2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解课件

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了文章怎么读，阅读常见的3种方式，读文需标记的4类词汇，题目怎么读，阅读理解题的3大原则，阅读理解解题示范等内容，欢迎下载使用。
A fish can feed him fr a day. Knwing hw t fish can feed him fr a lifetime.
What are they thinking abut when feeling hungry?
Learning bjectives:At the end f the class, the students will be able t:1.find ut the reasns f the true answers in the test paper and summarize sme skills f reading cmprehensin by analyzing the details f the passage sme useful wrds and phrases with the directin f the teacher.
阅读理解张恒鸣 张秋婷 焦薪颖 赵佳音 崔帅航 孙明鑫
阅读理解常考的4大题型
对文章中的特定细节或具体事实进行判断和认定。一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，是高考阅读中难度最小的一种。它的得分率相对较高，所占的比重最大，是我们做好阅读理解、夺取高分的基础，此类题目，只要细心就能做对。
关键词定位法：需要利用题目中的关键词去寻找文中的对应词， 划出相关句子，进行对照 错误选项排除法
[干扰选项特征]①与短文细节部分相吻合，部分相悖。②无中生有。③是短文细节，但不符合题干要求。④偷换概念⑤符合常识，但不是文章内容。
由文章中已知信息出发，对文章事实进行逻辑推理，做出正确判断，大多会问及文章的暗示、推论、结论、人物的身份和关系、作者的观点、态度和语气等。该题型在高考阅读理解中难度较大，是取得高分必须要攻破的一道难关。寻找线索，悟出字里行间的意思
[正确选项特征]①“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。②选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如nly, never, all, abslutely等。正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
[干扰选项特征]①与常识相吻合，但并不是从短文内容推知的，不是基于文章。②推理过头，引申过度。偏离文章主题，属主观臆断的结论。③是短文内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。
不是考查考生的词汇量，而是要求考生根据上下文的语境、生活常识、构词法进行合理推测。涉及的词语有四类：熟词新义、生僻单词、词组短语和代词。
利用上下文猜测词义：表示并列的词：and, as well as, nt ,表示因果的词: because, since, as, , 表示转折的词: but, hwever,althugh, thugh, instead f, rather than...在such as, fr example, that is t say, like, including等之后进一步说明前面的词
利用主题句，快速把握段落、文章大意，提炼作者观点，最后仔细分析。大多会问及短文主题、标题、作者的写作目的、短文的学科分类及读者对象等。该题型属于中等难度试题，在近五年的高考试题中所占比重较大，平均占到总题量的四分之一左右。
[正确选项特征]①涵盖性强，覆盖全文。②确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。③精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
[干扰选项特征]①范围太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。②范围偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节。③与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章主题，有重叠但不重合。
[例1]　(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gtten a lt “greener” tward the envirnment. “We didn't knw at that time that there even was an envirnment, let alne that there was a prblem with it，” says Bruce Andersn, president f Earth Day USA. But what began as nthing imprtant in public affairs has grwn int a scial mvement. Business peple, plitical leaders, university prfessrs, and especially millins f grass­rts Americans are taking part in the mvement. “The understanding has increased many, many times，” says Gaylrd Nelsn, the frmer gvernr frm Wiscnsin, wh thught up the first Earth Day.
Great imprvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were nly 600 recycling prgrams; tday in 1995 there are abut 6,600. Advanced lights, mtrs, and building designs have helped save a lt f energy and therefre prevented pllutin.
Accrding t Andersn, befre 1970, Americans had little idea abut ________.A．the scial mvement B．recycling techniquesC．envirnmental prblemsD．the imprtance f Earth Day
【分析】A项指社会运动，原文中未提及，与文章主题不符；B项指回收的技巧，文章有提及，是文章细节，但范围太窄；C项中envirnmental prblems是原文第一段第二句中a prblem with it的同义替换，故C项正确；D项指地球日的重要性，虽然在第一段中提及了地球日，但不符合题干要求。
[例2]　(2014·山东高考阅读D节选)Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He wuld cme hme frm wrk and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes，” but Serval wuld find their tthbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really tld him hw well his children brushed.
60．What can we infer abut Serval's children?A．They were unwilling t brush their teeth.B．They ften failed t clean their tthbrushes.C．They preferred t use a tthbrush with a dry head.D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came hme.
【分析】A项根据原文中的“... but Serval wuld find their tthbrush heads dry”一步即可推得，孩子们没有刷牙，说明孩子们不愿意刷牙；B项为推理过头，选项中“failed t clean their tthbrushes”属于主观臆断；C项干扰性较大，虽然原文中有“their tthbrush heads dry”，但并非指“a tthbrush with a dry head”；D项也属于推理过头，从原文只能推断出孩子们不愿意刷牙，而推断不出孩子们喜欢Serval回家后刷牙。
[例3][2009全国I卷]Mnday, Octber 6 Rained last night, cludy in the mrning, 69°F We spent abut tw hurs in Nancy, then sailed n the Canal de la Marne au Rhine. Kind f a lazy day, eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner. After dinner we watched a tape n Baccarat, where we will visit tmrrw. It was pleasant t sit ut n deck (甲板) and watch the scenery g by at abut 3 mph. Wednesday, Octber 8 Cludy, 65°FTday we sailed frm Schneckenbush t Saverne. We went thrugh tw caves, an extremely unusual part f the jurney. This river scenery is very different. We were in a muntain valley with grassland n ne side and a frest beginning t shw sme clr n the ther.
What des the authr think f the tur? A. Tiring. B. Expensive. C. Enjyable. D. Quick.
A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, aged 4 and 18 mnths.
The underlined wrd “hassle” means ________.A．a party designed by specialistsB．a plan requiring careful thughtC．a situatin causing difficulty r trubleD．a demand made by guests
【分析】对比法，由前句的否定desn't与后句的肯定can be 进行对比，可以推断出，hassle与fun意思相反，而与difficulty，truble意义相近，故选C
[例6]When things are getting hard, a vice inside my head tells me that I can't achieve smething. Then there are ther distractins, such as family r hbbies. The key is t cncentrate.
What des the underlined wrd “distractins” refer t?A．ways that help ne t fcusB．wrds that help ne t feel less tenseC．activities that turn ne's attentin awayD．habits that make it hard fr ne t relax
The bk that is unputdwnable is s interesting r exciting that I d nt want t stp reading it.
【分析】s well written and interesting as t be difficult t put dwn 使人爱不释手的， 扣人心弦的
[例6]Frget Twitter and Facebk, Ggle and the Kindle. Televisin is till the mst influential medium arund. Indeed, fr many ther the prest areas f the wrld, it remains the next big thing---finally becmes glbally available. And that is a gd thing, because the TV revlutin is changing lives fr the much TV has been assciated with vilence, verweight and lneliness. Hwever, TV is having a psitive influence n the lives f the wrldwide.
The authr aims t_______A．stress the advantage f TV t peple's livesB．tell us the bad effects f TVC．intrduce the readers sme websites such as GgleD．encurage the readers t watch TV
【分析】A项，找出首尾主题句，B项 某个具体事实和细节C项 非文章事实的主观臆断D项 无中生有
[例7]　(2014·福建高考阅读A)It was Mther's Day mrning last year and I was ding shpping at ur lcal supermarket with my five-­year­-ld sn, Tenysn. As we were leaving, we fund that nly minutes earlier an elderly wman had fallen ver at the entrance and had hit her head n the cncrete. Her husband was with her, but there was bld everywhere and the wman was embarrassed and clearly in shck. Walking twards the scene, Tenysn became very upset abut what had happened t the cuple. He said t me, “Mum, it's nt much fun falling ver in frnt f everyne.”
At the frnt f the supermarket, a charity (慈善) grup had set up a stand selling cked sausages and flwers t raise funds. Tenysn suggested that we shuld buy the lady a flwer. “It will make her feel better，” he said. I was amazed that he'd cme up with this sweet idea. S we went ver t the flwer seller and asked her if we culd buy a flwer fr the lady t cheer her up. “Just take it，” she replied. “I can't take yur mney fr such a wnderful gesture.” By nw paramedics (急救人员) had arrived, and were attending t the injured wman. As we walked up t her, my sn became intimidated by all the bld and medical equipment. He said he was just t scared t g up t her.
Instead I gave the flwer t the wman's husband and tld him，“My sn was very upset fr yur wife and wanted t give her this flwer t make her feel better.” At then, the ld man started crying and said, “Thank yu s much, yu have a wnderful sn. Happy Mther's Day t yu.” The man then bent dwn and gave his wife the flwer, telling her wh it was frm. Thugh badly hurt and shaken, the ld lady lked up at Tenysn with lve in her eyes and gave him a little smile.
What wuld be the best title fr the passage?A．Flwer PwerB．Mther's DayC．An Accidental InjuryD．An Embarrassing Mment
【分析】A项，本文主要讲述Tenysn买花送给摔倒的老太太，老太太深受感动，可知本文的最佳标题是“花的力量”；B项“母亲节”，题目太大，超出了文章论述的范围；C项“一次意外的受伤”，内涵较小，无法涵盖本文的主题；D项“一个尴尬的时刻”与文章内容完全不符。
正确选项的5种命题规律
干扰选项的5种命制规律
干扰选项的5种命题规律
命题人常关注的10大常考处
无论是议论文还是说明文，一篇文章往往分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每个段落一般都是一个部分或者一个层次。英美作者写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的主旨句，也是出题的重点区域。
文章的转折处也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，作者经常通过先抑后扬的方法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能作上标记以方便做题时查找。一些明显的转折词包括but, hwever, n the cntrary, yet(句首), still(句首), as a matter f fact, in fact等。
另外，作者也经常把两个事物、两件事实、两种观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的一些标志性词语有by cntrast, in cmparisn, be cmpared with等。特别需要指出的是，只要文章第一段中出现一组对比的概念或事物，这个地方往往会成为考题的命题重点，考生应掌握这一规律，在看到文章首段出现转折对比的内容时，应当立即集中注意力，同时还要明白，第一段出现转折关系时，转折后所表述的一定是文章的主旨，而在首段出现的对照或对比的内容将在下文中进行具体的议论，并在文章最后得出结论。
因果逻辑关系也很受高考英语命题者青睐，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。表示因果关系的词语有：because, because f, fr, since, due t, thanks t, as a result f, as, s, thus, therefre, cnsequently, in cnsequence, as a result, result frm, result in, cause, lead t, attribute ... t等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。
一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明，这些例子往往与作者的说明和论述有很大的关联，考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力，因此这也成了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：fr example, fr instance, take ... as an example, such as, like等。考生要牢记一般文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源，寻找观点，才能保证所选答案的正确率。
(1)冒号：冒号出现有两大作用——后面内容用来解释说明前面抽象的内容；后面是对前面内容的总结。不管是解释还是总结，出现冒号通常都选择读冒号后面的内容。(2)括号：括号中间的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前面的内容，我们在平时的学习过程中见到括号一般都跳过，但是在英语中通常要强调的内容放在括号中，因此不可以跳过，反而要认真仔细分析。(3)破折号：破折号后面的内容表示对前面内容的解释说明或补充，说明此处信息至关重要。但要注意，两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，就不再是重点信息。
议论文或说明文中经常引用他人的观点来支持作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，同时也是出题者考查的热点区域，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。
一般情况下出现the research indicates, the reprt suggests等类似的结论建议性表达方式时，表明此处为文中提及的实验和研究的结果或作者要阐明论证的结果。出题者通常不会考查实验研究的过程，而将注意力放在结论结果上，因此做题过程中要格外注意这些表达的出现。
为了简洁明了地表达事物及其逻辑关系，作者常会利用各种代词、名词来代替前面提到过的人、物或事。当指代词前后的句子结构比较复杂、指代词与其代替的人、物或事相隔较远或指代词周围出现多个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易一下区分清楚，因而常常受到出题人的青睐。
文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度，以及文章中涉及的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现dubt, appreciate, hate, against等表达观点态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、反问句等)。
推荐3种方式 标记4类词汇
第1种：读文章→做题目→回头查读文章
第2种：读题目(题干＋选项)→读文章→做题目
第3种：读主题→读题目→读全文→做题目
坚持3大原则 遵循4大流程
阅读理解4大题型解题流程
第1步 读文章做标记
第1步 读文章做标记
Passenger pigens(旅鸽) nce flew ver much f the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accunts frm the 18th and 19th centuries described flcks (群) s large that they darkened the sky fr hurs.
本段标出了时间the 18th and 19th centuries，地点the United States和一个极端词large，主要讲了美国的旅鸽在18和19世纪数量巨大。
It was calculated that when its ppulatin reached its highest pint, they were mre than 3 billin passenger pigens — a number equal t 24 t 40 percent f the ttal bird ppulatin in the United States, making it perhaps the mst abundant bird in the wrld. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already becme smaller, a flck believed t be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (abut 515 kilmeters) lng was seen near Cincinnati.
本段标出了时间词when引导的时间状语从句和as late as 1870，极端词和程度词highest, mre than, ttal, the mst abundant，以及关系词equal t等,主要讲述了旅鸽数量到达顶峰时的数量——占美国整个鸟类总数的百分之二十四到百分之四十之多,以及1870年末旅鸽数量较少时的数量也是惊人的。
Sadly, the abundance f passenger pigens may have been their unding.Where the birds were mst abundant, peple believed there was an ever­lasting supply and killed them by the thusands. Cmmercial hunters attracted them t small clearings with grain, waited until pigens had settled t feed, then threw large nets ver them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped t large cities and sld in restaurants.
本段以态度词sadly开头，通过程度词abundance, mst abundant, ever­lasting, by the thusands等讲述了因为旅鸽的数量巨大，人们认为旅鸽源源不断，因此导致了人们对其的大量捕杀。
By the clsing decades f the 19th century, the hardwd frests where passenger pigens nested had been damaged by American's need fr wd, which scattered (驱散) the flcks and frced the birds t g farther nrth, where cld temperatures and strms cntributed t their decline. Sn the great flcks were gne, never t be seen again.
本段标出了时间词by the clsing decades f the 19th century和极端词never等，主要讲述了直到19世纪末，导致旅鸽灭绝的另一个原因——旅鸽的栖息地——阔叶林的砍伐。旅鸽不得不迁徙到北方，而北方的寒冷气候和暴风雨使旅鸽的数量大量减少。
In 1897, the state f Michigan passed a law prhibiting the killing f passenger pigens, but by then, n sizable flcks had been seen in the state fr 10 years. The last cnfirmed wild pigen in the United States was sht by a by in Pike Cunty, Ohi, in 1900. Fr a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last f them, knwn affectinately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zlgical Garden n September 1, 1914.
本段通过时间词in 1897和地点词Michigan通过了禁止捕杀旅鸽的法律，通过逻辑词but和程度词n sizable以及时间词fr 10 years说明之后的10年里再也看不到大数量的旅鸽了。文章最后一句话用了极端词last，态度词affectinately，地点词和时间词Cincinnati Zlgical Garden n September 1, 1914等讲述了最后一只旅鸽的死亡时间与地点。
第2步 通过题干和选项 确定题目类型， 并快速定位信息源
第2步通过题干和选项确定题目类型，并快速定位信息源
24.In the 18th and early 19th centuries， passenger pigens 　　　　 the biggest bird in the wrld B.lived mainly in the suth f AmericaC.did great harm t the natural envirnment D.were the largest bird ppulatin in the US
通过题干中的“In the 18th and early 19th centuries”和第一段中的时间词“the 18th and 19th centuries”和第二段中的时间词“as late as 1870”，这些时间词在我们第一次阅读时已经标出，因此我们可以迅速定位到文章第一段和第二段。
25．The underlined wrd “unding” prbably refers t the pigens' ________.A．escape B．ruinC．liberatin D．evlutin
通过题干中的关键词unding，我们可以把解题区间定位到第三段的第一句话。
26．What was the main reasn fr peple t kill passenger pigens? A．T seek pleasure. B．T save ther birds.C．T make mney. D．T prtect crps.
通过题干中的关键词“kill passenger pigens”和我们已经作标记的第三段中的态度词sadly和程度词by the thusands，我们可以迅速定位到第三段。
27. What can we infer abut the law passed in Michigan？ A.It was ignred by the was declared t was was strict.
通过题干中的关键词in Michigan和文章最后一段中已经标记的地点词Michigan，我们可以迅速定位到最后一段。
第3步 根据题型特点， 将选项与原文信息 进行比对、归纳， 确定答案
第3步根据题型特点，将选项与原文信息进行比对、归纳，确定答案
24.在18世纪和19世纪早期，旅鸽________。A．是世界上最大的鸟(曲解文意)第一段中的large是指旅鸽种群很大，而不是指体形。B．主要生活在美国南部(无中生有)C．对自然环境有巨大的伤害(无中生有)D．是在美国数量最多的鸟(同义替换)
根据同义词组“in unbelievable numbers”，“24 t 40 percent f the ttal bird”和“the mst abundant bird”可以判定正确答案为D项。
根据原文第三段中的语气词“sadly”，以及下文的同义词组“killed them by the thusands”可以判定正确答案为B项。
Sadly, the abundance f passenger pigens may have been their unding. Where the birds were mst abundant, peple believed there was an ever-­lasting supply and killed them by the thusands. Cmmercial hunters attracted them t small clearings with grain, waited until pigens had settled t feed, then threw large nets ver them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped t large cities and sld in restaurants.
25．画线的单词“unding”很可能指的是旅鸽的________。A．逃跑(曲解文意)B．毁灭(合理猜测)C．解放(曲解文意)D．进化(曲解文意)
根据文章第三段最后一句“The birds were shipped t large cities and sld in restaurants.”可推知，人们杀害旅鸽是为了赚钱(t make mney)。故应选C项。
26．人们捕杀旅鸽的主要原因是什么？A．为了寻求快乐。(无中生有)B．为了拯救其他鸟。(无中生有)C．为了赚钱。(简化总结)D．为了保护农作物。(无中生有)