2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解考点17说明文（B卷）作业含答案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解考点17说明文（B卷）作业含答案，共13页。
2023届新高考英语高频考点专项练习：专题十二 考点17 说明文（B卷）1.    Lightning could be a much more important atmospheric cleanser than previously thought, according to a new analysis of historical measurements gathered from a storm-chasing airplane back in 2012 data which were originally thought to be inaccurate.    While some of the air-cleaning qualities of lightning are already well understood—in particular the creation of nitric oxide(氧化亚氮) and hydroxide(氢氧化物) that can wash out various greenhouse gases from the sky—there's a lot more going on here, according to the new research.    It appears that both lightning and the weaker, invisible electrical charges around them can produce the pollutant-catching oxidants hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2), which can also remove some polluted gases such as methane and carbon monoxide from the atmosphere.    These 2012 readings were taken from a NASA plane flying over Colorado and Oklahoma, measuring the top part of storm clouds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered on the ground at the same time, showed that the lightning was indeed producing these high levels of oxidants(氧化剂).    A series of lab experiments backed up the idea that both visible lightning and invisible electrical charges in the air could produce extreme amounts of oxidants hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2). It's worth bearing in mind that most lightning storms never strike the ground, but are nevertheless setting off a lot of chemical reactions in the clouds.    At the moment, the hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl produced by lightning isn't included in atmospheric modeling—a neglect that could be significant.    "Through history, people were only interested in lightning storms because of what they could do on the ground," says Brune. "Now there is increasing interest in the weaker electrical discharges in thunderstorms that lead to clean the atmosphere."    There's a lot of uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mostly because their data is from a small part of the world over a limited time frame—but they guess that between 2-16 percent of global atmospheric oxidation could be caused by lightning storms.1.Why can the lightning clean the air?
A.It usually goes with rain. B.It can produce more oxygen.
C.It can remove some greenhouse gases. D.It deals with the dirty dust and polluted air.
2.How did the researchers get the conclusion?
A.By using others' report. B.By comparing some data.
C.By doing research in the lab. D.By studying the previous data.
3.What is the disadvantage of the research?
A.It is not all-sided.  B.It is not the latest.
C.It is done on the ground. D.It is only about atmosphere.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.The Atmosphere is Getting Polluted
B.Lightning is Dangerous for Human Beings
C.Scientists Find Chemical Reactions in the Clouds
D.Lightning Helps the Atmosphere Clean Itself2.    Social distancing is not a new concept in the natural world, where infectious diseases are commonplace. Through specialized senses animals can detect certain diseases and change their behavior to avoid getting ill.    In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian national park, zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus. His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the group. In one instance, McGregor approached chimps in a tree. He reached out a hand in greeting, but the others moved away without a backward glance.    "For a full two minutes, old McGregor sat motionless, staring after them," Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. "It's really not that different to how some societies react today to such a tragedy."    Not all animals are so aggressive toward their sick neighbors. Sometimes it's as simple as avoiding those who may infect you.    When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrog in the late 1990s, he found that bullfrogs could not only detect a deadly smell of infection in other bullfrogs, but healthy members actively avoided those that were sick. Bullfrogs rely on chemicals signals to determine who is sick or not.    Caribbean lobsters(龙虾) also avoid diseased members of their community, well before they become infectious. It takes about eight weeks for lobsters infected with the deadly virus to become dangerous to others. Normally social animals, lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks after infection—once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals.    "Overall, it's important to note that, unlike us, animals don't realize if they stay home, they might actually reduce the infection rate," Kiesecker explains. "As humans, we have that ability. It's a big difference."1.Why did other chimps attack McGregor?
A.He was a loner.  B.He got seriously ill.
C.He may cause the group ill. D.He hurt other chimps first.
2.How did Goodall feel when seeing McGregor's result?
A.Supportive. B.Doubtful. C.Objective. D.Sympathetic.
3.How long will the healthy Caribbean lobsters stay with the diseased ones?
A.About a month.  B.About eight weeks.
C.About four days.  D.Fewer than four weeks.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Social Distancing in Nature B.Carrying out Social DistancingC.Puzzling Social Distancing in Chimps D.Social Distancing between Human and Animals3.    Blood donations save lives. But blood can only be stored under fridge for up to six weeks. After that, it's no longer usable for transfusions. But Kopechek's team has developed a method of preserving blood so it can be stored in a dehydrated(脱水的) state at room temperature. To do so, they turned to a sugar called trehalose(海藻糖), which is a common material in a friedcake...    "To help make them look fresh even when they might be months old, and you wouldn't know the difference." The researchers chose trehalose because in nature, it's made by tough animals like sea monkeys—also known as brine shrimp(虾)—famous for their ability to survive dehydration. "So these animals can dry out completely for a long period of time and then be rehydrated and restart normal function. So we wanted to use the trehalose that's produced by these creatures and apply that to preserving blood cells in a dried state, just like those creatures are."    But first, the researchers had to get trehalose into blood cells. They then used special equipment to drill holes in the cell tissue layers—which let some trehalose get in. And they need to have sufficient level of trehalose on both the inside and the outside of the cell in order to survive the dehydration and rehydration process. At that point, the blood could be dried and made into a powder. And then they can rehydrate the blood and have it return back to normal.    The team is still trying to improve production but thinks the dried blood could be stored at room temperature for years. Kopechek says the technique could be ready for clinical trials in three to five years. If successful, it could be used to create stores of dried blood in case of future diseases or natural disasters and for humanitarian aid work, military operations or even missions to Mars. Maybe first aid kits on the Red Planet will include dried red blood cells.1.Why are sea monkeys mentioned in the second paragraph?
A.Their born dehydration is worth studying.
B.They are as well-known as one species of shrimp.
C.They can produce much trehalose to lengthen their life.
D.Their ability to survive dehydration may inspire the researchers.
2.What's the third paragraph mainly about?
A.The method of dehydrating plants. B.The process of producing dried blood.
C.The working system of taking in trehalose. D.The way of storing spare fresh blood.
3.What's Kopechek's attitude to the technique of preserving blood?
A.Subjective. B.Supportive. C.Doubtful. D.Ambiguous.
4.Where is the passage probably from?
A.A biology textbook.  B.A travel brochure.
C.A popular novel.  D.A science magazine.4.    A new study has found that braving the cold may be a good way to help burn off some of that Christmas desserts.    The research was carried out by scientists at Canada's Laurentian University and focused on high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This format has grown in popularity of late due to the fat-burning benefits it brings, and the team set out to explore how temperature might influence its effects.    The study involved 11 overweight adults who took part in two HIIT sessions a week apart. One of these was carried out in a "thermoneutral" environment with temperatures of around 70℉ (21℃), and the other at a cold 32℉ (0℃). The sessions consisted of 10 separate cycling race at 90 percent effort lasting one minute, followed by 90-second "recovery" periods of cycling at 30 percent intensity.    After each session, the participants cooled down by gently cycling or walking, ate a nutrition bar before going to sleep and enjoyed a high-fat breakfast the morning after. During these sessions, the scientists monitored skin temperature, core body temperature, heart rate and the amount of oxygen. Blood samples were also drawn to help calculate fat burning rates following the breakfast the next day.    "The present study found that high-intensity exercise in the cold increased lipid oxidation(脂质氧化) by 358 percent in comparison to high-intensity exercise in a thermoneutral environment," the team writes.    The authors also note that the idea that cold temperatures help us burn more fat during exercise will need further investigation(调查), though the first-of-a-kind study does indicate it's a possibility worth pursuing.1.What is good for burning off fat according to the study?
A.Cold food.  B.Low temperature.
C.Hard workout.  D.Cycling race.
2.What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A.Introduction to the study. B.Some data in the study.
C.The participants in the study. D.The process of the study.
3.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Further study needs to be done. B.Doing exercise burns more fat.C.The efforts of scientists are in vain. D.The study result is unreasonable.
4.What is the best title of the text?
A.High-intensity Workouts Help Burn off Extra Calories
B.Cycling in the Cold Is a Great Way to Build up Your Body
C.Study Shows Fat-burning Potential of Exercising in the Cold
D.Researchers Have Found More Fat-burning Workouts5.    Human beings are not alone in having invented vaccination(接种疫苗), while honeybees got there first and they can run what look like vaccination programmes, which has been confirmed by Gyan Harwood of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.    Queen bees vaccinate their eggs before they are laid. But the question is how the queen receives her antigen supply of defensive matter, for she lives purely on royal jelly(蜂王浆), a liquid produced by nurse bees when they are in the life stage of feeding the young. Dr. Harwood wondered if the nurses combined the royal jelly they produced with pieces from pathogens(病原体碎片) they had consumed while eating something brought in from outside.    To test this idea, they collected about 150 nurse bees and divided them among six queenless mini nests equipped with the young to look after. They fed the nurses on sugar-water, and for three of the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, to sugar-water.    Dr. Harwood and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, to make them easy to track. And, sure enough, microscope confirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting into royal jelly secreted by those bees which had been fed with the sugar water. Moreover, examination of this royal jelly included higher levels of defensive matter, compared with royal jelly from bees that had not been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This matter is thought to help bee immune systems fight against bacteria.    All told, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their royal jelly, passing defensive matter on to the queen, then into eggs. They also mean, because the young receive royal jelly for the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the young the second defensive matter. Each young bee is therefore being vaccinated twice.1.What puzzled Dr. Harwood about the queen bees?
A.Whether bees run vaccination earlier than man.
B.How the antigen come into the queen bees' bodies.
C.Where the nurses receive pathogens.
D.What the royal jelly consists of.
2.How did Dr. Harwood develop his experiment?
A.By dividing bees into different roles. B.By observing the nurses' behaviors.
C.By changing the components of royal jelly. D.By keeping track of the special bacterium.
3.What do we learn from the results of the experiment?
A.Nurse bees are the key to vaccination for bee group.
B.The queens produced defensive matter by themselves.
C.Bacteria-used royal jelly has fewer defensive matter.
D.Two vaccinations are given to young bees by caregivers directly.
4.Where is the passage probably taken from?
A.A pet guide.  B.A social website.
C.An official document.  D.A medical magazine.6.    Since there seems to be an app for everything, it may come as no surprise that there is an app for cheating. But what surprised me most as an educator playing this cat-and-mouse game for decades is that cheating is now scaled up. Chegg, in which students pay $10 or $15 a month for round-the-clock access to resources including exam questions, textbook solutions and homework "help", reported 4.9 million subscribers, a 31% year-over-year increase, and $198.5 million in quarterly revenue.    As an unintended consequence of technology allowing remote learning and exams, students are finding more and more online venues allowing them to earn grades and diplomas by cheating. How do we curb this kind of cheating and its threat to the integrity (诚实) of our students and educational system?    The answer depends on the motivation behind the decision to cheat. Many students don't think of it as cheating, as they are paying a legal company for the service; others feel pressured to get the grades and so justify the means. Some students who are cheating dodge academic consequences, as there are few technology solutions to capture original answers provided by experts, and plagiarism (剽窃)-catching software can't detect original work bought and paid for by these students.    However, in 2020, Australian lawmaker made it illegal to arrange for or advertise selling certain cheating services such as paid essay writing. Did it have an effect? According to Forbes contributing writer Derek Newton, many of the biggest and best-known essay mills (工厂) are ending operations there.    Besides, fighting against this cheating requires a coordinated effort by educational institutions and their accreditors, with accreditation agencies possibly changing online professional entrance exams to prevent cheating. Fields such as engineering, science and nursing will lose in the long run if students cheat their way into the professions.    Indeed, our society loses the most from this cheating in plain sight (显眼的). Cheating corrupts the individual who cheats, yes, but it also destroys the faith we have in our educational system, its honest graduates and the people we depend on to build technology that truly serves human interaction, decision making and achievement.1. What might the writer be?
A. A teacher.  B. A parent.  C. An official D. A policeman.
2. What does the underlined word "dodge" in the third paragraph mean?
A. Reject.  B. Face.  C. Avoid.  D. Accept.
3. What happened after Australian lawmakers took action against cheating?
A. Few students dared to cheat any longer.
B. Many writers and scholars lost their jobs.
C. Students who cheated faced serious outcomes.
D. Many essay-selling companies were closed there.
4. What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to fight against college cheating?
B. Being honest is the most important quality
C. What happened to the educational system?
D. Online cheating, the dark side of remote learning7.    People who have difficulty in falling asleep may put on a pair of socks when they are going to sleep. It is said that it will promote sleep. What is the reason behind it?    To understand why, you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body works at an average temperature of 37℃. But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 1.2℃ over the course of six or seven hours of sleep.    This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学的) behavior of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower your core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. The palms of your hands and soles of your feet are the body's most efficient heat exchangers, since they are hairless and less insulated (有隔热保护的) than other skin surfaces.    Studies have shown that warming the feet before going to sleep by having a warm foot bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管舒张), which in turn lowers the body's core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.    In a study, Korean researchers found that wearing a pair of special "sleeping socks" not only speeded up the onset of sleep, but increased the overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half.    These scientific studies confirm that wearing socks to bed can actually promote sleep. If you're one of those people who have trouble falling asleep, put on a pair of socks at bedtime!1. What does getting to sleep mainly depend on?
A. The average temperature of human bodies.
B. The overall sleep time.
C. The insulated hands.
D. The drop in core body temperature.
2. Which parts of the body mainly give off heat?
A. The head and hair.   B. Skin and bloody
C. The heart and lungs.   D. Hands and Feet.
3. Which of the following is not one of the benefits of wearing socks when sleeping?
A. Falling asleep quicker.  B. Feeling comfortable.
C. Increasing the sleep time.  D. Waking up less often at night.
4. Where does the passage probably come from?
A. A newspaper.   B. A travel guide.
C. A science report.   D. A fashion magazine. 8.    "We thought dogs would behave like children under age 5, but now we guess that perhaps dogs can understand when someone is dishonest," says Huber at the University of Vienna in Austria. "Maybe they think, 'This person has the same knowledge as me, but is giving me the wrong information.' It's possible they could see that as intentionally misleading, which is lying."    Once that trust was established, the team had the dogs witness another person move the food from the first to the second howl. The communicators were either in the room, and also witnessed the switch, or were briefly absent and so apparently unaware that the food had been switched. In either case, the communicators would later recommend the first bowl, which was now empty.    In previous versions of this experiment with children under age 5, the participants reacted in particular ways. They would typically ignore a communicator who gave honest but misleading advice on where the food was. However, if the communicator had been in the room and witnessed the switch, but still recommended the first (now empty) howl, young children were actually much more likely to follow the communicator's knowingly misleading suggestion.    This may be because the children and non-human primates(灵长类) trusted the communicator over the evidence of their own eyes, says Huber.    The dogs in the new experiment, however, weren't so trusting of lying communicators, much to the researchers' surprise, says Huber. Half of the dogs would follow the communicator's misleading advice if the communicator hadn't witnessed the food switch. But about two-thirds of dogs ignored a communicator who had witnessed the food switch and still recommended the now-empty bowl. These dogs simply went to the bowl filled with food instead. "They did not rely on the communicator anymore," says Huber.1. What do Huber's words in the first paragraph imply?
A. Dogs are a lot cleverer than we thought.
B. Dogs can be trained to act like children.
C. Dogs can understand everything humans mean.
D. Dogs won't believe people any longer.
2. What's the purpose of the third paragraph?
A. To draw a conclusion.   B. To sum up the reason.
C. To make a comparison.   D. To lead in a new experiment.
3. Who would the dogs trust after the food was moved?
A. The one who moved the food.
B. The one who didn't see the food switch.
C. The one who saw the food switch and told the truth.
D. The one who saw the food switch and recommended the wrong bowl.
4. What can we conclude from the passage?
A. We should treat dogs honestly.
B. Dogs are cleverer than children under age 5.
C. We can train dogs to find food in different ways.
D. Dogs judge the communicator mainly by what they see.

 

答案以及解析1.答案：1-4 CBAD解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的"in particular the creation of nitric oxide(氧化亚氮) and hydroxide(氢氧化物) that can wash out various greenhouse gases from the sky"可知, 闪电中生成的氧化亚氮和氢氧化物可以清除天空中的各种温室气体。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段"These 2012 readings were taken from a NASA plane flying over Colorado and Oklahoma, measuring the top part of storm clouds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered on the ground at the same time, showed that the lightning was indeed producing these high levels of oxidants(氧化剂)."可知, 这些2012年的数据是美国航空航天局的一架飞机在科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州测量风暴云的顶部时获得的。最近的分析加上同时在地面上收集的数据表明, 闪电确实产生了这些高级的氧化剂。由此可推知, 研究人员是通过对比分析数据得出的结论。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"There's a lot of uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mostly because their data is from a small part of the world over a limited time frame"可知, 研究人员承认, 数据中有很多不确定性, 主要是因为他们的数据只是(在)有限的时间内的数据, 且他们只在世界上的一小部分地区进行了测试。由此可推知, 该研究不是很全面。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 文章主要介绍闪电是自然界中天然的空气净化器。因此, D项"闪电有助于大气层的自我清洁"概括了本文大意, 是本文的最佳标题。故选D。 2.答案：1-4 CDAA解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句"In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian national park, zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus. His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the group."可知, McGregor感染了一种传染性很强的病毒, 它的黑猩猩同伴攻击了它, 把它赶出了群体。由此可推知, 猩猩们攻击McGregor是因为它可能会导致整个群体生病。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段" 'For a full two minutes, old McGregor sat motionless, staring after them,' Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. 'It's really not that different to how some societies react today to such a tragedy.' "可知, Goodall在她1971年出版的In the shadow of Man一书中写道: "老McGregor一动不动地坐了整整两分钟, 盯着它们的背影, 这和如今一些社会群体对这样的悲剧的反应没有什么不同"。由此可推知, 当看到McGregor的结局时, Goodall对此感到同情。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句"Normally social animals, lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks after infection—once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals."可知, 龙虾通常是群居动物, 一旦它们闻到生病的龙虾释放出的特定化学物质, 会在生病的龙虾感染四周后尽可能早地开始远离它, 即健康的加勒比龙虾会和生病的龙虾在一起待约一个月的时间。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文尤其是第一段第一句"Social distancing is not a new concept in the natural world, where infectious diseases are commonplace."可知, 文章主要介绍了自然界中动物保持社交距离的现象。A项是最适合本文的标题, 故选A。 3.答案：1-4 DBBD解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第二至四句中的"sea monkeys...famous for their ability to survive dehydration. So these animals can dry out completely...So we wanted to use the trehalose...apply that to preserving blood cells...like those creatures are."可知, 这些动物能完全脱水变干很长一段时间后再水化, 然后重启正常的机能。所以研究人员想利用这些动物产生的海藻糖, 将其应用于在干燥的状态下保存血细胞。由此可推知, 第二段提及海猿是为了表明海猿脱水生存的能力可能让研究人员获得了保存血液的灵感。故选D。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段中的"first"、"then"、"At that point"、"And then"等描述过程的衔接词和"blood cells"、"rehydrate"以及第四句中的"the blood could be dried and made into a powder"可知, 本段主要介绍了制造脱水血液的过程。故选B。
3.观点态度题。根据最后一段第二句"Kopechek says the technique could be ready for clinical trials in three to five years."可知, Kopechek表示这种技术能为三到五年内的临床试验做准备。由此可推知, Kopechek对此项技术持支持态度。故选B。
4.文章出处题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项关于血液保存的科学研究。由此可推知, 本文可能来自一本科学杂志。故选D。 4.答案：1-4 BAAC解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"A new study has found that braving the cold may be a good way to help burn off some of that Christmas desserts."可知, 根据该研究, 低温有助于燃烧脂肪。故选B。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知, 本段介绍了这项研究的研究对象以及研究过程。由此可推知, 本段主要介绍了这项研究。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"The authors also note that the idea that cold temperatures help us burn more fat during exercise will need further investigation(调查)"可知, 低温有助于我们在运动中燃烧更多脂肪的想法还需要做进一步的研究(去证实)。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项研究, 此研究发现在低温中锻炼的人们可以燃烧更多的脂肪。因此C项为本文的最佳标题。故选C。 5.答案：1-4 BDAD解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段内容尤其是第二句中的"But the question is how the queen receives her antigen supply"可知, Harwood博士对于抗原进入蜂后体内的方式感到困惑。故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容尤其是第四段第一句"Dr. Harwood and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, to make them easy to track."可知, Harwood博士为了验证自己的猜想, 便和Salmela博士把150只保育蜂分成六组, 用糖水喂养这些保育蜂, 并在其中三个蜂巢的糖水中加入了幼虫芽孢杆菌, 然后研究人员在显微镜下追踪被标记了的幼虫芽孢杆菌的情况。由此可推知, Harwood博土是通过追踪特殊的细菌来开展他的实验的。故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句"All told, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their royal jelly, passing defensive matter on to the queen, then into eggs. They also mean, because the young receive royal jelly for the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the young the second defensive matter."可知, 综上所述, 这些发现表明, 保育蜂确实通过蜂王浆将抗原传给蜂后, 以便将其接种到卵中。这也意味着, 因为幼虫在孵化后的最初几天也会接受蜂王浆, 所以保育蜂会给它们的幼虫注射第二次疫苗。由此可推知, 保育蜂对蜂群的疫苗接种至关重要。故选A。
4.文章出处题。通读全文内容可知, 本文主要介绍了蜜蜂是最先发明疫苗并接种疫苗的物种。因此, 本文最有可能摘自一本医学杂志。故选D。 6.答案：1-4 ACDD解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第二句But what surprised me most as an educator playing this cat-and-mouse game for decades is that cheating is now scaled up.可知,作者是一名玩了几十年这种"猫捉老鼠游戏"的教育工作者,结合选项可知,作者可能是一名教师。故选A。2.词义猜测题。第三段主要讲述了网络作弊背后的动机。根据该段最后一句中的as there are few technology solutions to capture original answers provided by experts, and plagiarism-catching software can't detect original work bought and paid for by these students可知,很少有技术解决方案能够捕捉专家提供的原创答案,而捕捉剽窃的软件也无法查到这些学生购买和支付的原创作品,因此可推断画线词所在句表明:一些作弊的学生能够逃避学术后果。avoid意为"避开;避免",与画线词意思最为接近。故选C。3.细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句According to Forbes contributing writer Derek Newton, many of the biggest and best-known essay mills are ending operations there.可知,据《福布斯》撰稿人德里克·牛顿所说,那里许多最大、最著名的论文工厂正在结束营业。故选D。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,全文围绕网络作弊这一现象展开,介绍了其产生原因、现状、危害及如何杜绝网络作弊。结合选项可知,D项最适合作本文标题。故选D。7.答案：1-4 DDBC解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological behavior of falling asleep and staying asleep.可知,核心体温的逐渐下降是入睡和保持睡眠这一复杂的神经生物学行为的关键。故选D。2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的The palms of your hands and soles of your feet are the body's most efficient heat exchangers可知,手掌和脚掌是身体最有效的传热器。故选D。3.细节理解题。根据第五段中的wearing a pair of special "sleeping socks" not only speeded up the onset of sleep, but increased the overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episodes in half可知,穿袜子睡觉不仅加快了入睡过程,而且使总睡眠时间平均增加了30分钟,还使夜间醒来的次数减少了一半。B项(感觉舒服)在文章中未提及。故选B。4.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了穿袜子睡觉有助于睡眠的原因以及相关研究,故本文应出自一篇科学报告。故选C。8.答案：1-4 ACBA解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段内容尤其是第一句中的"but now we guess that perhaps dogs can understand when someone is dishonest"可知,Huber猜测也许当某个人不诚实时,狗会知道。由此可推知,Huber的话表明狗比我们所认为的要聪明得多。故选A。2.目的意图题。通读全文尤其是第三段内容可知,本段主要介绍了5岁以下儿童寻找食物的特定方式,此种方式与狗寻找食物的方式明显不同。由此可推知,作者写第三段的目的是将儿童与狗寻找食物的方式进行对比。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第二、三句中的"Half of the dogs would follow the communicator's misleading advice if the communicator hadn't witnessed the food switch. But about two-thirds of dogs ignored a communicator who had witnessed the food switch"可知,如果交流者没有看到食物的转移,一半的狗会听从交流者的误导性的建议,但大约三分之二的狗会忽视看到了食物的转移的交流者(的建议)。由此可推知,当食物被移动后,狗会信任没有看到食物被移动的人。故选B。4.推理判断题。通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知,文章介绍了一项实验,该实验表明狗比人类想象得要聪明得多,如果你给狗留下了不诚实的印象,那么它们就不会再相信你了。由此可推知,我们应该诚实地对待狗。故选A。