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2023届高考英语二轮复习主谓一致和特殊句式课件
展开考点一 语法一致1.表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数。When and where t g fr the n-salary hliday has nt been decided yet.带薪度假的时间和地点还没决定。
2.“ne/either/neither/each f+复数名词/代词”作主语时,谓语用单数。Either f the stries is very funny.这两个故事都很有趣。3.smething,everything,anything,nthing,smebdy, nbdy,n ne等不定代词作主语,谓语通常用单数。Nthing is impssible.没有不可能的事。
4.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语,通常被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。Ten punds was missing frm the bx.盒子里的东西少了十磅。
5.主语后有with,tgether with,alng with,except,besides,as well as等词或短语时,谓语动词的数要与这些词或短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致(因为with等词为介词,其后跟的名词只能是介宾,不可能充当主语)。Mr.Green tgether with his children ges t the park every Sunday.格林先生每个星期天都和他的孩子们一起去这个公园。
6.what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。What surprised me mst was his attitude twards his study.最令我惊讶的是他对学习的态度。What her father left her are nly sme bks.她父亲留给她的只有一些书。
7.such作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。Such is Stephen Hawking,wh has suffered a great deal but achieved s much.这就是史蒂芬·霍金,他经受了很多痛苦但也取得了许多成就。Such are the results we have gt.这些就是我们所取得的成果。`
8.有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式,由计量单位名词的单、复数形式决定。There is a cup f tea n the table.桌子上有一杯茶。Hw many bttles f milk are there in the bx?箱子里有多少瓶牛奶?
1.“every/each/n+名词+and every/each/n+名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。Every by and every girl is playing sprts nw. 每个男孩和女孩都正在参加运动。2.“ne+单数名词+and a half”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。One apple and a half was n the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果。
3.“mre than ne+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Mre than ne student has failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试不及格。4.“many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Many a child was playing there. 很多孩子在那边玩。
5.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从句中作主语,根据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数;在“ne f+复数名词+wh/that/which”引导的从句中,谓语动词用复数;但之前有the(nly)等修饰语时,从句中的谓语动词用单数。Mary is the nly ne f the students in ur schl wh has ever been t China. 玛丽是我们学校唯一一个去过中国的学生。
6.the rest,the remaining/part…+主语,谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。The factry used three fifths f the raw materials,the rest f which were saved fr ther purpses. 工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三,剩余部分节省出来作为他用。
7.分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。Abut 50% f the land is suitable t grw plants. 大约50%的土地适合种植物。Abut 80% f the peple in the city bject t the price f running water ging up. 这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。
1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与其最接近的主语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有r,nt…but…,either…r…,neither… nr…,nt nly… but als…等。Either I r they are respnsible fr the result f the matter. 要么他们要么我为这个事情的结果负责。
2.在倒装句中谓语常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping f hands and the shuts f the peple. 远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
3.当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。here引起的句子与此用法相同。There is a pen,a knife and several bks n the desk. 书桌上有一支钢笔、一把刀和几本书。Here is a pen,a few envelpes and sme paper in the drawer. 在抽屉里有一支钢笔、几个信封和一些纸。
特别提示:就近一致原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句里,同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。Is either Tm r yu t be sent t wrk there?是你或者汤姆要被派去那里工作吗?
(一)完全倒装1.表示方向、地点和时间的副词、介词短语置于句首时用完全倒装。常见的有:there,here,in,ut,away,up,dwn,frm,ff,back,ver,then,nw,in the rm,n the wall等。
Here cmes the bus. 车来了。In rushed the angry man. 那个生气的男人冲了进来。Nw is yur turn. 现在轮到你了。In frnt f the schl gate is a big beautiful garden. 学校门前是一个漂亮的大花园。
特别提示:主语为代词时不倒装。Out they rushed. 他们冲了出去。
2.表语+连系动词+主语(表语是形容词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词等)Present at the meeting were Prfessr White,Prfessr Smith and many ther guests. 出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授,还有许多其他客人。Such are the facts; n ne can deny them. 这些就是事实,没有人可以否认。
(二)部分倒装1.“nly+状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)”置于句首时,句子或者主句要用部分倒装。Only then did he realize that he had lst his way. 直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。Only when he returned did we find ut the truth. 唯有他回来,我们才能弄明白事实。
2.具有否定意义的副词或短语如nt,nr,neither,never,seldm,rarely,hardly,little,by n means,at n time,in n way,under n circumstances等位于句首时,句子用部分倒装。Seldm had he seen a child with s much talent. 他以前难得见过如此有天赋的孩子。By n means shall we give up. 我们绝不会放弃。
3.在以下几个固定句式结构中,句子使用部分倒装。(1)s+be/助动词/情态动词+主语They lve having lts f friends.S d thse with disabilities. 他们喜欢拥有许多朋友,残疾人也是如此。
特别提示:s表示“是的,确实”,重复上文,表示赞同对方的观点时,主谓语不倒装。—It is t ht. ——天太热了。—S it is. ——是啊,的确很热。
(2)neither/nr+be/助动词/情态动词+主语I dn’t knw wh he is,nr d I want t knw. 我不知道他是谁,我也不想知道。(3)在such/s…that …结构中,“s/such+被修饰词”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。S fast did he run that he was far ahead f thers. 他跑得很快,远远领先于其他人。
(4)neither…nr…结构位于两个分句的句首时,用部分倒装。Neither d I knw it,nr d I care abut it. 我不知道这件事,我也不在乎。(5)在nt nly …but (als)…结构中,nt nly位于句首时,第一个分句用部分倒装。Nt nly d I like painting,but I (als) take a curse. 我不但喜欢画画,而且还上了绘画课。
特别提示:此结构连接主语时不倒装。Nt nly he but als his parents are sick. 不但他而且他父母也病了。(6)nt until …位于句首时,句子或主句用部分倒装。Nt until my sn had entered the university did he realize the imprtance f time. 直到我儿子上了大学他才意识到时间的重要性。
(7)在hardly…when…/n sner…than…结构中,hardly/n sner位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。Hardly had she sat dwn when she heard smene kncking at the dr. 她一坐下就听到有人敲门。N sner had she stepped ut f the huse than it began t rain. 她刚踏出家门天就下起雨来。特别提示:这两个结构都要求主句谓语用过去完成时。
(8)as/thugh引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。Pretty as/thugh she is,she is nt prud. 尽管她很漂亮,但她一点也不自负。Try as he wuld,he might fail again. 尽管他还会尝试,但可能还会失败。特别提示:单数可数名词表语提前时,省略其前的不定冠词。Child as he is,he knws a lt. 虽然他还是个孩子,但他懂得很多。
(9)虚拟条件句若有had,were,shuld时,可省略if,从句用部分倒装。Were I yu,I wuld take his advice. 如果我是你,我会接受他的建议。Shuld it rain tmrrw,the sprts meeting wuld be put ff. 如果明天下雨,运动会将会推迟。
1.状语从句的省略(1)在when,while,whenever,till,as sn as,if,unless,as if,thugh,as等引导的状语从句中,若谓语部分含有be动词,而从句的主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it 时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。While (we were) walking,we met ur ld friend Jack. 我们散步时碰到了老朋友杰克。
(2)if s,if any,if pssible,if necessary,if nt 已看作固定搭配。If (it is) necessary,ask Mr.Wang t help yu. 如果有必要,找王先生帮你。Errrs,if (there are) any,shuld be crrected. 如果有什么错误,就应该改正。
2.不定式的省略(1)在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号t。I shall g if I want t. 如果我想去就去。
(2)若被省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,通常应保留这些词。—He hasn’t finished yet. ——他还没完成。—Well,he ught t have. ——哦,他该完成了。
1.强调句的基本句型是“It is/was+被强调的部分+that/wh+其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。It is nly children wh will make such stupid mistakes. 只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。
2.强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前,特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他部分”。Was it in this market that yu bught the TV?你是在这个市场买的电视吗?Where was it that he gt the infrmatin?他是从哪里弄到这个信息的?
特别提示:强调句型不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词,用“助动词d,des或did+动词原形”,意为“的确;真的;务必”。D sit dwn.务必请坐。He did say that he wuld help me. 他的确说过他会帮我的。
1.there be结构的谓语形式there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem t be,happen t be,be likely t be 或remain,stand,lie,g,exist,fllw,live,cme,ccur 等替换。
There seems t be smething wrng with the machine. 机器好像出了点问题。There is likely t be an imprtant meeting tmrrw. 明天很可能会有一个重要的会议。Once upn a time there lived an ld mnk in the temple. 从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。
2.there be结构的非谓语形式What is the chance f there being an electin this year?今年举行选举的可能性有多大?(there be的动词-ing形式作介词 f的宾语)I expect there t be many chances fr him t get a jb. 我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。(there be的动词不定式结构作动词expect的复合宾语)
感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。1.what 引导的感叹句What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!What a strange plant!I’ve never seen it befre. 这种植物真奇怪!我以前从未见过。What lvely children they are!他们是多么可爱的孩子啊!
2.hw 引导的感叹句Hw+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!Hw+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!Hw+主语+谓语!Hw interesting a stry it is!=What an interesting stry it is!这是多么有趣的一个故事啊!Hw time flies!时间过得真快啊!
强调句型与其他结构相似的复合句的区别
1.与含主语从句的主从复合句的区别It is true that they are ging t visit the Great Wall next mnth. 他们打算下个月去参观长城,这是真的。It is the Great Wall that they are ging t visit. 他们打算去参观的地方是长城。
第一句是一个主从复合句,其中It是形式主语;that引导的是主语从句,that没有任何意义,在从句中不作任何成分;第二句是强调句,强调的是宾语the Great Wall,It is和that没有任何意义,只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。
2.与含定语从句的主从复合句的区别It is a questin that needs careful cnsideratin.这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。It is nvels that William enjys reading.威廉喜欢读的是小说。第一句是一个主从复合句,其中that引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词a questin,that在从句中作主语,It在主句中作主语;第二句是强调句,强调的是宾语nvels,It is和that没有任何意义,只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。
3.与含状语从句的主从复合句的区别(1)与“It is/was+时间名词+when… ”的区别It was 6 ’clck when I gt up tday.今天我起床时6点了。It was at 6 ’clck that I gt up tday.今天我在6点起的床。第一句是主从复合句,It指时间,when引导时间状语从句,时间名词前无介词;第二句是强调句型,强调的是时间状语at 6 ’clck,It was和that无实际意义。
(2)与“It is/was+时间段+since… ”的区别It is tw years since I taught English.我不教英语两年了。It is tw years since I began t teach English.我教英语已经两年了。It is tw hurs that he spends n English every day.他每天花两个小时学英语。
前两个句子是“It is+时间段+since… ”句型,since引导时间状语从句。若since和延续性动词连用,该句型的意思是“……不做某事已有……时间了”;若since和非延续性动词连用,该句型的意思是“……做某事已有……时间了”。since引导的从句常用一般过去时。第三个句子是强调句,强调的是宾语tw hurs。
(3)与“It was+时间段+befre… ”的区别It was tw years befre he came back frm abrad.过了两年他才回国。It was tw years later that he came back frm abrad.他是两年后回国的。第一句中的It指时间,befre引导的是时间状语从句;第二句为强调句,强调的是时间状语tw years later。
策略一 固定句式思维法考生要养成看到以it开头的句子,就要考虑强调句型的思维模式,把强调结构排除之后再考虑需要用的其他连接词。【典例】 Culd it be in the restaurant ________ yu had dinner with me yesterday _______ yu lst yur hand bag?解析:句意:你会不会把手提包丢在昨天我们一起吃晚饭的饭店里了?第一空用where引导定语从句,where在从句中作地点状语;第二空用that构成强调句型的基本框架。故答案为where;that。
策略二 标志识别法解答倒装类题目的关键是判断出句子是否具备使用倒装的条件。1.看句首是否有表示否定意义或半否定意义的词或短语,是否有nly所修饰的状语(从句),是否有s修饰的形容词或副词以及nt until,nt nly等。
【典例】 Nt until the mtrbike lked almst new _____ he stp repairing and cleaning it. 解析:nt until…位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装;再结合“lked”可知时态为一般过去时,故此处填助动词did。
2.看句首是否有表示方位或方向的词或短语,且主语是否为名词,或结合题干的句子结构看是不是分词等置于句首,若是,则用完全倒装。【典例】 Just in frnt f ur huse ________ (stand) a tall tree with a histry f 1,000 years. 解析 表示地点的介词短语Just in frnt f ur huse置于句首,且句子的主语为名词,句子要用完全倒装,即主语a tall tree要放在谓语之后。本空应填stands。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2020·新高考卷)Often, nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin ____ (be) n display. Mst f it is stred away r used fr research. 解析:考查主谓一致。句意:通常,博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实,应使用一般现在时,主语a small part f a museum’s cllectin是单数概念,谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式,且后面的Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
2.(2020·新课标卷Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brwn University, says, “because it _______ (mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn is cnstructed.”解析:考查主谓一致。根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知,此处也使用一般现在时;主语是it,所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means。故填means。
3.(2020·江苏卷改编)If yu lk at all sides f the situatin, yu’ll find prbably a slutin that _______ everyne. 解析:考查动词主谓一致。句意:如果你从各个方面看问题,你可能会找到一个适合每个人的解决方案。句子描述的客观事实,应使用一般现在时;此处是定语从句谓语动词,先行词是a slutin,从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。故填suits。
4.(2020·新课标卷Ⅱ)This is why decrating with plants, fruits and flwers _________ (carry) special significance. 解析:考查主谓一致。句意:这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句,从句主语为动名词短语decrating with plants, fruits and flwers,所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
5.(全国Ⅱ)It culd be anything—gardening, cking, music, sprts—but whatever it is, ______(make) sure it’s a relief frm daily stress rather than anther thing t wrry abut. 解析:第二个破折号之后为but连接的并列句,whatever it is是让步状语从句,主句为祈使句,所缺词是主句的谓语动词,应使用动词原形。故填make。
6.(湖南Ⅱ)It was when we were returning hme ______ I realized what a gd feeling it was t have helped smene in truble. 解析:分析句子结构可知此句为强调句,并且强调的是时间状语,故用that。
7.(2019·全国I卷)Of the nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins, three are declining, six _____ (be) stable, ne is increasing, and nine lack enugh data. 解析:考查主谓一致。句意:在已经确认的19个北极熊亚种群中,有3个在减少,6个稳定,1个在增加,9个缺乏足够的数据。根据three are declining,此处数词six作主语,代指前文中的“plar bear subppulatins”,故用复数谓语,一般现在时。故填are。
8.(全国卷Ⅰ)Fast fd ____(be) full f fat and salt; by eating mre fast fd peple will get mre salt and fat than they need in their diet. 解析:根据行文的时态可知,此处用一般现在时;句子的主语fast fd(快餐)是不可数名词短语,故填 be的第三人称单数形式is。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)My dad dn’t like the sup and I dn’t enjy apples.第一个dn’t改成desn’t解析:考查主谓一致。句意:我爸爸不喜欢汤,我也不喜欢苹果。表示经常或反复发生的事情,用一般现在时。主语my dad是第三人称单数,谓语动词用单数,所以dn’t改成desn’t。
2.(陕西)I culdn’t believe my luck—nt nly did I had my pht taken with him, but he signed his name n my shirt!had→have解析:考查倒装句的谓语结构,“did+主语+动词原形”,故had应改为have。
3.(浙江卷)After we left, I said, “That was very nice f yu, Mther. But I didn’t think she lked like Grandma.” “Neither did me,” said Mther cheerfully.me→I解析:“neither+助动词+主语”结构中,主语应该用主格形式,故me应改为I。
4.(浙江)He wuld ask wh we was and pretend nt t knw us.was→were解析:wh引导的宾语从句中主语是we,谓语应用复数。5.(辽宁)Hard wrk have made him very ill.have→has解析:wrk为不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。
6.(陕西)Finally, there were a sudden pull at the ple and a fish was caught.were→was解析:There be句型中be动词应该与其后主语a sudden pull在数上保持一致。
7.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classrm is a place fr learning and that include learning frm textbks, and mistakes as well.include→includes解析:考查主谓一致。that作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。
Ⅲ.语法填空Our schl library, alng with many ther buildings, is very different frm ther schls’. There 1._____ (be) tw cmputer rms, three art rms, a meeting rm and a reading rm in the library building. The number f the bks 2.____ (be) large. It was 2,000,000 dllars 3.______ all the bks cst ur schl. It is such a large amunt f mney 4._______ an average family can’t affrd it,right? But in my view,it is wrth it because in the era f knwledge explsin,many students have a thirst fr knwledge.
Our library is als a multifunctinal building. There are 500 cmputers in it. Many a student 5.________ (surf) the Internet at weekends here and nw yu can see that my classmates, Mike and Jhn, are surfing the Internet. 6.______ happy they are!
Lk! A prfessr and writer 7._____ (be) delivering a speech in the meeting rm. Every time there is a wnderful speech, the audience always 8._____________ (cheer) up. What lvely children they are! Enter ur art rm 9.______ yu will find a teacher with his students is painting in the rm. On the wall 10.______ (be) abut 500 pictures, which attract many students.文章大意:本文为一篇说明文。介绍了学校与众不同的图书馆。
cheer/cheers
解析:1.本题考查了There be句型主谓一致问题。There be句型的主谓一致应遵循“就近一致”原则,故本句的谓语动词应与tw cmputer rms保持一致。因此填are。2.“the number f+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词应与the number保持一致,即用动词的单数形式。故填is。3.本题考查强调句型。被强调部分为2,000,000 dllars。故填that。
4.本题考查了“such… that… ”句型。句意:这是如此大的一笔钱以至于一个普通家庭负担不起,是不是?故填that。5.“many a/an+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词需用单数形式。故填surfs。6.本题考查感叹句。设空后为形容词。故填Hw。7.此处主语a prfess r and writer(一位教授兼作家),指的是一个人。故填is。
8.the audience作主语时,谓语动词用单复数均可。故填cheer/cheers。9.本题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”,本句型相当于“if从句+主句”。句意:走进我们的美术教室,你就会看到一位老师和他的学生们正在教室里画画。故填and。10.本题考查倒装句。主语为abut 500 pictures。将本句改为正常语序后为:Abut 500 pictures are n the wall。故填are。
Ⅳ.短文改错When we were small, the teacher tld us that we culd help thers. Offer help t smene wh are in need f help is Chinese traditin. Tday,we are happily t see that peple give their hands t the ld and the weak, but sme negative examples als exist at the same time. It has reprted that many peple saw the wman was jumping ff a bridge. But they nt just tk ut their cellphnes and tk picture. N ne tried t stp her. It is a pity what peple becme s cld-blded. If they culd persuade her ut f killing her, they wuld be successful in stpping the tragedy.
Ⅴ.增分写作训练在写作中可以打破常规,利用倒装句或强调句增添新意。请利用特殊句式升级以下句式1.It is nt nly an interesting and meaningful activity but it als ffers us a gd chance t make new friends. (利用倒装句式升级)Nt nly is it an interesting and meaningful activity but it als ffers us a gd chance t make new friends.
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