2023届高考英语二轮复习专题02句子成分与结构学案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习专题02句子成分与结构学案，共9页。学案主要包含了考点详解，命题解读，考点预测，复习建议等内容，欢迎下载使用。
  专题02 句子成分与结构2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全 【考点详解】 【命题解读】 历年高考对英语中的不同词性的考查都是必考点。涉及的词性有名词，代词，形容词，副词，动词，冠词，介词，连词 ，助动词，数词。 对词性的掌握也有助于对单词词义的记忆和用法的理解【考点预测】预计2023年高考将侧重考查词性的转换的考查。对不同词性用法的命题考查主要集中在语法填空和短文改错，在完形填空中以考查词义为主。【复习建议】掌握九种英语的词性，在单词背诵中兼顾词性记忆熟练运用上下文推断词性 考点一  英语的词性名词(nouns) n.          book,   window,  doors, teacher, pen...代词(pronoun)pron.     主格I ，宾格 me，形容词性物主代词my ，名词性物主代词 mine, 反身代词myself.数词(numeral) num.     one, two ,three ,four, 序数词first, second, third, fourth,形容词(adjective) adj.    obvious明显的，evident明显的，friendly友好的副词(adverb)adv.        obviously, evidently, exactly, simply, never, very动词(verb) v            eat(ate, eaten), drink,    (be)am, is ,are,was,was   冠词(article) art         a , an, the介词(preposition)prep.    in, on, between, of连词(conjunction)conj.    when, if, while, because, and, until, unless, once, although助动词(auxiliary)aux.     do, does,did, have, has, 情态动词（modal verb） can, will, should, must, need, shall 考点二  句子的基本成分主语  (subject)---s
谓语  (predicate)---v
宾语  (object)---o定语  (attribute)---attrib状语  (adverbial)---adv
补语  (complement)---c表语  (predicative)---p同位语(Appositive) 1. 主语：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。通常由名词，代词，动名词或名词性从句充当。  2. 谓语：表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。  3. 宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。  表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。5. 定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等  7. 宾语补足语：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这一部分内容成为宾补。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。8. 同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。 I     met      my best       friend     Lily    at the bus stop    yesterday.↓     ↓         ↓         ↓        ↓         ↓            ↓主语  谓语      定语        宾语     同位语    地点状语       时间状语 考点三  五种简单基本句型                 系动词            主语+系+表语       动词          不及物动词           主语+谓语    主语+谓语+宾语                 及物动词             主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语  基本句型（1）：主+系+表表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在系动词后。1) My uncle is a professor.     2) He looked tired.     3) The basketball match is on.5) Our aim was to win more medals.          6) His work is teaching French.7) The question is who can really repair the machines.系动词：1) be 状态性      2) look，sound ，taste，smell，feel   感官性3）seem ，appear  表象性    4) get， turn, grow, become,  go，fall 变化类5）stay，remain， keep, stand  持续性     6) prove , turn out   结果性 基本句型 （2） 主+谓：S+V 谓语动词特特点：不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语）1. The red sun rises in the east.       2.That morning we talked a great deal. 3. The man died peacefully.          4. The first impression counts/matters. 5. The meeting will last two hours. 6. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 基本句型（3）主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ）该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。1.I can’t accept this gift.  2.I like swimming.  3.I want to buy a house.4.他们成功地完成了计划。  They have carried out the plan successfully.注意：带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish，  admit， excuse， delay， practise, consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk ，succeed in， be busy，be worth， be used to， give up， look
forward to 注意：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish, hope,  want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc.
 基本句型（4）主语+谓语+双宾（S. + V. + O.+O. ）对比：1）He brings me cookies every day.  ==He brings cookies to me every day.              也可借助于介词to或for   He brings me cookies every day.==He brings cookies to me every day.She made me a beautiful dress.==She made a beautiful dress for me.to侧重指动作的方向，表朝着，对着某人。 for 指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。
1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.    2.Grandma told us an interesting story last night. 3.Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.    4.Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5.He showed the ticket to the conductor.
 基本句型（5）主谓宾宾补    S+Vt.+O+O.C  宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：     The sun keeps us warm.      I heard him singing.     You must get your hair cut.  用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.  We call her Alice.    2.All of us considered him honest.    3.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth.      5.The guards ordered us to leave at once.He has his hair cut once a month.   We won’t let her go out at night.         考点四   （句子的分类）                          1.按句子的用途分： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句2.按句子的结构分：简单句，并列句，复合句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.   Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)并列句: 用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句用分号：We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but we didn’t catch a thing.并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, 等。请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句He was tired.   He went to bed. -----He was tired, so he went to bed.The child didn’t go out.  He was afraid of the dog.----The child didn’t go out, because he was afraid of the dog. He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.------He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.复合句:由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句复合句主要包含以下类型1.主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句,状语从句,同位语从句      状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother.2. What he says doesn’t suit what he does. (复合句包含两个名词性从句:What he says 是主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语从句)3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.   简单句4. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 复合句5. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?    简单句