2023届高三英语新题专题03阅读理解之说明文月考题含解析

这是一份2023届高三英语新题专题03阅读理解之说明文月考题含解析，共66页。
 2023届高三英语名校新题快递--10月月考专辑
专题03阅读理解之说明文 解析版
【01】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考
【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
【03】广东省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月
【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考
【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）
【06】河南省实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考
【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）
【08】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断考试
【10】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考
【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考
【13】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考
【14】湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二
【15】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考
【17】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
【19】江西省名校高中2022-2023学年高三上学期联合测评
【20】湖北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题
【21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月考
【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试
【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考
【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三10月统考
【01】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考
The world’s biggest electric vehicle — a 45-ton mining dump truck named the eDumper — may have to give up its throne. The newcomer, powered with both electricity and a reserve of hydrogen fuel, is going to steal that title as the largest electric mining truck.
London-based Anglo American is developing the beast of a machine — it weighs 290 tons — as part of its sustainable mining vision. The conceptual work is done, but U.K-based Williams Advanced Engineering will bring the truck to life. The idea is to replace the vehicle’s diesel engine (柴油机) with a high-power modular lithium-ion battery (锂电池). “We are delighted to be involved in this innovative and exciting project which shows the potential of battery technology that can adapt to increased demands, from automotive and motorsport to ‘heavy duty’ industrial applications,” Craig Wilson, managing director of Williams Advanced Engineering, said.
While the eDumper — a mining truck used to move stones from the sides of mountains in Switzerland — relies entirely on pure electricity and pure physics for power, the Anglo American truck will use both a lithium-ion battery and a hydrogen fuel cell (电池) module. Altogether, the new truck will have over 1,000 Kilowatt hours of energy storage.
Hydrogen fuel is a clear fuel that produces only water as a by-product when consumed in a fuel cell. It’s typically produced from natural gas nuclear power, or renewable wind and solar power. Adding hydrogen fuel cells to the vehicle’s battery will allow the truck to run for longer periods of time without recharging.
There’s also a third type of power that comes into play with the Anglo American truck: kinetic (动力的) energy created through the process of regenerative braking (再生制动系统). When an electric vehicle — be it the Anglo American truck, or the eDumper — rolls down a hill, that movement creates electrical energy for the battery as you brake. The electric motors power the car through the battery’s stored energy, but can also become mini generators that return some energy back to the battery.
After Anglo American finishes test trials with the truck, the firm will conduct studies to understand how the truck’s power units can be used to provide energy storage in other applications.
8. What can be known about “the eDumper”?
A. It weighs more than 290 tons.
B. It is powered by hydrogen fuel.
C. It will no longer be the largest electric truck.
D. It will discourage buyers for being expensive.
9. What can be inferred from Craig Wilson’s words?
A. Battery technology is the key to updating vehicles.
B. Battery technology is the basis of manufacturing trucks.
C. The development of the lithium-ion battery is limited.
D. The future of the lithium-ion battery is promising.
10. What is the benefit of adopting hydrogen fuel cells?
A. It can save a lot of money.
B. Vehicles become more eco-friendly.
C. It has no environmental impact at all.
D. Vehicles no longer need to be recharged.
11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following can be a feature of regenerative braking?
A. Autonomous braking.
B. Energy transformation.
C. Simple operation.
D. zero-carbon emission.
【答案】8. C9. D10. B11. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了位于伦敦的英美资源集团（Anglo American）正在开发一种重达290吨的卡车，这将成为世界上最大的电动卡车。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The world’s biggest electric vehicle — a 45-ton mining dump truck named the eDumper — may have to give up its throne. The newcomer, powered with both electricity and a reserve of hydrogen fuel, is going to steal that title as the largest electric mining truck.(世界上最大的电动汽车——一辆45吨重的矿山自卸车，名叫eDumper ——可能不得不放弃它的宝座。这个同时使用电力和氢燃料储备新建造的车，将会夺得最大电力采矿卡车的称号。)”可知，eDumper将不再是最大的电动卡车。故选C。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“The idea is to replace the vehicle’s diesel engine (柴油机) with a high-power modular lithium-ion battery (锂电池). “We are delighted to be involved in this innovative and exciting project which shows the potential of battery technology that can adapt to increased demands, from automotive and motorsport to ‘heavy duty’ industrial applications,” Craig Wilson, managing director of Williams Advanced Engineering, said.(这个想法是用一个大功率的模块化锂离子电池来代替汽车的柴油发动机。“我们很高兴参与这个创新和令人兴奋的项目，它展示了电池技术的潜力，可以适应从汽车和赛车到‘重型’工业应用等不断增长的需求。”)”可知，从Craig Wilson的话可以看出，锂离子电池的未来充满希望。故选D。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Hydrogen fuel is a clear fuel that produces only water as a by-product when consumed in a fuel cell. It’s typically produced from natural gas, nuclear power, or renewable wind and solar power. Adding hydrogen fuel cells to the vehicle’s battery will allow the truck to run for longer periods of time without recharging.(氢燃料是一种清洁的燃料，在燃料电池中消耗时只产生副产品水。它通常由天然气、核能或可再生风能和太阳能发电产生。将氢燃料电池添加到汽车的电池将允许卡车运行更长的时间不用充电。)”可知，氢燃料电池是一种更加环保的电池，由此可知，采用氢燃料电池的好处是汽车变得更加环保。故选B。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“When an electric vehicle — be it the Anglo American truck, or the eDumper — rolls down a hill, that movement creates electrical energy for the battery as you brake. The electric motors power the car through the battery’s stored energy, but can also become mini generators that return some energy back to the battery.(当一辆电动汽车——无论是英美卡车还是eDumper——从山上滚下来时，这种运动会在刹车时为电池产生电能。电动马达通过电池储存的能量为汽车提供动力，但也可以成为迷你发电机，将一些能量返回给电池。)”可知，能量转换是再生制动的一个特性，故选B。
【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
The Alps’ glaciers (冰川) are on track for their highest mass losses in at least 60 years of record keeping, data shared with Reuters shows. By looking at the difference in how much snow fell in winter, and how much ice melts in summer, scientists can measure how much a glacier has shrunk in any given year.
Since last winter, which brought relatively little snowfall, the Alps have gone through two big early summer heatwaves—including one in July marked by temperatures near 30ºC in the Swiss mountain village of Zermatt. During this heatwave, the elevation (海拔) at which water froze was measured at a record high of 5,184 meters—at an altitude higher than Mont Blanc’s—compared with the normal summer level of between 3,000 - 3,500 meters.
Most of the world’s mountain glaciers are shrinking due to climate change. But those in the European Alps are especially vulnerable (脆弱的) because they are smaller with relatively little ice cover. Meanwhile, temperatures in the Alps are warming at around 0.3ºC per decade—around twice as fast as the global average.
If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, the Alps’ glaciers are expected to lose more than 80% of their current mass by 2100. Many will disappear regardless of whatever action is taken now, thanks to global warming baked in by past emissions, according to a 2019 report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Swiss residents worry that the glacier losses will hurt their economy. Some ski resorts of the Alps, which rely on these glaciers, now cover themselves with white sheets to reflect sunlight and reduce melting. Swiss glaciers feature in many of the country’s fairy tales, and the Aletsch Glacier is considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site. “Losing the glaciers means losing our national heritage and our identity,” said hiker Bernardin Chavaillaz.
12. What happened to the elevation at which water froze in the Alps?
A. It remained unchanged.
B. It increased sharply.
C. It reached a new low.
D. It dropped noticeably.
13. What’s the main purpose of paragraph 3?
A. To show temperatures are rising in the Alps.
B. To prove climate change leads to heatwaves.
C. To explain why the Alps’ glaciers are in danger.
D. To predict what will happen to the Alps’ glaciers.
14. What did Bernardin Chavaillaz express in the last paragraph?
A. His advice on protecting glaciers.
B. His confusion in finding his identity.
C. His concern over the loss of glaciers.
D. His interest in improving the economy.
15. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Glaciers in the Alps Are Disappearing Rapidly
B. Climate Change Is Presenting a Threat to the Alps
C. Summer Heatwaves Hit the Alps More Frequently
D. Measures Are Needed to Protect the Alps’ Glaciers
【答案】12. B13. C14. C15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显示，阿尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“During this heatwave, the elevation (海拔) at which water froze was measured at a record high of 5,184 meters—at an altitude higher than Mont Blanc’s—compared with the normal summer level of between 3,000 - 3,500 meters.(在这次热浪中，水结冰的海拔达到了创纪录的5184米——比勃朗峰还要高——相比之下，正常的夏季海拔在3000 - 3500米之间。)”可知，在这次热浪中，阿尔卑斯山脉的冰点海拔高度达到创纪录的5184米，而正常夏天的冰点高度一般介于3000米至3500米之间，因此它是急速升高。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Most of the world’s mountain glaciers are shrinking due to climate change. But those in the European Alps are especially vulnerable (脆弱的) because they are smaller with relatively little ice cover. Meanwhile, temperatures in the Alps are warming at around 0.3ºC per decade—around twice as fast as the global average.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩小。但欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的山脉尤其脆弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。与此同时，阿尔卑斯山的气温正以每十年0.3摄氏度的速度上升——大约是全球平均速度的两倍。)”可知，第三段的主要目的是解释阿尔卑斯山的冰川为何处于危险之中。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““Losing the glaciers means losing our national heritage and our identity,” said hiker Bernardin Chavaillaz.(登山者Bernardin Chavaillaz说:“失去冰川意味着失去我们的民族遗产和身份。”)”可知，Bernardin Chavaillaz在最后一段表达了他对冰川消失的担忧。故选C。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“The Alps’ glaciers (冰川) are on track for their highest mass losses in at least 60 years of record keeping, data shared with Reuters shows.(路透社分享的数据显示，阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在经历至少60年来最大的大规模损失。)”和第三段的“Most of the world’s mountain glaciers are shrinking due to climate change. But those in the European Alps are especially vulnerable because they are smaller with relatively little ice cover.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩小。但欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的山脉尤其脆弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。)”可知，本文主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显示，阿尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高，因此最好的题目是A选项“Glaciers in the Alps Are Disappearing Rapidly(阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在迅速消失)”，故选A。

【03】广东省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月
Parenting techniques may have long lasting consequences for behavior—even when it comes to dogs.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania studied the early development parenting and the following performance of 98 puppies who underwent guide dog training. Dogs who received more independence and less support from their mothers were more likely to be successful in becoming a guide dog. The study was published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Mom-pup interactions were used to define how highly involved the puppy’s mothers were. Puppies raised with highly involved mothers were more likely to be released—or dropped out from the guide dog program—compared to those with less attentive mothers.
“Too much of a good thing can be a bad thing,” said lead study researcher Emily Bray. Although the study couldn’t definitely point to what was driving this effect, “one possibility is that the dogs that are having overbearing(专横的)mothers are never given the chance to deal with small challenges on their own, and is harmful to their later behavior and outcome in their problem solving. Another possibility is that the puppies for whom the mothers are always around are also the most anxious or stressed,” she explained.
“What I was happy about was that there is a study being done about early life experiences in dogs,” another researcher Dolores Hole said. “If the mom is trying to protect her pups against small challenges, then they will not be suited for the big challenges.”
The study included three breeds(品种):German shepherds, Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers. The puppies were followed from the first weeks of life for several years. Interestingly, Labrador retrievers tended to wash out from the program, while Golden retrievers tended to succeed.
As for whether the findings can be applied to human babies of so-called “helicopter parents,” Bray was hesitant.
“I think people can draw parallels(相似之处), but I think you also have to be careful because they are different species,” she said.
She added, “The nice thing about dogs is that they are a lot less complicated than humans.”
8. What makes successful guide dogs according to the study?
A. Less attentive owners. B. More practical training.
C. Less supportive mothers. D. More tense environment.
9. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A. The necessity of mom-pup interactions.
B. Some characteristics of good guide dogs.
C. The significance of high parental involvement.
D. Potential causes of some puppies’ poor performance.
10. What can we know about Labrador retrievers in the study?
A. They choose to stay. B. They fail to be qualified.
C. They rise to challenges. D. They are easy to notice.
11. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Parenting techniques can apply to guide dogs
B. Guide dogs are less complicated than humans
C. Researchers help raise public awareness of blind people
D. A study is done about early life experiences of human babies
【答案】8. C9. D10. B11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章向读者分析了犬类早期家庭教育对于其后天能力形成及个体发展的影响。通过实验结果进行阐述，并探讨了这一结论是否能被应用于人类身上这一点。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dogs who received more independence and less support from their mothers were more likely to be successful in becoming a guide dog. (从母亲那里获得更多独立性和较少支持的狗更有可能成功成为导盲犬。)”可知，来自母亲的支持更少的狗狗更可能成为一条成功的导盲犬。故选C。
【9题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第四段中“one possibility is that the dogs that are having overbearing（专横的）mothers are never given the chance to deal with small challenges on their own, and is harmful to their later behavior and outcome in their problem solving. Another possibility is that the puppies for whom the mothers are always around are also the most anxious or stressed.(一种可能是，那些有专横的母亲的狗从来没有机会自己处理小挑战，这对它们以后的行为和解决问题的结果是有害的。另一种可能是，总是有妈妈在身边的小狗也是最焦虑或压力最大的。)”可知，本段主要说明了有一些狗狗不能成为导盲犬的原因，即第四段主要分析了使得狗宝宝表现不佳的原因。故选D。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段中“The study included three breeds（品种）:German shepherds, Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers. The puppies were followed from the first weeks of life for several years. Interestingly, Labrador retrievers tended to wash out from the program, while Golden retrievers tended to succeed.(该研究的研究对象包括三个品种：德牧、拉布拉多和金毛。这些幼犬从出生后几周就被跟踪观察了数年。有趣的是，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。)”可知，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。故选B。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据本文通过实验举例分析了父母早期教育对于犬类日后成长发展的影响，并探讨了不同教育对于犬类的不同影响。A选项“Parenting techniques can apply to guide dogs.( 育儿技巧也适用于导盲犬)”最能概括文章内容。故选A。

【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考
In Japan, you are what your blood type is. A person’s blood type is popularly believed to decide his/her character and personality. Type-A people are generally considered sensitive perfectionists and good team players, but over-anxious. Type Os are curious and generous but stubborn. Type ABs are artistic but mysterious and unpredictable, and type Bs are cheerful but eccentric, individualistic, and selfish. Though lacking scientific evidence, this belief is widely seen in books, magazines, and television shows. Last year, four of Japan’s top 10 bestsellers were about how blood type determines personality, through which readers seemed to be able to discover the definition of their blood type or have their self-image confirmed.
The blood-type belief has been used in unusual ways. The women softball team that won gold for Japan at the Beijing Olympics is reported to have used blood-type theories to customize training for each player. Some kindergartens have adopted teaching methods along blood group lines, and even major companies reportedly make decisions about assignments based on an employee’s blood type. In 1990, Mitsubishi Electronics was reported to have announced the formation of a team composed entirely of AB workers, thanks to “their ability to make plans”.
The belief even affects politics. One former prime minister considered it important enough to reveal in his official profile that he was a type A, while his opposition rival was type B. In 2011, a minister, Ryu Matsumoto, was forced to resign after only a week in office, when a bad-tempered encounter with local officials was televised. In his resignation speech, he blamed his failings on the fact that he was blood type B.
The blood-type craze, considered simply harmless fun by some Japanese, may reveal itself as prejudice and discrimination. In fact, this seems so common that the Japanese now have a term for it: bura-hara, meaning blood-type harassment (骚扰). There are reports of discrimination leading to children being bullied, ending of happy relationships, and loss of job opportunities due to blood type.
8. What’s the main idea of paragraph 1?
A. The Japanese attach great importance to blood type.
B. The books about blood type are popular in Japan.
C. The Japanese confirm their personality totally through blood type.
D. The Japanese think blood type bestsellers are important to their self-image.
9. According to the passage, which blood type can we infer is the LEAST favored in Japan?
A. Type A. B. Type B.
C. Type O. D. Type AB.
10. Prime Minister Ryu Matsumoto resigned from office because ________.
A. he revealed his rival’s blood type
B. he was seen behaving rudely on TV
C. he blamed his failings on local officials
D. he was discriminated against because of blood type
11. What is the speaker’s attitude toward the blood-type belief in Japan?
A. Negative. B. Defensive.
C. Objective. D. Encouraging.
【答案】8. A9. B10. B11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要介绍血型在日本非常重要，以日本人在血型上的态度。
【8题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“In Japan, you are what your blood type is. A person’s blood type is popularly believed to decide his/her character and personality. Type-A people are generally considered sensitive perfectionists and good team players, but over-anxious. Type Os are curious and generous but stubborn. Type ABs are artistic but mysterious and unpredictable, and type Bs are cheerful but eccentric, individualistic, and selfish. Though lacking scientific evidence, this belief is widely seen in books, magazines, and television shows. Last year, four of Japan’s top 10 bestsellers were about how blood type determines personality, through which readers seemed to be able to discover the definition of their blood type or have their self-image confirmed.”（在日本，你就是你的血型。人们普遍认为，一个人的血型决定了他/她的性格和个性。A类人通常被认为是敏感的完美主义者和优秀的团队合作者，但过于焦虑。O型性格好奇心强，慷慨大方，但很固执。AB型是艺术型，但神秘莫测；B型是快乐型，但古怪，个人主义，自私。尽管缺乏科学证据，但这一信念在书籍、杂志和电视节目中广泛存在。去年，日本十大畅销书中有四本是关于血型如何决定个性的，通过这些书，读者似乎能够发现血型的定义，或者确认他们的自我形象）可知，第一段主要讲述日本人认为他们的血型很重要。故选A。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“The belief even affects politics. One former prime minister considered it important enough to reveal in his official profile that he was a type A, while his opposition rival was type B In 2011, a minister, Ryu Matsumoto, was forced to resign after only a week in office, when a bad-tempered encounter with local officials was televised. In his resignation speech, he blamed his failings on the fact that he was blood type B.”（这种信仰甚至影响政治。一位前首相认为，在其官方简介中透露自己是A型血人足够重要，而他的反对对手是B型血人。2011年，部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇。在辞职演说中，他将自己的失败归咎于自己是B型血）可知，前首相让民众相信自己的对手是B型血，以及松本龙一把自己的失败归咎于是B型血。由此推知，B型血应该是最不被大家喜欢的血型。故选B。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“In 2011, a minister, Ryu Matsumoto, was forced to resign after only a week in office, when a bad-tempered encounter with local officials was televised.”（2011年，一位部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇）可知，松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职是因为转播了他的不当行为。故选B。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“The blood-type craze, considered simply harmless fun by some Japanese, may reveal itself as prejudice and discrimination. In fact, this seems so common that the Japanese now have a term for it: bura-hara, meaning blood-type harassment(骚扰). There are reports of discrimination leading to children being bullied, ending of happy relationships, and loss of job opportunities due to blood type.”（血型热，被一些日本人认为是无害的玩笑，可能会暴露出偏见和歧视。事实上，这似乎很常见，日本人现在有了一个术语：bura hara，意思是血型骚扰。有报道称，歧视导致儿童受到欺负，结束了幸福的关系，并因血型而失去了工作机会）推知，作者对血型是消极的态度。故选A。

【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）
Hundreds of native North American plants, often dismissed as weeds, deserve a lot more respect, according to a new study. These plants, distant cousins of foods like sunflowers and lettuce (莴苣), actually represent a botanical treasure now facing increased threats from climate change and habitat loss. The crops that the human race now depends on, including grains like wheat and tree fruit like peaches, originally were selected or bred (培育) from plants that grew wild hundreds or thousands of years ago. In the U.S., there are wild ancestors of blueberries, sweet potatoes, onions, potatoes, and many other food crops. “Some of them are quite common,” says Colin Khoury, a research scientist at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. “Wild lettuce plants grow along sidewalks, or in backyards, but go unrecognized.”
Other crop relatives are rare and threatened. One of Khoury’s favorites is the paradoxical sun flower.” It grows just in wetlands of the deserts of New Mexico and Texas. Little salty areas where there’s a little bit of water beneath the soil,” he says. So plant growers crossbred it with commercial sunflowers and created new varieties that can grow in places where the soil contains more salt. Other wild relatives may be hiding similarly remarkable gifts, Khoury says, such as genes that could help their domesticated relatives survive diseases, or deal with pests.
Khoury and some of his colleagues just finished a survey of about 600 wild crop relatives that grow in North America, and they found that most of these plants are threatened by things like fires, farming and development. The scientists argue that they deserve more protection. For one thing, “gene banks” should collect and preserve them. In addition, these plants need more protection in their natural habitat.
According to Khoury, that doesn’t necessarily mean setting aside land for them. In many cases, the plants already are growing on public land that’s managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) or the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). “It’s more about just being aware that these plants actually exist,” he says.
28. What did the new study mainly focus on?
A. Endangered plant species.
B. Wild relatives of food crops.
C. The impacts of climate change.
D. The threats from plant habitat loss.
29. What do we know about the paradoxical sunflower?
A. It needs much water to grow well.
B. It grows along sidewalks or in backyards.
C. It seems capable of surviving various diseases.
D. It helps commercial sunflowers adapt to salty soil.
30.How might the scientists feel about their survey results?
A. Relieved. B. Concerned. C. Annoyed. D. Critical.
31. What might Khoury suggest the BLM do?
A. Join hands with the USFS.
B. Set aside land for wild plants.
C. Collect genes of threatened crop species.
D. Learn about plants on its managed land.
【答案】28. B29. D30. B31. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。我们现在所食用的多种植物都是从远古时期就存在的野生植物嫁接或育种而来。然而，这些植物的“野生远亲”现在却被人们弃之如草芥，没有得到应有的保护和尊重。研究人员认为，这些野生植物在帮助我们现存的植物应对气候变化、病虫害及栖息地丧失方面可以发挥巨大的作用，我们应该对其加大保护力度。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Hundreds of native North American plants, often dismissed as weeds, deserve a lot more respect, according to a new study. These plants, distant cousins of foods like sunflowers and lettuce , actually represent a botanical treasure now facing increased threats from climate change and habitat loss.(根据一项新的研究，数百种北美本土植物，通常被认为是杂草，应该得到更多的尊重。这些植物是向日葵和生菜等食物的远亲，实际上是一种面临气候变化和栖息地丧失日益严重威胁的植物瑰宝。)”可知，这项新研究主要关注的是粮食作物的野生亲缘。故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“So plant growers crossbred it with commercial sunflowers and created new varieties that can grow in places where the soil contains more salt.(因此，植物种植者将它与商业向日葵杂交，创造出可以在土壤含盐更多的地方生长的新品种。)”可知，“the paradoxical sunflower”与商用向日葵杂交产生的向日葵可适应含盐高的土壤。故选D。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Khoury and some of his colleagues just finished a survey of about 600 wild crop relatives that grow in North America, and they found that most of these plants are threatened by things like fires, farming and development.(库里和他的一些同事刚刚完成了一项对大约600种生长在北美的野生作物亲属的调查，他们发现这些植物中的大多数都受到火灾、农业和开发等因素的威胁。)”可知，科学家们对约600种野生植物进行了调研后发现，其中绝大多数的生存状况不容乐观，受到了诸如火灾、农耕及社会发展的威胁。由此可推知，科学家们对其发现会感到担忧。故选B。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“In many cases, the plants already are growing on public land that’s managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) or the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).(在许多情况下，这些植物已经生长在由美国林务局(USFS)或土地管理局(BLM)管理的公共土地上。)”和“It’s more about just being aware that these plants actually exist(更重要的是要意识到这些植物确实存在)”可推知，Khoury可能会建议美国内政部土地管理局去了解其管辖范围内的植物，从而保护这些野生植物。故选D。
【06】河南省实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考
The World Health Organization warns that millions of people are dying every year from indoor air pollution. Nearly three billion people are unable to use clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating as well as lighting.
These findings show that the use of deadly fuels in inefficient stoves, space heaters or lights is to blame for many of these deaths.
WHO officials say indoor pollution leads to early deaths from stroke, heart and lung disease, childhood pneumonia and lung cancer. Women and girls are the main victims. These diseases can often result from the burning of solid fuels. These fuels include wood, coal, animal waste, crop waste and charcoal.
The United Nations found that more than 95 percent of households in sub-Saharan Africa depend on solid fuels for cooking. It says huge populations in India, China and Latin American countries, such as Guatermala and Peru,are also at risk.
Nigel Brace is a professor of Public Health at the University of Liverpool. He says researchers are developing good cook-stoves and other equipment to burn fuels in a more efficient way.There are already multiple technologies available for use in clean fuels.There is really quite an effective and reasonably low-cost alcohol stove made by Dometic (a Sweden-based company) that is now being tested out. LPG (Liquefield Petroleum Gas) cook is obviously widely available and efforts are under way to make those efficient. Another interesting development is electric induction stoves. WHO experts note that some new, safe and low-cost technologies that could help are already available. In India, you can buy an induction stove for about $8.00. And in Africa you can buy a solar lamp for less than $1.00.
But this,the agency says, is just a start. It is urging developing countries to use cleaner fuels and increase access to cleaner and more modern cooking and heating appliances/devices.
12What does the indoor pollution mainly result from?
A. Poisonous fuels. B. High technology. C. Space heaters. D. Solar energy.
13. How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed?
A. By showing differences. B. By describing a process.
C. By making a list. D. By analyzing data.
14. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Indoor pollution results in some deaths.
B. Most of the deaths are in developing countries.
C. The solid fuels are used in more effective ways.
D. There is no indoor pollution in developed countries.
15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. LPG cooks are being tested out. B. Alcohol stoves are widely used now.
C. Electric induction stoves are expensive. D. Solar lamps are very cheap in Africa.
【答案】12. A13. C14. B15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。世界卫生组织警告称，每年有数百万人死于室内空气污染。近30亿人无法使用清洁燃料和技术来做饭、取暖和照明。文章说明了室内污染导致死亡的主要原因、引发疾病以及应对措施等。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These findings show that the use of deadly fuels in inefficient stoves, space heaters or lights is to blame for many of these deaths.(这些发现表明，在低效的炉子、空间加热器或照明中使用致命燃料是造成许多死亡的原因)”可知，室内污染的主要原因是有毒燃料。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“WHO officials say indoor pollution leads to early deaths from stroke, heart and lung disease, childhood pneumonia and lung cancer. Women and girls are the main victims. These diseases can often result from the burning of solid fuels. These fuels include wood, coal, animal waste, crop waste and charcoal.(世卫组织官员说，室内污染会导致中风、心脏病和肺病、儿童肺炎和肺癌等疾病的过早死亡。妇女和女童是主要受害者。这些疾病往往是由燃烧固体燃料引起的。这些燃料包括木材、煤炭、动物粪便、作物粪便和木炭)”可推知，第三段主要是通过列举来展开的。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The United Nations found that more than 95 percent of households in sub-Saharan Africa depend on solid fuels for cooking. It says huge populations in India, China and Latin American countries, such as Guatermala and Peru,are also at risk.(联合国发现，撒哈拉以南非洲地区超过95%的家庭依靠固体燃料做饭。该组织说，印度、中国以及危地马拉和秘鲁等拉美国家的大量人口也面临风险)”可推知，大多数死亡发生在发展中国家。故选B。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“And in Africa you can buy a solar lamp for less than $1.00.(在非洲，你花不到1美元就能买到一盏太阳能灯)”可知，D选项“太阳能灯在非洲很便宜”正确。故选D。
【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）
It isn’t just the beauty of vast natural wonders like the Grand Canyon that can take your breath away. You can find awe in everyday things. A new research, published in the journal Emotion, found that older adults who took “awe walks” felt more positive emotions in their daily lives.
In the study, 52 older adults aged 60 to 90 were divided randomly into two groups. They were told to take at least one 15-minute walk each week for eight weeks. Volunteers in the “awe group” were instructed in how to inspire awe as they walked. “We asked them to try to see the world with fresh eyes—to take in new details of a leaf or flower, for example,” Sturm says. For example, one participant from the awe group wrote about “the beautiful fall colors and how the leaves were no longer crunchy(嘎吱响) underfoot because of the rain”—the wonder that small children feel as they embrace their expanding world. However, people in the other group were less focused on the world around them. One participant wrote, “I thought about our vacation in Hawaii next Thursday.”
In addition, participants were asked to take selfies(自拍) in the beginning, middle, and end of each walk. Researchers found that participants who took awe walks showed a “small self”, in that they filled less of their photographs with their own image and more with the background scenery. “When we feel awe, our attention shifts from focusing on ourselves to focusing on the world around us, ” Sturm says. “ Awe affects our social relationships because it helps us to feel more connected with the world, universe, and other people.”Their smiles also grew broader by the end of the study. “We analyzed the intensity of their smiles in the selfies, and participants who took awe walks displayed greater smiles over time than those who took control walks. The former reported greater positive emotions in general, including more joy and gratitude.”
Participants in the control group took more frequent walks than those people in the awe group, the researchers discovered. But walking more didn’t result in positive changes in emotional health or in the way their selfies were taken. This suggests that the results were mainly due to experiencing awe, and not just in spending time exercising.
32. What were participants in the “awe group” required to do in Paragraph 2?
A. To take a walk each week.
B. To focus on their inner world.
C. To collect leaves after the rain.
D. To explore with childlike curiosity.
33. What can we see in the selfies from the awe walks?
A. Close-up images with wide smiles.
B. More attention on themselves.
C. Simply the background scenery.
D. Small figures with bigger smiles.
34. What can we know from the last paragraph?
A. Experiencing awe counts.
B. More walks, more joy.
C. Exercises can benefit us.
D. Awe comes with walking.
35. Which of the following can be the best title?
A. Awe Walks Promote Your Physical Fitness
B. Experiencing Awe Does Wonders for Everyone
C. Awe Walks Improve Your Positive Emotions
D. Frequent Walks Contribute to Emotional Health
【答案】32. D33. D34. A35. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一项有关awe walk(敬畏步行)的研究，研究表明怀敬畏之心行路有利于产生积极的情绪。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的第五句“For example, one participant from the awe group wrote about “the beautiful fall colors and how the leaves were no longer crunchy(嘎吱响)underfoot because of the rain”—the wonder that small children feel as they embrace their expanding world. (比如，敬畏步行组的一名参与者描写了“秋天美丽的颜色，下雨后,脚下的树叶不再被踩得嘎吱响。”——这种惊奇像孩子们拥抱他们不断延伸的世界时所感受到的那样。)”可知，研究人员要求敬畏步行组怀着孩子般的好奇心探索路程。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“Researchers found that participants who took awe walks showed a ‘small self , in that they filled less of their photographs with their own image and more with the background scenery.(研究人员发现，敬畏地散步的参与者表现出一种“小我”，因为他们用自己的图像填充的照片较少，而更多地用背景风景填充。)”和倒数第三句“Their smiles also grew broader by the end of the study.(研究结束时，他们的笑容也变得更加灿烂。)”可知，敬畏步行组的自拍照中，自己的身体只占一小部分，而且面带灿烂的微笑。所以他们的自拍照中，可能显示的是小身形，但是面带灿烂微笑。故选D项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。最后一段的最后两句“But walking more didn’t result in positive changes in emotional health or in the way their selfies were taken. This suggests that the results were mainly due to experiencing awe, and not just in spending time exercising.(但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”提到积极健康情绪产生于心怀敬畏，而非只是简单地花时间锻炼。由此可知，作者在最后一段想传达的是，心怀敬畏才是真正产生影响的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。结合全文，文章主要介绍一项有关awe walk(敬畏步行)的研究，尤其是根据第一段的“A new research published in the journal Emotion, found that older adults who took ‘ awe walks’felt more positiveemotions in their daily lives.(发表在《情感》杂志上的一项新研究发现，那些“敬畏步行”的老年人在日常生活中感受到更多的积极情绪。)”和最后一段“Participants in the control group took more frequent walks than those people in the awe group, the researchers discovered. But walking more didn’t result in positive change: in emotional health or in the way their selfies were taken. This suggests that the results were mainly due to experiencing awe, and not just in spending time exercising.(研究人员发现，控制组的参与者比敬畏组的参与者更频繁地散步。但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”可知，敬畏步行有利于促进积极健康情绪。所以C项“敬畏步行能促进积极的情绪”最适合作为本文标题。故选C项。

【08】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
8Which of the following is true?
A. Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.
B. Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.
C. Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.
D. Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.
9. To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to ________.
A. write memoir after memoir about their happiness
B. teach people how to enjoy their lives
C. tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with fun
D. bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties
10. Having infant children, the couples can ________.
A. gain happiness from their commitment
B. find fun in getting them into bed at night
C. find more time to play and joke with them
D. be lucky since they can have a whole night’s sleep
11. If one gets the meaning of the true sense of happiness he will ________.
A. stop playing games and joking with others
B. keep himself with his family
C. give a free hand to money
D. make the best use of his time to increase happiness
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章议论了短暂的乐趣和长久的幸福之间的不同之处。同时揭示了幸福的真谛是奉献。当明白幸福的真谛，就可以放下当下的妒忌以及金钱追求，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.( 事实上，乐趣和幸福几乎没有共同之处。乐趣是我们在表演过程中所体验到的。幸福是我们在行动之后所体验到的。它是一种更深刻、更持久的情感。)”可知，幸福是持久的，而乐趣是短暂的。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. (我常想，如果说好莱坞明星有什么作用的话，那就是教会我们，幸福与乐趣无关。)”可知，好莱坞明星们重要的作用，那就是告诉公众，幸福与快乐无关。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“ For commitment is in fact quite painful.(因为承诺实际上是相当痛苦的。)”以及倒数第二段中“Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation.(有婴儿的夫妇能睡上一整夜或放三天假就很幸运了。)”可知，有婴儿的夫妇即使带孩子很辛苦，但是从他们的承诺中可以获得快乐。故选A。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to.(理解并接受真正的幸福与乐趣无关，这是我们能达到的最自由的认识之一。)”以及“It liberates time; It liberates money; it liberates us from envy(它解放了时间，它解放了金钱，它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来)”可知，当理解了幸福的真谛，人们就可以从时间上，金钱上以及嫉妒上解放出来，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。故选D。

【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断考试
Elderly people have a higher chance of suffering from illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. One common health problem that affects them is Alzheimer’s disease, which affects a person’s memory, behavior, and thinking. Because of memory loss and behavioral changes, people with Alzheimer’s may slowly become unable to take care of themselves, eventually requiring constant care from family members or caregivers.
There is no cure for Alzheimer’s at the moment—drugs can only treat its symptoms.
But technology can improve the lives of those living with the condition by making it easier for them to go about their daily activities. For example, tracking devices placed in watches or jewelry can monitor where a person is. Automated reminders can also be stored in motion sensors and placed around the house. When a sensor detects movement, it can play a recorded voice message to remind the person to lock the door or turn off the stove.
Alzheimer’s disease is a huge challenge, but we may be getting close to finding a solution. In the future, it might be possible to treat Alzheimer’s without using drugs. A team of researchers in Australia has created a form of technology that can send sound waves into the brain. These sound waves help to clear waste in the brain that contributes to Alzheimer’s. The team has tested their technology and found that it helped to restore memory in 75 percent of mice. Work on the technology isn’t complete, but, if successful, it could prevent memory loss in people with Alzheimer’s. This really does fundamentally change the understanding of how to treat this disease and researchers foresee a great future for this approach.
12. Alzheimer’s is a disease that mainly affects the ____.
A. muscles B. blood C. brain D. heart
13. Up to now, which can help Alzheimer’s patients who get lost easily?
A. Tracking devices. B. Automated reminders.
C. Sending sound waves into the brain. D. Restoring memory.
14. Which of the following can replace “contributes to” in the last paragraph?
A. Helps to cure. B. Helps to cause. C. Helps to worsen. D. Helps to prevent.
15. What’s the main idea of the text?
A. Elderly people will begin to face many challenges.
B. Society should provide enough healthcare to elderly people.
C. There’s a need to better understand the cause of Alzheimer’s.
D. Technology might solve some problems of people with Alzheimer’s.
【答案】12C13. A14. B15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文章列举了一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科技。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“One common health problem that affects them is Alzheimer’s disease, which affects a person’s memory, behavior, and thinking. Because of memory loss and behavioral changes, people with Alzheimer’s may slowly become unable to take care of themselves, eventually requiring constant care from family members or caregivers.(影响他们的一个常见健康问题是阿尔茨海默病，它会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维。由于记忆丧失和行为变化，阿尔茨海默氏症患者可能会慢慢变得无法照顾自己，最终需要家人或照顾者的持续照顾)”可知，阿尔茨海默病是一种主要影响大脑的疾病。故选C。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“But technology can improve the lives of those living with the condition by making it easier for them to go about their daily activities. For example, tracking devices placed in watches or jewelry can monitor where a person is. (但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置)”可知，到目前为止，跟踪装置可以帮助容易迷路的老年痴呆症患者。故选A。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“The team has tested their technology and found that it helped to restore memory in 75 percent of mice.(该团队测试了他们的技术，发现它有助于恢复75%的老鼠的记忆)”以及上文“These sound waves help to clear waste in the brain that”可知，这些声波有助于清除大脑中导致老年痴呆症的废物，故画线词意思是“导致”，A. Helps to cure.治愈；B. Helps to cause.造成，导致；C. Helps to worsen.恶化；D. Helps to prevent.阻止。故选B。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“But technology can improve the lives of those living with the condition by making it easier for them to go about their daily activities. For example, tracking devices placed in watches or jewelry can monitor where a person is. Automated reminders can also be stored in motion sensors and placed around the house. When a sensor detects movement, it can play a recorded voice message to remind the person to lock the door or turn off the stove.(但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置。自动提醒器也可以存储在运动传感器中，并放置在房子周围。当传感器检测到移动时，它可以播放录制的语音信息，提醒人们锁上门或关掉炉子)”结合文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文章列举了一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科技。可知，文章的主旨是科技可能会解决老年痴呆症患者的一些问题。故选D。

【10】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考
Albert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, and I recommend it as such to students. But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.
Why not? After all, it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance. And while popular belief holds that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers, in fact many papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult.
As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.”
No, the problem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an exposition of known mathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneoustoday, take up half the paper. Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.
A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major observatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured. And anything involving work with human subjects, or putting instruments in space, involves piles of paperwork.
We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions. In the early decades of its 78-year history, the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive, amateurish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own. Today, polished work coming out of internships(实习) at established laboratories is the norm.
These professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.
Of course, Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific core wouldn’t have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.
12. According to Richard Feynman, Einstein’s 1915 paper ________.
A. was a classic in theoretical physics
B. turned out to be comprehensible
C. needed further improvement
D. attracted few professionals
13. What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Unrealistic. B. Irrelevant.
C. Unattractive. D. Imprecise.
14. According to the author, what is affected as modern science develops?
A. The application of research findings.
B. The principle of scientific research.
C. The selection of young talents.
D. The evaluation of laboratories.
15. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. What makes Einstein great?
B. Will science be professionalized?
C. Could Einstein get published today?
D. How will modern science make advances?
【答案】12. B13. B14. C15. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过引用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式发展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著《广义相对论的基础》，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表的原因。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.（正如物理学家理查德·费曼所写：“曾经有一段时间，报纸上说只有12个人理解相对论。我相信或许确实有过只有一个人懂相对论的时候——因为在这篇论文之前，只有爱因斯坦理解这个问题。但当人们读了这篇论文，有很多人，绝对超过12个，或多或少都对相对论有了一定理解）”可知，爱因斯坦1915年的论文证明是可以理解的。故选B。
【13题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第四段划线词后句“Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.”可知，更糟的是，文章没有对前人科学研究进行任何引用，也没有任何图。这些缺失对如今的科学论文来说是致命的。这样的文章甚至都不会被编辑送审，这说明爱因斯坦的论文在如今看来是很糟糕的，因此此处是说他在论文中花大量篇幅进行的哲学讨论和张量微积分的阐述在今天被认为是无关紧要的，所以画线词词义为“无关紧要的”。故选B。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第七段“A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.（它从一个关于空间和时间的轻松的大量无用功都耗费在了突破官僚形式的层层桎梏上，也抬高了新人的准入门槛。）”可推断，在作者看来，现代科学的发展影响了年轻人才的选拔。故选C。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.（但它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表。）”可知，第一段是总起句，文章围绕着这个问题展开论述，所以这篇文章最好的题目是——“Could Einstein get published today?( 爱因斯坦的《相对论》今天能出版吗？)”故选C。

【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考
Modern zoos aim to promote animal conservation, educate people, and support further wildlife research. Staff are devoted to providing species specific housing and appropriate diets to ensure that the animals’ lives are as natural as possible within captivity (圈养).
In fact, most zoo animals have been born and bred in captivity. They have never experienced “the wild”, which many people assume is a wonderful and safe place, despite destruction of natural habits for palm oil threats from climate change or the increase in poaching.
There are two ways capturing animals helps conserve them. Zoo conservation work can be in-situ (在原处)where money: expertise and sometimes staff are provided to protect animals and their habitats in the wild. Large, charming animals such as pandas, tigers or elephants draw the crowds. These flagship species help to raise the image and funds for in-situ conservation efforts for the not so well known species
“Ex-situ” conservation, meanwhile, takes place outside of the animals’ natural habitats, usually back at the zoo and often involving international captive breeding programs. These studbooks(良种登记册) can outline suitable genetic matches for breeding, to keep a sustainable captive population of a certain species and ensure genetic variation.
In the UK a least, zoos must have a written education strategy and an active education programme.If you have been to an accredited (官方认可的) zoo recently you will have noticed they use games and technology to go way beyond these basic requirements.
Research within zoos often looks at animal behaviour or welfare helping to ensure the animals are well housed and fed. Other research investigates the impact humans have on the zoo animals from the visitor effect to the relationships which can be formed between the animals and their keepers. Research also focuses on biological functioning of animals. Much of this is work that cannot be conducted in the wild if the animals live in remote or inhospitable areas.
Overall, zoos provide opportunities to observe and engage with exotic (外国的) animals, many of which may be threatened with extinction in the wild. Seeing them up close can cause a passion for biology, conservation and the environment.
12. What do people think of “the wild”?
A. It poses a danger to humans.
B. It is perfect for large animals
C. It is an ideal habitat for animals.
D. It guarantees the safety of animals.
13. What highlights “ex-situ” conservation?
A. Saving the conservation cost.
B. Attracting more visitors to zoos.
C. Keeping a species’ population stable.
D. Changing the genes of a certain species.
14. What is Paragraph 6 mainly about?
A. How zoo keepers get along with animals.
B. How zoos can contribute to research work.
C. What researchers are expected to do in zoos.
D. Why it is difficult to carry out research in the wild.
15. What is the author’s purpose in wring the text?
ATo show zoos ways to raise animals.
B. To stress modern zoos research value.
C. To defend zoos role in protecting animals.
D. To advise zoos to release animals into the wild.
【答案】12. C13. C14. B15. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了动物园的主旨。动物园提供了观察和接触异国动物的机会，其中许多可能面临着野外灭绝的威胁。在动物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They have never experienced “the wild”, which many people assume is a wonderful and safe place, despite destruction of natural habits for palm oil threats from climate change or the increase in poaching.(他们从未经历过“荒野”，尽管气候变化或偷猎的增加，威胁到了棕榈油，进而自然习惯遭到破坏，但许多人认为那里是一个美妙而安全的地方)”可知，人们认为荒野是个对于动物来说美妙且安全的地方。故选C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Ex-situ” conservation, meanwhile, takes place outside of the animals’ natural habitats, usually back at the zoo and often involving international captive breeding programs. These studbooks(良种登记册) can outline suitable genetic matches for breeding, to keep a sustainable captive population of a certain species and ensure genetic variation.(与此同时，“迁地”保护发生在动物的自然栖息地之外，通常是在动物园内，并且经常涉及国际圈养繁殖计划。这些良种登记册可以勾勒出适合繁殖的遗传匹配，以保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群并确保遗传变异)”可知，迁地保护涉及国际圈养繁殖计划，保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群，也就是保持某一种类的数量的稳定。故选C项。
【14题详解】
段落大意题。根据第六段“Research within zoos often looks at animal behaviour or welfare helping to ensure the animals are well housed and fed. Other research investigates the impact humans have on the zoo animals from the visitor effect to the relationships which can be formed between the animals and their keepers. Research also focuses on biological functioning of animals.(动物园内的研究通常着眼于动物行为或福利，以帮助确保动物得到良好的安置和喂养。其他研究调查了人类对动物园动物的影响，从游客效应到动物与其饲养员之间可以形成的关系。研究还侧重于动物的生物学功能)”可知，这段主要讲述了关于动物园的一些研究工作。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Overall, zoos provide opportunities to observe and engage with exotic (外国的) animals, many of which may be threatened with extinction in the wild. Seeing them up close can cause a passion for biology, conservation and the environment.(总体而言，动物园提供了观察和接触异国动物的机会，其中许多可能在野外面临灭绝的威胁。近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情)”可知，作者通篇介绍了动物园，最后一段做总结，动物园提供观察动物的机会，以及在动物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。推知，作者是认可动物园在保护动物方面的作用。故选C项。
【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考
As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the sun’s energy back into space — abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.
But. as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.
One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere. where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.
“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. What’s still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”
Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
12. Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth?
A. To prevent natural disasters. B. To win more time to reduce gas emissions.
C. To imitate volcanic eruptions. D. To encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.
13. What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming?
A. More volcanoes will throw out.
B. More solar energy will go into space.
C. More disasters will endanger the future of the world.
D. People will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.
14. What can be inferred from Douglas’ words in an interview?
A. He thinks more research remains to be done.
B. He is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.
C. He is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.
D. He disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.
15. What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean?
A. The rainfall pattern of a region.
B. The modest drop in temperature.
C. The number of extreme weather events.
D. The injection amount of aerosol.
【答案】12. B13. C14. A15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.(随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放)”可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.(一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案)”可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段““What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”(他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”)”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。
【15题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“a sweet spot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。

【13】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考
Dreams, according to Carl Jung, reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy, the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives. While Jung’s mystical theories are debatable, he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lack of dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways.
This trend is causing damage to our immune and metabolic (新陈代谢的) systems, let alone the electronic products that keep us up late at night are ruining our sleep patterns, which has long-term consequences on our memory system. One study showed that not allowing mice to have adequate amounts of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the stage in which we dream, the mice couldn’t strengthen memories.
You might think this is just a sleep problem, but dreaming is inseparable from our nighttime rest. We sleep in cycles (周期), each lasting about 90 minutes; in a sleep cycle, we go through non-REM sleep before hitting REM. As the night progresses, REM sleep periods increase in length while deep sleep (one of the stages of non-REM sleep) decreases. The longer we sleep, the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the morning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM.
The combination of sleeping and dreaming acts as an emotional stabilizer. We recover from emotional hurt faster when we sleep and dream properly. However, we’re not getting enough sleep to cycle through the stages to take advantage of this natural circadian anti-depressant (抗抑郁剂)—dreams. Instead, we get depressed and turn to alcohol or medicines to get to sleep, which only makes things worse because even one drink leads to late REM while anti-depressants promote deep sleep at the expense of REM.
We’re paying for this lack of dreaming in many ways. For example, a 2021 study stated that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM promoted the formation of associative networks and the integration (整合) of unassociated information. Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions.
Rowan Hooper, the managing editor at New Scientist, writes that dreams that include an “emotional core” appear to be a main function of REM sleep and that we should look at sleep patterns as seriously as we do diet and exercise habits.
12. What’s Carl Jung’s view about dreams?
A. They cause chaos. B. They damage immunity.
C. They reveal secrets. D. They mirror reality.
13. Why is the sleep process explained in paragraph 3?
A. To show a dream mainly occurs during REM sleep.
B. To prove the minimum sleep time should be seven hours.
C. To prove dream problems and sleep problems are attached.
D. To show people often dream when waking up in the morning.
14. What conclusion can be inferred from paragraph 5?
A. Dreaming promotes creativity.
B. Dreaming helps fight depression.
C. The brain still receives new information during REM sleep.
D. The brain is paying the price for having more non-REM sleep.
15. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. The importance of sleep lies in dreams.
B. The absence of dreams is terrible for us.
C. Dreaming patterns are more important than we realize.
D. Dreaming has mystical power of strengthening memories.
【答案】12. D13. C14. A15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了做梦和睡眠之间的关系，以及不做梦给我们带来的损害，告诉我们要重视睡眠模式。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Dreams, according to Carl Jung, reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy, the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives.”(根据卡尔·荣格的说法，梦揭示了在清醒意识中隐藏的一定数量的现实。在荣格哲学中，梦中经历的冲突和混乱最终给我们的生活带来了秩序)可知，卡尔·荣格认为梦反映事实。故选D。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“You might think this is just a sleep problem, but dreaming is inseparable from our nighttime rest.”(你可能认为这只是睡眠问题，但做梦与夜间休息是分不开的)以及“The longer we sleep, the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the morning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM.”(我们睡得越久，在快速眼动阶段（做梦）的时间就越多，这就是为什么我们早上醒来时经常做梦。然而，如果我们的睡眠时间少于7小时，就很难达到这种程度的快速眼动)可知，我们是否做梦，与睡眠时长及睡眠过程中的快速眼动时间是有直接关系的，所以第三段解释睡眠过程，是为了证明做梦问题和睡眠问题是联系在一起的。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions.”(经历了更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更善于解决需要创造性解决方案的问题)可知，经历更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更有创造力。上题提到做梦发生在快速眼动时间，进而可以推断出做梦让人更具有创造力。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While Jung’s mystical theories are debatable, he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lack of dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways.”(虽然荣格的神秘主义理论是有争议的，但他对做梦的重要性的认识并没有错。越来越多的报告显示，持续缺乏做梦正在从很多方面损害我们清醒的时间)可知，文章在第一段就指出了做梦很重要，缺乏做梦会给我们带来损害。第二段介绍了缺少做梦会对我们的免疫系统、新陈代谢和记忆造成损害，第四段说睡眠和做梦结合起来可以起到稳定情绪的作用，第五段说我们正以许多方式为缺乏做梦付出代价。所以，本文章主要讲了不做梦对于我们来说是可怕的。故选B。

【14】湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二
The deep-sea oil and gas industry has vast and costly facilities to maintain. Wells, other equipment, and thousands of kilometers of pipelines must be inspected and repaired.
Now, cutting-edge underwater drones (无人机) and robots are being developed that could make the work safer and cheaper. Among them is Eelume, a six-meter-long, snake-like robot equipped with sensors and a camera at each end. It can be kept at a station at depths of up to half a kilometer for six months, without being brought back to the surface. The robot can travel up to 20 kilometers before needing to return to its station to recharge.
Maintenance work at many deep-water wells and pipeline systems is already carried out by unmanned vehicles. But these vehicles typically need to be transported to the offshore site on a fully crewed ship and then remotely operated from onboard the surface ship. That can cost up to $100,000 per day, according to Pål Liljebäck, chief technology officer with Eelume Subsea Intervention, which developed the robot. Liljebäck says that by “enabling the robot to become a subsea resident living at a station, it can be mobilized at any time to do inspections, thereby reducing the need for costly surface ships”.
Eelume can work autonomously on tasks assigned from a control room onshore, and send back video and data. Its snake-like design allows it to work in small spaces and wriggle (扭动) its body to stay in place in strong currents. By staying under the sea, it can carry out tasks whatever the conditions on the surface of the ocean.
The global underwater robotics market is expected to be worth around $7 billion in 2025, according to analysts, and other companies are in the process of commercializing new deep-sea drone and robot technology. Eelume Subsea Intervention will carry out final testing on the seabed later this year at the Åsgard oil and gas field. It expects to put its first snake robots into use next year and hopes to have up to 50 in oceans around the world by 2027.
12. What is one feature of Eelume?
A. It can travel nearly 40 kilometers before recharging.
B. It can dive as deep as 500 meters.
C. It works mainly around the station.
D. It works for 6 months on one charge.
13. What is the problem with unmanned vehicles?
A. They are too costly to maintain.
B. They are hard to operate remotely.
C. They require transportation to and from work.
D. They have to work on a fully crewed ship all the time.
14. What can be expected of Eelume in the future?
A. It will require no further tests.
B. It will be worth around $ 7 billion.
C. It will be put on the market in 2027.
D. It will face a lot of competitors.
15. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. A snake robot is on its way for underwater tasks.
B. Eelume is the new choice for constructing pipelines.
C. Maintenance work on the ocean floor is a risky job.
D. Unmanned vehicles marketing has seen strong growth.
【答案】12. A13. C14. D15. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“It can be kept at a station at depths of up to half a kilometer for six months, without being brought back to the surface. The robot can travel up to 20 kilometers before needing to return to its station to recharge. (它可以在深度达半公里的站点保留六个月，而不用被带回地面。该机器人可以行驶20公里，然后需要返回站点充电)”可知，它在再次充电前可以运行大约40公里。故选A。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But these vehicles typically need to be transported to the offshore site on a fully crewed ship and then remotely operated from onboard the surface ship. (但这些工具通常需要用一艘满载船员的船运输到海上现场，然后在海面舰艇上远程操作)”可知，这些无人设备需要被运送到作业现场。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“and other companies are in the process of commercializing new deep-sea drone and robot technology. (其他公司正在将新的深海无人机和机器人技术商业化)”推知，Eelume将面临很多的竞争对手。故选D。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第二段的“Now, cutting-edge underwater drones (无人机) and robots are being developed that could make the work safer and cheaper. Among them is Eelume, a six-meter-long, snake-like robot equipped with sensors and a camera at each end. (现在，尖端的水下无人机和机器人的开发可以使工作更安全、更便宜。其中包括六米长的蛇形机器人Eelume，它的两端都装有传感器和摄像头)”可知，本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护，即一款在水下执行任务的蛇形机器人。故选A。

【15】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
Mitsuhiro Iwamoto is a blind person who sailed non-stop across the Pacific Ocean. One of Mr. Iwamoto’s friends says, “He feels the waves and he can sense the speed and angle of the winds to adjust the sails properly. ” The only thing Mr. Iwamoto can’t do is see. So he teamed up with Doug Smith.
In 2013, Mr. Iwamoto tried to sail across the Pacific. But after only five days at sea, his boat was hit by a whale. The boat sank, and he spent 11 hours floating in the sea in a life raft before he was rescued. When Mr. Smith learned the story of Mr. Iwamoto’s defeat during his first attempt at crossing the Pacific, it had a big effect on him. He decided to join the trip not just to prove that they could do it, but also to collect funds for a public welfare foundation that bought medical insurance for poor children. He got in touch with Mr. Iwamoto. The two realized that they would make a good team.
It took a lot of courage to make a second attempt after the failure. But Mr. Iwamoto was determined. He began to train for the trip. He skied, ran half-marathons and marathons, and took part in triathlons(races with swimming, biking, and running). Mr. Smith bought a 12-meter sailboat from local people. They took drinking water and enough food for 60 days. The sailboat had solar panels to keep the GPS and the satellite phone charged.
On February 24, Mr. Iwamoto set out from San Diego, California on their 14,000-kilometer trip. Finally, around 9 a. m. on April 20 — after sailing non-stop for 55 days, the two arrived in Iwaka, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, “People often say that the physical illness can’t stop a person from making a difference, but I have to walk the walk to prove it, ” Mr. Iwamoto said.
4. What can be inferred about Doug Smith?
A. He spent a lot of time in the ocean.
BHe had great skills in sailing the boat.
C. He worked as a guide during the trip.
D. He bought the insurance before the trip.
5. Why did Doug Smith join the trip?
A. To hunt whales.
B. To raise money for charity.
C. To rescue people lost in the ocean.
D. To be in search of fame and fortune.
6. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. The preparations they made for the trip.
BThe support they received from local people.
C. The equipment they bought for their training.
D. The difficulty they encountered during the trip.
7. What can we learn from this story?
A. Never look down on underdogs.
B. Actions speak louder than words.
C. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
D. Be the change you want to see in the world.
【答案】4. C5. B6. A7. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与Doug Smith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一个人的取得自己想要的成就。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Mitsuhiro Iwamoto is a blind person who sailed non-stop across the Pacific Ocean. One of Mr. Iwamoto’s friends says, “He feels the waves and he can sense the speed and angle of the winds to adjust the sails properly. ” The only thing Mr. Iwamoto can’t do is see. So he teamed up with Doug Smith.(岩本光弘是一位盲人，他不停地横渡太平洋。岩本先生的一个朋友说，“他能感觉到海浪，他能感觉风的速度和角度，从而正确地调整帆。”岩本先生唯一不能做的就是看。因此，他与Doug Smith合作。)”可知，岩本光弘是一位盲人，所以在和Doug Smith组队航行中，Doug Smith应指导方向。故选C项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第二段“He decided to join the trip not just to prove that they could do it, but also to collect funds for a public welfare foundation that bought medical insurance for poor children. (他决定参加这次旅行，不仅是为了证明他们能够做到，而且也是为了为一个为贫困儿童购买医疗保险的公益基金会筹集资金。)”可知，这次航行是为了证明自己以及给公益基金会筹集资金。故选B项。
【6题详解】
主旨大意题。由文章第三段“It took a lot of courage to make a second attempt after the failure. But Mr. Iwamoto was determined. He began to train for the trip. He skied, ran half-marathons and marathons, and took part in triathlons(races with swimming, biking, and running). Mr. Smith bought a 12-meter sailboat from local people. They took drinking water and enough food for 60 days. The sailboat had solar panels to keep the GPS and the satellite phone charged.(失败后再次尝试需要很大的勇气。但岩本先生决心坚定。他开始为旅行进行训练。他滑雪，跑半程马拉松和马拉松，参加铁人三项（游泳、自行车和跑步比赛）。Smith 先生从当地人那里买了一艘12米长的帆船。他们带了60天的饮用水和足够的食物。帆船上有太阳能电池板来保持GPS和卫星电话的充电。)”可知，这段主要讲岩本光弘和Doug Smith为航行做的准备。故选A项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一段“On February 24, Mr. Iwamoto set out from San Diego, California on their 14,000-kilometer trip. Finally, around 9 a. m. on April 20 — after sailing non-stop for 55 days, the two arrived in Iwaka, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, “People often say that the physical illness can’t stop a person from making a difference, but I have to walk the walk to prove it, ” Mr. Iwamoto said.(2月24日，岩本先生从加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥出发，开始了14000公里的旅程。最后，在4月20日上午9点左右，经过55天的不间断航行，两人抵达了日本福岛县磐冈。岩本一郎说：“人们常说，身体疾病不能阻止一个人的改变，但我必须步行才能证明这一点。”。)”以及前文可知，本文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与Smith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一个人的取得自己想要的成就。结合选项，B项Actions speak louder than words(行动比言语更响亮/事实胜于雄辩)符合文意。故选B项。

【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考
Since the beginning of the summer in 2022, China has been sweltering under the worst heatwave in decades. A number of people in Zhejiang, Henan, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces were diagnosed with thermoplegia (热射病), the most severe form of heatstroke, and some even died of this disease.
In a warming world, the hazards of heatwaves are increasing. According to a study, the number of deaths caused by heatwaves in China has increased rapidly since 1979, from 3,679 persons per year in the 1980s to15, 500 persons per year in the 2010s.
High temperatures would accelerate the loss in soil moisture(水分)and hurt the growth of corn, cotton, trees and fruits. What’s more, each additional degree of warming will increase crop losses to insects by 10-25 percent, threatening food security for billions of people. China has witnessed a range of extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall, flooding, tornadoes and record heatwaves this year. Meteorological officials said the country had an average temperature of 21.3 degrees Celsius in June, 0.9 degrees Celsius higher than the same period on average, and the highest record for the same period since 1961.
Experts say that while extreme summer heat is not entirely new, these sorts of occurrences could be something that becomes a standard part of life, requiring people to start learning how to cope with heatwaves that may continue for the rest of summer and well into the future.
Remember that even healthy, young athletes can be harmed by extreme heat, so every activity, indoors or outdoors, should be evaluated when extreme heat hits. There are some ways to stay safe during extreme heat events, such as drinking plenty of water, looking for shade or remaining in shade when outside, and avoiding cooking large meals that can add heat to your indoor environment.
8. Why does the writer mention the four provinces in China?
A. To introduce the topic. B. To show the rising growth of population.
C. To identify the impact of the worst heat wave. D. To offer the accurate data for the thermoplegia.
9. What dos the underlined word “hazards” in paragraphs probably mean?
A. Panics. B. Dangers. C. Outcomes. D. Expenses.
10. What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A. Rural areas suffer more from heat waves than cities.
B. China has witnessed the worst climate ever in 2022.
C. Climate change results in the decline in insect species.
D. High temperatures have negative effects on agriculture.
11. What does the writer want to convey in the last paragraph?
A. Ways to deal with extreme heat. B. The tendency of heat waves in the future.
C. Effects of global warming on the environment. D. The significance of keeping healthy in summer.
【答案】8. C9. B10. D11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自2022年夏初以来，中国一直处于几十年最严重的热浪之下。同时文章介绍了热浪所造成的的危害以及应对措施。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“A number of people in Zhejiang, Henan, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces were diagnosed with thermoplegia (热射病), the most severe form of heatstroke, and some even died of this disease.(浙江、河南、江苏和四川等省的一些人被确诊为热射病，这是中暑最严重的一种形式，一些人甚至死于这种疾病。)”可知，为了确定最严重热浪的影响，作者罗列了四个省份。故选C。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段中“According to a study, the number of deaths caused by heatwaves in China has increased rapidly since 1979, from 3,679 persons per year in the 1980s to15, 500 persons per year in the 2010s.( 根据一项研究，自1979年以来，中国由热浪造成的死亡人数迅速增加，从20世纪80年代的每年3679人增加到2010年代的每年15500人。)”可知，本段主要介绍的是热浪造成的危害。故划线词hazards与dangers为同义词，即热浪造成的危险。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“High temperatures would accelerate the loss in soil moisture(水分)and hurt the growth of corn, cotton, trees and fruits. What’s more, each additional degree of warming will increase crop losses to insects by 10-25 percent, threatening food security for billions of people. (高温会加速土壤水分的流失，损害玉米、棉花、树木和水果的生长。更重要的是，气温每升高一度，昆虫对农作物造成的损失就会增加10%至25%，威胁数十亿人的粮食安全。)”可知，高温对农业有负面影响。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“There are some ways to stay safe during extreme heat events, such as drinking plenty of water, looking for shade or remaining in shade when outside, and avoiding cooking large meals that can add heat to your indoor environment.(在极端高温的情况下，有一些方法可以保证安全，比如喝大量的水，在户外找阴凉的地方或呆在阴凉处，避免做会增加室内温度的大餐。)”可知，在最后一段中介绍的是在极端高温天气中，应对极端高温的方法。故选A。

【17】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
Many exceptional human skills, such as reading and mastering a musical instrument, require thousands of hours of practice and consistent cognitive effort. Popular scientific theories hold that cognitive effort is experienced as unpleasant and people try to avoid it whenever possible.
However, there are many situations in everyday life in which people seem to exert themselves (努力)voluntarily, even if there is no obvious external reward. For example, many people enjoy solving Sudoku puzzles, students are often motivated by challenging intellectual tasks, and amateur pianists can spend hours striving for perfection without any external reward.
It is based on these facts that researchers from the University of Vienna and the Technische Universitat Dresden critically questioned whether cognitive effort is always aversive(令人嫌恶的) and sought to address this question in a current project of the Collaborative Research Center(SFB) 940.
In the first experiment with 121 participants, the researchers used cardiovascular measurements (activity of the heart)to determine how hard people exerted themselves in cognitive tasks of varying difficulty levels. In one group, reward was directly determined by effort: if a person exerted more effort on difficult levels of the task, they received a higher reward than on easier levels in which they exerted little effort. In the control group, the reward was randomly assigned and was independent of how much effort someone invested. The total reward on offer was kept constant between groups, with only the contingency(可能性)between effort and reward being manipulated.
Subsequently, all subjects worked on math tasks where they could choose the difficulty level of the tasks they wanted to work on. “Subjects who had previously been rewarded for effort subsequently chose more difficult tasks than subjects in the control group, even though they were aware that they would no longer receive an external reward, ” explains Prof. Veronika Job from the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Vienna.
“The results showed the assumption that people want to take the path of least resistance may not be an inherent(固有的)characteristic of human motivation. The tendency to avoid challenging tasks could rather be the result of individual learning histories that differ depending on the reward pattern: was it mainly performance or effort that was rewarded?” concludes Thomas Goschke, Professor of General Psychology at TU Dresden and spokesperson of SFB 940.
8. With the examples in Paragraph 2, the author aims to ________
A. challenge some scientific theories
B. encourage people to make great efforts
C. inspire some research on people’s efforts
D. explain the motivation behind people’s efforts
9. What did the researchers want to find out by measuring the participants’ heart activity?
A. Their willingness to perform the task.
B. The impact of tasks on the participants.
C. The effort they put in the cognitive task.
D. Their reaction to difficult cognitive tasks.
10. What can we learn about the subjects who were rewarded for effort?
A. They were motivated to challenge themselves.
B. They always expected to receive a bigger reward.
C. They turned out to be cleverer than the control group.
D. They were able to figure out better ways to solve problems.
11. What would be the best title of the text?
A. Work hard to improve yourself
B. Learn to enjoy cognitive effort
C. It takes time for your effort to pay off
D. It is worthwhile to perform difficult tasks
【答案】8. A9. C10. A11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是：大众科学理论认为，认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会避免这种认知努力。然而现实却相反，人们愿意为不愉快的认知努力而努力和花费数小时的精力。为此文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力，会更加激发人们挑战自我的动力。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Popular scientific theories hold that cognitive effort is experienced as unpleasant and people try to avoid it whenever possible.(大众科学理论认为，认知努力是不愉快的，人们试图尽可能避免它。)”第二段中“However, there are many situations in everyday life in which people seem to exert themselves (努力)voluntarily, even if there is no obvious external reward. For example, many people enjoy solving Sudoku puzzles, students are often motivated by challenging intellectual tasks, and amateur pianists can spend hours striving for perfection without any external reward.(然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎是自愿地努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。例如，许多人喜欢解决数独谜题，学生们经常被具有挑战性的智力任务所激励，业余钢琴家可以花几个小时去追求完美，而没有任何外部奖励)”可知，作者在第二段中列举的例子是为了挑战以往的一些科学理论即认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会努力避免这种认知努力。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the first experiment with 121 participants, the researchers used cardiovascular measurements (activity of the heart)to determine how hard people exerted themselves in cognitive tasks of varying difficulty levels(在第一个有121名参与者的实验中，研究人员使用心血管测量(心脏活动)来确定人们在不同难度的认知任务中的努力程度。)”可知，研究者们通过使用心血管测量方法来确认参与者在认知任务上付出的努力。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Subjects who had previously been rewarded for effort subsequently chose more difficult tasks than subjects in the control group, even though they were aware that they would no longer receive an external reward.(之前因为努力而获得奖励的受试者随后比对照组的受试者选择了更难的任务，即使他们知道自己将不再获得外部奖励。)”可知，因为努力而获得奖励的测试者们更加有挑战自我的动力。故选A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段的“However, there are many situations in everyday life in which people seem to exert themselves (努力)voluntarily, even if there is no obvious external reward. (然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎自愿努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。)”以及全文内容可知，文章讲述了人们愿意为不愉快的认知努力而努力和花费数小时的精力。文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力会更加激发人们挑战自我的动力。故文章最好的标题是学会享受认知上的努力，这样才会更加激发人们挑战困难的动力。故选B。
【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检
Daily life has its satisfactions. The perfect reply to a friend’s text message. The first after-work drink. But do any really compare to the joy of going to sleep? Somehow we have pushed this pleasure to the back of the queue. A third of American adults report sleeping less than the recommended seven hours.
For some, the problem is modern life: emails, to-do lists and screens. For other people, it’s the demands of work or family. Then there are those who can’t sleep when they try. Up to one in 10 adults could meet the criteria(标准)for insomnia(失眠).
The mix of experiences has led us to take sleeping more scientifically. A century ago, we weren’t aware that the brain’s electrical activity changes during sleep. Now there’s evidence that a lack of sleep is associated with higher risk of depression, cancer, Alzheimer’s and obesity. Research published in the European Heart Journal recently reports that heart disease was lower among people who went to sleep between 10 pm and 11 pm, no matter how long they slept.
Such research is all well and good. But after the rise of step counters, is sleep the next part of human experience that will become increasingly tracked, counted and compared? We sigh at LinkedIn users who claim to wake up at 5 am and learn Chinese. But what if people are too committed to a good sleep? Sleep researcher Matthew Walker once said, “I have a non-negotiable eight-hour sleep opportunity window. ” But for me, making one’s sleep so inflexible just strikes me as rather coldly individualistic.
Stressing ourselves out about a lack of sleep can aggravate the problem. In his book Overcoming Insomnia and Sleep Problems, Oxford professor Colin Espie writes about “orthosomnia”, where people’s attention is so focused on sleeping well that they become too anxious to do so.
Espie says we each have a sleep pattern that, like a shoe size, we figure out through trial and error. The research on bedtimes between 10 pm and 11 pm will cheer those who leave parties early and give up late-night football highlights, but it establishes no causal link. Genetically, some humans are larks(云雀)and some are owls. For an owl to try to fight their natural schedule, and sleep earlier, it wouldn’t necessarily help.
Once we were urged to sleep when we were dead. Now the enlightened tell us to sleep or we will die. I don’t really believe any of this. A good night’s sleep is a great enjoyment. As far as possible, it should also remain a simple one.
12. What docs Paragraph 3 mainly tell us?
A. We pay too much attention to sleep hours
B. Our ancestors always suffered from a lack of sleep.
C. Our mental health is closely related to our brain activity
D. We now have a better understanding of the benefits of sleep.
13. What does the underlined word “aggravate” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Ease. B. Worsen. C. Prevent. D. Address.
14. Which of the following might Colin Espie agree with?
A. We should respect everyone’s sleep pattern.
B. An owl should try hard to go against their nature.
C. It is necessary to compare different sleep patterns.
D. We should change our sleep patterns when necessary.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To show the importance of sleep.
B. To analyze the cause of insomnia.
C. To persuade people to go to bed early.
D. To reduce people’s anxiety about sleep.
【答案】12. D13. B14. A15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠，从而减少对睡眠所产生的焦虑。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句“The mix of experiences has led us to take sleeping more scientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”可知，本段主要介绍了我们对于睡眠有了更好的认知。故选D。
【13题详解】
词义猜测题。根据所猜词后“In his book Overcoming Insomnia and Sleep Problems, Oxford professor Colin Espie writes about “orthosomnia”, where people’s attention is so focused on sleeping well that they become too anxious to do so.(牛津大学教授科林·埃斯皮在他的《克服失眠和睡眠问题》一书中提到了“正睡眠症”，即人们的注意力过于集中在睡个好觉上，以至于他们变得过于焦虑而无法做到这一点)”可知，人的注意力集中在睡个好觉上，会给人带来更多的焦虑，从而导致问题恶化。由此推知，所猜词的意思为“恶化、加重”。故选B。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Espie says we each have a sleep pattern that, like a shoe size, we figure out through trial and error.(埃斯皮说，我们每个人都有自己的睡眠模式，就像鞋子的尺码一样，我们通过反复试验来确定)”可知，埃斯皮认为每个人的睡觉的模式都是不同的，每个人有着自己的特点。由此推知，埃斯皮认为应该尊重每个人的睡眠模式。故选A。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“The mix of experiences has led us to take sleeping more scientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”以及最后一段“A good night’s sleep is a great enjoyment. As far as possible, it should also remain a simple one(睡个好觉是一种极大的享受。尽可能地，它也应该保持简单)”可知，我们应该更加科学地看待睡眠，减少对于睡眠的焦虑。故选D。

【19】江西省名校高中2022-2023学年高三上学期联合测评
Music can really affect your well-being, learning, quality of life, and even happiness. The fact that music can make a difficult task more tolerable may be why students often choose to listen to it while doing their homework. But is listening to music the smart choice for students who want to improve their learning? A new study suggests that for some students, listening to music is a wise strategy, but for others, it isn’t. The effect of music on cognitive (认知的) function appears to depend partly on your personality—specifically, on your need for external stimulation (刺激).
Researchers not only assessed listeners’ personality but also changed the difficulty of the task and the complexity of the music. Participants first completed a personality test used to determine the need for external stimulation. Then, they engaged in an easy cognitive task (searching for the letter A in lists of words) and a more challenging one (remembering word pairs) in order. Participants finished both tasks under one of two sound conditions:(1)no music, (2)with music.
The data suggest that for those with a high need of external stimulation, on the simple task of finding A’s, the scores for the music condition were significantly worse than those for the silent condition. On the complex task of learning word pairs, their performance was worse whenever music was played. For those with a low need of external stimulation, however, on the simple task, such participants’ scores for the music condition were much better than those for the silent condition. On the complex task of learning word pairs, the participants showed a small but reliable benefit when listening to music.
According to the study, there are individual differences in the impact of music on cognitive function. Students who are easily bored and who seek out stimulation should be cautious of adding music to the mix. On the other hand, students with a low need for stimulation may benefit significantly from the presence of music.
With the right personality, the right music and the right task, the presence of music may significantly improve cognitive functioning. Given the benefits of music, subscription to Spotify will be rewarding!
12. What can we learn about the study in paragraph 2?
A. It only involved the participants’ response to music.
B. Participants completed two tasks when composing songs.
C. The difficulty of the two tasks decreased in the experiment.
D. Participants were grouped by their need for external stimulation.
13. What can we infer from the result of the research?
A. The complexity of tasks might reduce the benefit of music.
B. Students should listen to music when performing complex tasks.
C. Students with less external stimulation perform badly with music.
D. The presence of music benefits students who seek for external stimulation.
14. What might the underlined word “Spotify” be?
A. A travel guide. B. A psychology journal.
C. A music platform. D. A personality test.
15. What could be the best title for the article?
A. Why is music essential in your study?
B. Is music beneficial to your personality?
C. How can music affect your external stimulation?
D. Does music promote your cognitive performance?
【答案】12. D13. A14. C15. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过实验来证明了在恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Researchers not only assessed listeners’ personality but also changed the difficulty of the task and the complexity of the music. Participants first completed a personality test used to determine the need for external stimulation. (研究人员不仅评估了听者的性格，还改变了任务的难度和音乐的复杂性。参与者首先完成了一项用来确定外部刺激需求的性格测试)”可知参与者们首先要完成性格测试，根据测试的结果来确定是否需要外部刺激，那么这两类人就根据他们对外部刺激的需求被分成不同的组别来进行试验。故选D项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“The data suggest that for those with a high need of external stimulation, on the simple task of finding A’s, the scores for the music condition were significantly worse than those for the silent condition. On the complex task of learning word pairs, their performance was worse whenever music was played.For those with a low need of external stimulation, however, on the simple task, such participants’ scores for the music condition were much better than those for the silent condition.On the complex task of learning word pairs, the participants showed a small but reliable benefit when listening to music.(数据表明，对于那些需要大量外部刺激的人来说，在寻找A的简单任务中，音乐条件下的分数比安静条件下的明显要差。在复杂的单词配对学习任务中，只要播放音乐，他们的表现就会变差。然而，对于那些对外部刺激需求较低的人来说，在简单的任务中，音乐条件下的参与者的分数要比安静条件下的参与者好得多。在复杂的单词配对学习任务中，参与者在听音乐时表现出了微小但可靠的益处)”可知通过对两组参与者实验后，发现在复杂任务中，需要大量外部刺激的人只要播放音乐，表现就会变差，而对于不太需要外部刺激的人来说，音乐只起一点点作用，远不及他们在简单任务中音乐所起的作用大。故推知在复杂任务中会降低音乐的益处；故选A项。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“With the right personality, the right music and the right task, the presence of music may significantly improve cognitive functioning. Given the benefits of music, subscription to Spotify will be rewarding!(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。考虑到音乐的好处，订阅Spotify可能会为自己带来回报)”可知提到了订阅“Spotify”会有回报，而本文意在阐述音乐对提高认知功能的影响，故推知本文是一篇由音乐平台所发布的文章，来给人们揭露并宣传音乐对于认知功能的影响，故推知划线单词“Spotify”指的是一个音乐平台；故选C项。
【15题详解】
标题判断题。根据文章第一段“But is listening to music the smart choice for students who want to optimize their learning?(但是，对于想要优化学习的学生来说，听音乐是明智的选择吗)”可知，文章第一段提出了一个音乐到底对学生来说是不是一个明智的选择这样一个问题，文章接下来的段落通过一个实验来证明音乐到底是否有利于提高认知功能；文章最后一段“the presence of music may significantly improve cognitive functioning.(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能)”总结出到底音乐是否能提高认知功能这一问题的答案；故本文一直是围绕音乐是否能提高认知能力这一话题来进行阐述的，选项D“Does music promote your cognitive performance(音乐能提高你的认知能力吗)”适合作为本文标题；故选D项。

【20】湖北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题
Pet industry seems to resist gravity．With continual growth over the past 50 years，it shows no sign of slowing down．With people treating their pets more and more like a family member，the pet industry continues to see a rise in related products and services．
The pet industry in the USA reached a milestone in 2020，with total sales of $103．6 billion，a historic high，according to the American Pet Products Association State of the Industry Report，compared to sales of $48 billion in 2010．That is more than a 100%increase in just ten years in what you might consider to be a relatively boring industry．
The pet supplement industry has been growing rapidly as pet owners treat their cats like a member of the family，almost mirroring human behavior．Pay attention to what human trends for health as it might cross over to their pets．
And if you thought product innovation was limited to humans，you would be wrong．We are starting to see significant amounts of innovation in pet product research and development．For example: pet wipes．Pet wipes are essentially moist towelettes(湿纸巾)used on pets after going to the bathroom．Another relatively new pet product category is pet toothpaste．
The same trend goes in the high-end product as well．If it will make their pets happier，there’s a group of owners who will buy it．And that includes relatively expensive luxury products．A new brand of kitty litter(猫砂)changes color based on a cat’s urine pH levels and the company claims that the product helps cat owners detect illness in their cats．
It seems that anything humans need，pets need．So，perhaps it’s not surprising that pet insurance is on the rise．The global pet insurance market size was estimated at $3．8 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach $4．4 billion in 2020 according to Grand View Research．Even Lemonade，the AI-powered insurer recently launched its own pet insurance coverage．
32．What makes pet industry continue to develop？
A．Its resistance to gravity B．People’s growth of love for pets
C．The support of some organizations D．The fashionable products and services
33．In what way is the growth of pet industry reflected？
A．The diversity of pets B．The family members’ behavior
C．The amount of money spent on it D．Human’s needs for their own life
34．According to the passage，what are the trends of pet industry mainly about？
A．Pets’ health and wellbeing B．Pets’ appearance and beauty
C．Pets’ training and behavior D．Pets’ rescue and protection
35．Which of the following can be the best title？
A．What is the influence of pet industry？
B．Why do pet owners treat pets kindly？
C．Does a pet belong to family members？
D．How does pet industry continue growing？
本文是说明文。宠物产业迅猛发展，人们将宠物视为家庭成员，愿意为了宠物的健康而花钱，从而推动了宠物产业在这一方面的发展。
32．B推理判断题。根据文章第一段With people treating their pets more and more like a family member，the pet industry continues to see a rise in related products and services．可以推测出人们越来越喜欢宠物。
33．C推理判断题。根据文章第二段列出的数字可以推测出人们投入到宠物上的钱在增加。
34．A细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话Pay attention to what human trends for health as it might cross over to their pets．和后面三段举的例子，可知答案是A。
35．D标题题。全文说明了人们越来越喜欢宠物，它们的健康状况得到人们的重视，人们也乐意花钱购买相关产品。从而促进宠物业的快速发展，故选D。

【21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月考
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes（基因）, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变）that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts（支柱）in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said, “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
22. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
23. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
24. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day.
B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater.
D. They lived on both land and water.
25. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World’s Best Divers
22~25 BDCA

【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试
With no special equipment, no fences and no watering, two abandoned agricultural fields in the UK have been rewilded (重新野化), in large part due to the efforts of jays, which actually “engineered”these new woodlands. Researchers now hope that rewilding projects can take a more natural and hands-off approach and that jays can shed some of their bad reputations.
The two fields, which researchers have called the New Wilderness and the Old Wilderness, had been abandoned in 1996 and 1961 respectively. The former was a bare field, while the latter was grassland—both lay next to ancient woodlands. Researchers had suspected that the fields would gradually return to wilderness, but it was impressive to see just how quickly this happened, and how much of it was owed to birds.
Using aerial data, the researchers monitored the two sites. After just 24 years, the New Wilderness had grown into a young, healthy wood with 132 live trees per hectare, over half of which (57%)were oaks. Meanwhile,the Old Wilderness resembled a mature woodland after 39 years, with 390 trees per hectare.
“This native woodland restoration was approaching the structure (but not the species composition) of long-established woodlands within six decades,” the researchers explained in the study.
Part of this reforestation was done by the wind, and researchers suspect that previous ground disturbance may have aided the woodland establishment—which is good news, as it would suggest that agricultural areas may be reforested faster than anticipated. However, animals—Eurasian jays, thrushes, wood mice, and squirrels—also played an important role in helping the forests take shape. This handful of species provided much of the natural regeneration needed for the forest to develop. Jays, in particular, seem to have done a lot of heavy lifting.
32. What does the underlined word “shed” in Paragraph 1 refer to？
A. Be opposed to.
B. Be ashamed of.
C. Get used to.
D. Get rid of.
33. Which aspect of the changes in the two fields impressed the researchers?
A. The scale of the woodlands.
B. The diversity of the fields.
C. The rate of the changes.
D. The frequency of the wilderness.
34. What does the author want to tell us by providing some data in Paragragh 3?
A. The woodland restoration was approaching the structureof long-established ones.
B. Much of the wilderness of the fields was owed to birds.
C. Previous ground disturbance aided the woodland establishment.
D. How quickly the fields returned to wilderness over time.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A. The essential role of humans in the reforestation.
B. The factors that contribute to the reforestation.
C. The importance of woodland establishment.
D. The threats faced by a handful of wild animals.
DCDB

【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考
A new study focused on birds examines how the movements of rivers in the Amazon have contributed to that area's exceptional biological diversity. The research team, led by the American Museum of Natural History, found that as small river systems change over time, they spur the evolution of new species. The findings also reveal previously unknown bird species in the Amazon that are only found in small areas next to these dynamic river systems, putting them at high risk of extinction.
The lowland rainforests of the Amazon River basin harbor(藏匿) more diversity than any other ecosystem on the planet. It is also a globally important biome(生物群落)containing about 18 percent of all trees on Earth and carrying more fresh water than the next seven largest river basins combined. Researchers have long wondered and hotly debated how the Amazon's rich biodiversity arose and accumulated.
“Early evolutionary biologists like Alfred Russel Wallace noticed that many species of primates and birds differ across opposite riverbanks in the Amazon,” said the study's lead author Lukas Musher. “ Moreover, accumulating geological evidence has suggested that these rivers are highly dynamic, moving around the South American landscape over relatively short time periods, on the order of thousands or tens of thousands of years.”
To investigate how the movement of rivers across the landscape has influenced the accumulation of bird species in the Amazon, the researchers sequenced the genomes(基因组)of six species of Amazonian birds.
Because these rivers move around the landscape at different time scales, their movements can have varying outcomes for bird species: when river rearrangements occur quickly, populations of birds on each side can combine before they've had time to differ; when river changes happen slowly, species have a longer time to diverge from one another.
28.What does the underlined word “spur” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A. Stimulate. B. Renew. C. Pursue. D. Interrupt.
29.What have researchers debated on?
A. What the Amazon's biodiversity indicates.
B. How the Amazon's biodiversity was formed.
C. Whether the Amazon has the richest biodiversity.
D. Why Amazon bird species are at risk of distinction.
30.What can we conclude from LukasMusher's words?
A. There are six species of American birds.
B. Rivers move very slowly in South America.
C. Most species differ across opposite Amazon riverbanks.
D. River movement may lead to the Amazon's biodiversity.
31.What has influenced the change of bird species in the Amazon?
A. The location of river movement. B. The populations of birds.
C. The speed of river movement. D. The amount of the genomes.
DCBC

【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三10月统考
As anyone in mainland Britain who has ever attempted to grow berries or nuts or indeed feed the birds – will know, doing so is equal to an opening move in a game of chess with local grey squirrels, a game the squirrels tend to win. Grey squirrels are also fond of the occasional bird’s egg or the young bird, and enjoy tearing and eating the bark of young broad leaf trees, which can either kill the trees or leave them open to infection. This, apart from affecting biodiversity and landscape, harms the wood industry. The loss is not insignificant: £37 a year in England and walks.
Grey squirrels, introduced from North America in 1876, have almost replaced native red squirrels by competing them for food and habitat. They are larger and stronger, and resistant to squirrel pox virus, while reds are not. About 3 million grey squirrels now live in the UK; the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the grey squirrel among the top 100 most harmful invasive (入侵的) species in the world.
In Britain, much effort and inventiveness has been made in stopping grey squirrel progress, from trapping and shooting them, to releasing pine mar tens into their habitats. The latest move, a workable system for which was thought to be a decade away, is forbidding the breeding (繁殖) of grey squirrels. However, legal challenge brought so many delays that the invasive grey squirrel population expanded to an unmanageable level and wiping out were abandoned. The main issue in Britain was thought to be more technological than legal designing a drug that targets only grey squirrels to prevent their breeding. Another possibility in the years ahead is to use DNA editing to ensure grey female are born unable to give birth.
Grey squirrels have now been here for nearly 150 years. They do actively threaten another species in Britain. There is a strong argument that ecosystems change. In fact, that is their essential nature, and it is unrealistic to stop it. The attraction of controlling the breeding methods of grey squirrels is that they are less inhumane, and aim for balance rather than uprooting.
28. What does the author focus on in paragraph 1?
A. The harm from grey squirrels.
B. The eating habits of grey squirrels.
C. The effect of grey squirrels on industry.
D. The game between the British and grey squirrels.
29. What led to the victory of grey squirrels over reds?
A. Their huge number. B. Their unique origins.
C. Their breeding ability. D. Their physical qualities.
30. What is the main difficulty in removing grey squirrels in Britain?
A. Less labour. B. Shortage of money.
C. Imperfect law. D. Lack of technology.
31. What is the author’s attitude to forbidding the breeding of grey squirrels?
A. Unclear. B. Objective.
C. Favorable. D. Doubtful.
【答案】28. A29. D30. D31. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了灰松鼠的危害，和英国本土的红松鼠相比，它们更大更强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒;清除灰松鼠面临的主要困难是缺乏技术。
【28题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Grey squirrels are also fond of the occasional bird’s egg or the young bird, and enjoy tearing and eating the bark of young broad leaf trees, which can either kill the trees or leave them open to infection. This, apart from affecting biodiversity and landscape, harms the wood industry.(灰松鼠也喜欢偶尔的鸟蛋或雏鸟，喜欢撕扯和吃年轻的阔叶树的树皮，这可能会杀死树或使它们容易感染。这除了影响生物多样性和景观外，还损害了木材工业)”可知文章第一段主要讲解了灰松鼠的危害。故选A。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They are larger and stronger, and resistant to squirrel pox virus, while reds are not.(它们更大更强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒，而红色则不行)”可知它们的身体素质使灰松鼠战胜了红松鼠。故选D。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The main issue in Britain was thought to be more technological than legal designing a drug that targets only grey squirrels to prevent their breeding.(在英国，主要的问题被认为是技术而不是法律，设计一种只针对灰松鼠的药物来阻止它们繁殖)”可知在英国清除灰松鼠的主要困难是缺乏技术。故选D。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Grey squirrels have now been here for nearly 150 years. They do actively threaten another species in Britain. There is a strong argument that ecosystems change.(灰松鼠已经在这里生活了近150年。它们确实在积极威胁着英国的另一种物种。生态系统会发生变化，这是一个强有力的论点)”可知作者对禁止饲养灰松鼠的态度是赞成的。故选C。