周六的聚会制作俄式汤。B部分Here is one way to make turkey for a Thanksgiving dinner.这里有一个为感恩节正餐制作火鸡的方法。First, mix together some bread pieces, onions, salt and pepper.首先，将一些面包片、洋葱、盐和胡椒粉混合在一起。Next, fill the turkey with this bread mix. 接下来，将这份面包混合物填在火鸡里。Finally, cut the turkey into thin pieces and eat the meat with vegetables like carrots and potatoes. 最后，把火鸡切成薄片，和像胡萝卜、土豆之类的蔬菜一起吃。Cook it at a very high temperature for a long time. 在高温下将它煮好长时间。It's time to enjoy the rice noodles! 到享用米线的时间了！A部分shake—shook（过去式）blend—blender（名词）final—finally（副词）dig—dug（过去式）B部分sandwich—sandwiches（复数）tradition—traditional（形容词）celebrate—celebrated(过去式)—celebration(名词)mix—mixes(第三人称单数形式)—mixed(过去式)—mixture(名词)元音音素开头an orangean applean eggan hour辅音音素开头a cowa universitya booka car变化规则例子1一般情况下，直接末尾加-sbook-bookspen-pensdog-dogs2以s、x、sh、ch结尾，末尾加-eswatch-watchesbox-boxesbus-buses3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再加-esbaby-babiesstory-storiescandy-candies以“元音字母+y”结尾，直接末尾加-sboy-boysday-daystoy-toys4以“o”结尾的单词有生命加-espotato-potatoestomato-tomatoeshero-heroes无生命加-sphoto-photoszoo-zoospiano-pianos5以“f”或“fe” 结尾，变f或fe 为v，再加-esleaf-leavesknife-knivesscarf-scarves不规则变化例子改变单词中间的元音字母man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teeth（牙齿）mouse-micegoose-geese（鹅）在词尾加-en/renchild-childrenox-oxen（公牛）单复数同形sheep-sheepfish-fishdeer-deer（鹿）people-people“某国人”变复数规则中国、日本不变Chinese-ChineseJapanese-Japanese英国、法国a变eEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-Frenchmen（法国人）其余的国家加-sAmerican-AmericansGerman-Germans（德国人）turn onturn offturn upturn down打开关闭凋高（音量等）凋低（音量等）turn on打开；接通(电源等)通常指打开水龙头、电灯、电视等电器的开关，其对应短语是turn off。open打开；敞开通常指把关着或封着的门、窗、箱子、盒子等打开，其对应词是close。类型例子DO型：动词原形+（宾语）+其他Please write down your name.请写下你的名字。Open the window，please.请打开窗户。Be型：Be+表语+其他成分Be a good girl！做一个好孩子！Be quick！快一点！Let型：Let+宾语+动词原形+其他Let me help you！我来帮你吧！Let's clean the classroom!（Let's=Let us）让我们来打扫教室!类型例子DO型：Don't+动词原形+（宾语）+其他Please don't write down your name.请不要写下你的名字。Don't open the window，please.请不要打开窗户。Be型：Don't+Be+表语+其他成分Don't be a good girl！别做个好女孩！Don't be quick！别这么快！Let型：Don't+Let+宾语+动词原形+其他Don't Let me help you！别让我帮你！Let's not clean the classroom!我们不打扫教室!Let+宾语+not+动词原形+(其他)。cut upcut downcut offcut outcut in切碎砍到；砍伐切断；切除删除插嘴how much多少提问数量，后接不可数名词。多少钱提问价格how many多少提问数量，后接可数名词复数。词语美式英语英式英语商店storeshop秋天fallautumn电影院movie theatrecinema电影moviefilm修饰可数名词复数修饰不可数名词表肯定（一些；几个）a fewa little表否定（几乎没有）fewlittle1、how many+可数名词复数 多少……2、how much+不可数名词 多少……3、let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事4、want to do sth. 想要做某事5、forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事（未做）6、forget to doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做）7、how to do sth. 如何做某事8、There are many reasons for.…… ……有许多理由。9、一段时间+ ago ……以前10、by + doing sth. 通过做某事11、need to do sth. 需要做某事12、make+宾语+形容词 使……怎样13、It's time (for sb.) + to do sth. 到（某人）做某事的时间了。14、First… Next… Then… Finally… 首先… 接下来… 然后… 最后…