2022-2023学年上海市交通大学附属中学高二上学期期中考试英语试题（解析版）

这是一份2022-2023学年上海市交通大学附属中学高二上学期期中考试英语试题（解析版），共32页。试卷主要包含了 A等内容，欢迎下载使用。

上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第一学期
高二英语期中试卷
(满分150分，120分钟完成。答案请写在答题纸上。)
第Ｉ卷
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (25%)
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Drive the man home. B. Share a taxi with the man.
C. Get the man his car. D. Tell the man the way home.
2. A. At a railway station. B. At a ticket office.
C. In a park. D. In an apartment.
3. A. The woman will have no difficulty in her next class.
B. He used to have trouble doing the assignment.
C. The woman needs help with her assignment.
D. He could find a tutor for the woman.
4. A. Find some cheaper ice cream. B. Get ice cream at a different store.
C. Buy the ice cream he usually buys. D. Choose the ice cream that tastes good.
5. A. He didn’t enjoy the game because the team lost.
B. He was impressed by the efforts the team made.
C. The woman is wrong about who won the game.
D. The players could have won if they’d tried harder.
6. A. The increase in fees has not been announced.
B. The man has decided to move out of the dorm.
C. The dorms will be cheaper than off-campus housing.
D. The woman is pleased she won’t have to pay the higher fees.
7. A. He didn’t know that David was having a problem.
B. The woman doesn’t know much about accounting.
C. David hasn’t started working on his project yet.
D. David is going to ask the woman for help.
8. A. Borrow money from his family.
B. Get advice on how to organize the trip.
C. Invite his family to go to Alaska with him.
D. Make a flight reservation as soon as possible.
9. A. He’d like to go for a walk another time.
B. He doesn’t want to walk in the rain.
C. He only has time for a short walk.
D. He’s going to check out a book.
10. A. She hadn’t heard about the New Year celebration.
B. She didn’t attend the French Club meeting.
C. She doesn’t speak French very well.
D. She may be too busy to help.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. A story-teller. B. A salesperson. C. A teacher. D. A writer.
12. A. The similarities between two fairy tales. B. The comparison between two characters.
C. The wish that kids usually have. D. The key part of every fairy tale.
13. A. Both Cinderella and Harry Potter are loved by their parents.
B. Both Cinderella and Harry Potter long for a different life.
C. Neither Cinderella nor Harry Potter sees a miracle happen.
D. Neither Cinderella nor Harry Potter finds what they wish for.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. Successful business practices. B. Public health concerns.
C. Unusual inventions. D. Famous inventors.
15. A. They drank from personal tin cups they carried.
B. They drank from public water fountains.
C. They passed around a cup of water.
D. They bought a paper cup of water.
16. A. To explain how traveling led to new inventions.
B. To demonstrate the importance of public health laws.
C. To point out that without luck businesses will not succeed.
D. To illustrate the importance of having the right product at the right time.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. A restaurant. B. A program. C. A dish. D. A recipe.
18. A. She lost the contest due to the unusual dish she cooked.
B. She performed well throughout the competition.
C. She experienced ups and downs emotionally.
D. She did best at the most important moment.
19. A. It followed the same pattern. B. Its judges were not fair.
C. The winner didn’t deserve it. D. She was disappointed with it.
20. A. Former judges remain. B. The source of recipes should be limited.
C. All participants cook in one style. D. The winners should be announced each week.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A (1.5′*30＝45%)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
1. It is a classic debate ________ the ends justify the means, or reasonable means can certainly differ.
A. either B. of whether C. that D. of what
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：这是一个经典的辩论，只要目的正当就可以不择手段，或者合理的手段肯定会有所不同。句中it作形式主语，从句中不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that连接。故选C。
2. —It’s 7:30 and he hasn’t taken the nucleic acid test yet!
—Well, he ________.
A. ought to B. oughtn’t to have C. ought to have D. ought to have to
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：——已经7:30了，他还没有去做核酸！——是的，他本应该去做的。根据句意可知，此处意为“本应该做，却没做……”，应用情态动词+have done，表达为ought to have done，故此处答语应为“Well, he ought to have (taken it)”，故选C。
3. Whom would you rather ________ an online lecture to the students of our school this weekend?
A. had given B. have to give C. have give D. have given
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查动词的固定结构。句意：这个周末你宁愿谁给我们学校的学生做在线讲座？根据句意可知，此处表示“宁愿让某人做某事”，是would rather have sb do sth的结构；would rather后面接动词原形，表示“宁愿、宁可”，have此处作为使役动词，接不带to的不定式，表示“使某人做某事”。故选C项。
4. Sometimes you can’t help ________ with prejudice; so you ________accept it gracefully.
A. but be treated; may well B. being treated; may as well
C. be treated; may well D. to be treated; may just as well
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词、情态动词和固定短语。句意：有时你会难免受到偏见的对待；所以你不妨优雅地接受它。can’t help doing sth“忍不住做某事”是固定用法，动名词作宾语，动词treat与其逻辑主语you之间是被动关系，应用动名词的被动式being treated；may as well“妨，最好 ”是固定短语，符合句意。故选B项。
5. Only when you have contracted the virus ________ the correctness of advice that, unless you are strong enough to get over it of yourself, you ________ be vaccinated.
A. you will recognize; need to B. will you recognize; are to
C. you will recognize; must D. will you recognize; should
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查倒装句和情态动词。句意：只有当你感染了病毒，你才会认识到建议的正确性，除非你足够强壮来克服它，你应该接种疫苗。本处only在句首，后面跟了做状语的when，主句用部分倒装结构，即将will 提至主语 you 之前，故空处一用will you recognize；分析可知，本句表示“除非你足够强壮来克服它，否则你应该接种疫苗”，故空处二表示“应该”，用should符合题意；故选D项。
6. The islanders hadn’t got well prepared ________ they were required to relocate to a nearby island. In fact, it is only two or three years ________ some islanders moved here.
A. since; after B. before; since C. until; that D. after; before
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查连词。句意：岛民们还没有做好充分准备，就被要求迁移到附近的一个岛上。事实上，一些岛民搬到这里才两三年。since自……以后； after在……之后；before在……之前；until直到……为止。分析句意可知，“The islanders hadn’t got well prepared”发生在“they wersince; aftere required to relocate to a nearby island”之前，用before引导时间状语从句，故第1空用连词before；“it is+一段时间+since引导的时间状语从句”是固定句型，故第2空用连词since引导时间状语从句，意为“自从”。故选B项。
7. The pilot suddenly could not control the plane and ________.
A. down from the sky fell it B. down from the sky it fell
C. down from the sky did it fall D. fell it down from the sky
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查时态和全部倒装。句意：飞行员突然无法控制飞机，飞机从空中坠落。动作已发生，谓语动词fall用一般过去时，副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后也用完全倒装语序，这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词，这类倒装句的主语也只能是名词；但若主语为代词，则不用倒装，所以为down from the sky it fell。故选B项。
8. All the schools should take into consideration the important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes—all things that contribute to ________.
A. improve the students’ sense of well-being
B. the students’ sense of well-being to be improved
C. having improve the students’ sense of well-being
D. the improvement of the students’ sense of well-being
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查介词和宾语。句意：所有的学校都应该考虑到重要的因素，如环境质量或教育结果，所有的事情都有助于提高学生幸福感的事情。contribute to表示有助于，to是介词，后面用名词或动名词。A项是动词原形，B项是动词不定式的被动；C项having后面的过去分词写成了动词原形，可以排除A、B 、C三项，故选D。
9. The benefits of globalization, ________ effect special parts of the traditions and cultures of some underdeveloped regions are suffering, seem to flow disproportionately to the developed countries.
A. of which B. whose C. of whom D. from whose
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：全球化的好处似乎不成比例地流向了发达国家，一些欠发达地区的传统和文化的特殊部分正遭受全球化的影响。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是globalization，与从句中名词effect形成所属关系，即“globalization’s effect (全球化的影响) ”，用关系代词whose在从句中作定语，句中指“遭受全球化的影响”，应用动词词组suffer from (遭受)，可把介词from提到关系代词whose前，构成“介词+关系代词（from whose）”引导的非限制性定语从句。故选D项。
10. Much to the teacher’s surprise, John is often mistaken ________ others are correct, smart though he is.
A. in which B. that C. where D. what
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句。句意：让老师大吃一惊的是，尽管约翰很聪明，但他经常在别人正确的地方犯错误。分析句子可知，本处无先行词，且表示“在别人正确的地方犯错误”，用where引导地点状语从句；故选C项。
11. Some students ________ in the midterm exam for the results didn’t reflect their real abilities, while others ________ better but they didn’t review the lessons well.
A. should cheat; would have performed B. should have cheated; would perform
C. might cheat; would perform D. might have cheated; would have performed
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：一些学生可能会在期中考试中作弊，因为结果没有反映出他们的真实能力，而另一些学生本可以表现得更好，但他们没有好好复习功课。对过去事情的推测，用情态动词+have done。should have done过去本应该做某事（而实际上未做）；might have done也许已经做了某事；would have done本可以做某事（却没有）。根据“for the results didn’t reflect their real abilities”可知，一些学生可能会在期中考试中作弊；根据“but they didn’t review the lessons well.”可知，这些学生本可以表现得更好。故选D。
12. —Sam has really made great progress in his study!
—________. Which of the following is wrong?
A. So he does B. So have you C. So has Jane D. So he has
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：——萨姆在学习上真的取得了很大的进步！——他确实如此。A.So he does确实如此；B. So have you你也是；C. So has Jane简也是；D. So he has确实如此。so+主语 +助动词/情态动词/动词，该结构表示赞成前面的观点，意为“的确如此”。so+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语，该结构表示前面所述的情况也适用于另外一个人，意为“某某也一样”。前文表示“萨姆在学习上真的取得了很大的进步！”，所以后面可以对此表示赞成。也可以表示某人也具有相同的情况。前文用了现在完成时态。A项中不应该用助动词does。故选A。
13. Brown as well as the other basketball players who ________ well trained by Coach Young ________ the championship in this season.
A. are; has won B. are; have won C. is; has won D. is; have won
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：布朗和其他受过Young教练良好训练的篮球运动员在本赛季赢得了冠军。分析句子可知，who引导定语从句，修饰先行词players，关系代词在从句中作主语，关系代词指代先行词，从句谓语动词与先行词保持人称和数的一致，故用复数are，空二是主句谓语动词，当as well as连接两个成分作主语时，其后谓语的单复数形式通常要与前面一个主语保持一致，主句谓语动词与主语Brown保持人称和数的一致，用单数，故用has won，故选A。
14. It is on the occasions ________ we don’t realize those talking to us are stealth marketers ________ they are paid to advertise some products to us.
A. that; which B. which; when C. where; that D. when; that
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查强调句和定语从句。句意：有时我们没有意识到那些和我们说话的人是秘密的营销人员，他们是拿了钱给我们做某些产品的广告。A.that那个；which那个；B.which那个；when何时；C.where在……的地方； that那个；D.when何时；that那个。第一个设空处引导定语从句且在句中作时间状语，先行词为occassion，故填when；第二个设空处为强调句，结构为：it +is/was+强调成分+who/that+其他。第二个设空处强调状语on the occasions，应用that。故选D。
15. Upon receipt of an inquiry or complaint, our company will contact the user and take appropriate measures to ________ the user’s concern.
A. access B. arouse C. acquire D. address
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在收到询价或投诉，我们公司将联系用户并采取适当措施来解决用户的问题。A. access接受；B. arouse引起；C. acquire收到；D. address处理。根据句意可知，空处是指，公司将采取措施来解决（address）用户问题。故选D项。
16. If an international firm has been planning an expansion in the U.S., it only makes sense to make a(n) ________ when the dollar is relatively low.
A. action B. move C. deed D. effect
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果一家国际公司计划在美国扩张，只有在美元相对较低的时候才有必要采取行动。A. action行动、行为，一般指行动方案或措施，常用于take action；B. move措施、行动，指为达某目标而采取的行动；C. deed行为、行动，通常指良好或不良的行为、行动；D. effect作用、影响。make a move为固定短语，表示“动身、开始行动”，与句意相符。故选B项。
17. Problems of interpersonal relationship among students are inevitable, and it is sometimes hard to ________ them fairly.
A. respond B. resolve C. relax D. release
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生之间的人际关系问题是不可避免的，有时很难公平处理。A. respond回应；B. resolve处理；C. relax放松；D. release释放。根据句意，此处表示“处理人际关系问题”应该用resolve。故选B。
18. Our collective ability to be resilient and successful is held back, because we ________ a period of recovery.
A. lack of B. are in lack of C. lack D. are lacking of
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查时态及动词。句意：因为我们缺乏恢复期，所以我们恢复和成功的集体能力受到阻碍。A. lack of缺乏，其中lack是名词；B. are in lack of短语错误；C. lack缺乏，及物动词；D. are lacking of短语错误。根据句子结构，设空处应填谓语动词，表示“缺乏”。根据句意，本句描述一般事实，时态应用一般现在时。主语是we，设空处用及物动词lack。故选C。
19. She spoke on the importance of inter-communication between entrepreneurs, citing Google billionaire Eric Schmidt as a(n) ________.
A. scholar B. sponsor C. academic D. influencer
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她谈到了企业家之间相互沟通的重要性，并以有影响力的谷歌亿万富翁埃里克·施密特为例。A. scholar学者；B. sponsor发起人；C. academic大学教师；D. influencer有影响力的人。由“Google billionaire Eric Schmidt”可知，谷歌亿万富翁埃里克·施密特是一个有影响力的人，故选D。
20. There was once a time when the Europeans immigrants used force to drive the ________ from the more fertile land.
A. victims B. habitats C. ancestors D. natives
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：曾经有一段时间，欧洲移民用武力将当地人赶出更肥沃的土地。A. victims受害者；B. habitats栖息地；C. ancestors祖先；D. natives当地人、原住民。结合句意可知，此处与immigrants表示“移民”相对应，故表示“原住民，当地人”，故选D。
21. Given his relatively small build, the job really ________ him as a porter.
A. overflowed B. threatened C. stretched D. committed
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：鉴于他身材相对矮小，当搬运工的工作确实让他不堪重负。A. overflowed 漫出；泛滥；过度延伸；B. threatened威胁；C. stretched伸展；使竭尽所能；D. committed犯罪；投入；承诺。由语意可知他的个头相对矮小，所以做一名搬运工对于他来说确实难以承受。故选A项。
22. Despite unemployment and the loss of her home, Andrea is still a happy woman ________ with good health.
A. sheltered B. blessed C. conserved D. identified
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管失业了，失去了她的家，安德里亚仍然是一个幸福的女人，拥有健康的身体。A. sheltered保护，掩蔽；B. blessed祝福；C. conserved保护，保存；D. identified识别。根据前后句意和空后提示词with，选项B符合题意，构成固定短语be blessed with，表示“赋有……；享有……”，此处表示拥有健康身体。故答案为B。
23. The iron I have newly bought on the cross-border online shopping site is ________ for a year against faulty workmanship.
A. contracted B. launched C. purchased D. guaranteed
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我在跨境购物网站上新买的熨斗，如果工艺有问题保修一年。A. contracted收缩；缩小；B. launched发起；上市；发动；C. purchased购买；D. guaranteed保修；保证。由语意可知我新买的熨斗在一年内如果质量出现问题，跨境购物网站承诺可以给免费维修，故选D项。
24. He is a mountain climber, an inspirational speaker and a(n) ________ for the disabled.
A. nominee B. advocate C. transformer D. fellow
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是一个登山运动员，一个励志演说家和一个残疾人权益的支持者。A. nominee被提名者； B. advocate支持者、拥护者；C. transformer改变者；D. fellow同事。根据“an inspirational speaker and”可知，他是一个积极拥护残疾人权益的人。故选B。
25. Each of the ________ contestant teams must define their membership, roles, responsibilities and so forth.
A. identical B. respective C. abstract D. annual
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每个参赛团队必须定义各自的成员、角色、职责等。A. identical相同的；B. respective分别的；C. abstract抽象的；D. annual每年的。根据句意可知，此处强调每个参赛团体都要定义各自的成员、角色、职责等。故选B项。
26. We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical, and ________ arms.
A. conventional B. precise C. ethical D. sustainable
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器来降低战争的危险。 A. conventional依照惯例的，常规的；B. precise精确的；C. ethical道德的，伦理的；D. sustainable可持续的。根据句意可知，此处指“常规武器”，应用conventional。故选A。
27. Hearing ________ opinions can be painful—but not as painful as launching a policy that is not right for the followers or has no follower at all.
A. objected B. contrast C. opposing D. frustrating
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词/动词词义辨析。句意：听到反对意见可能会很痛苦，但不会像推出一项不适合追随者或根本没有追随者的政策那样痛苦。A. objected不同意；B. contrast对比；C. opposing相反的，对立的；D. frustrating令人沮丧的。分析句子可知，“opinions”为名词，空格处应用形容词，作定语，排除“A”和“B”，根据句意可知，听到反对意见可能会令人痛苦，“opposing”意为“相反的，对立的”，形容词词性，作定语，符合句意。故选C项。
28. Business students, hoping to increase their attractiveness to ________ employers, should be highly sensitive to business norms and practices.
A. perspective B. prospective C. progressive D. possessive
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：商科学生希望增加自己对潜在雇主的吸引力，应该对商业规范和惯例高度敏感。A. perspective透视的；B. prospective有希望的，潜在的；C. progressive进步的，先进的；D. possessive占有欲强的。根据句意和句中“Business students”可推知，学生希望增加自己对潜在雇主的吸引力。用形容词prospective作定语，修饰名词employers。故选B项。
29. A kipper is a whole herring fish that has been split from tail to head, ________ with salt, and smoked.
A. conserved B. preserved C. recycled D. adjusted
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：腌鱼是一整条鲱鱼，从头到尾，用盐腌制，然后熏制而成。A. conserved保留；B. preserved预留，腌制；C. recycled循环；D. adjusted调整。根据a kipper可知，此处是指腌鱼，preserve符合题意，逻辑主语a kipper与preserve之间是被动关系， 故用过去分词preserved。故选B。
30. In my hometown, Shaanxi—the starting point of the Silk Road, there are innumerable ancient and ________ treasure.
A. antique B. commercial C. trendy D. luxurious
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我的家乡，丝绸之路的起点陕西，有无数的古玩宝藏。A. antique古老的； B. commercial商业的；C. trendy时髦的；D. luxurious奢华的。根据句意可知，空处与形容词ancient并列，这里意思应该与之相近，故填形容词antique，表示“古老的”，符合语境，且与上文ancient押韵。故选A项。
Section B (10%)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. additional B. altered C. bargain D. desirability E. generally F. distracted
G. frame H. keen I. persuasion J. logically K. influence
The trick that makes you overspend
Employing the “decoy effect” could bend others to your will, improve your finances, and more.
When you buy a cup of coffee, you might have noticed that of the three size options — small, medium and large — the medium-sized serving often costs almost as much as the large. Given the apparent ____31____, have you ever opted for the biggest and most expensive option?
If so, you have been nudged (推动) by a cognitive bias known as the “decoy effect”, in which the deliberate presentation of a(n) ____32____, slightly less attractive option, persuades you to buy a more expensive alternative. In this case, the relatively expensive medium-sized coffee pushes you to pay out more money than you would have rationally chosen. “If you ____33____ options in a certain way, you can nudge people in the direction of higher-priced products,” says Linda Chang, a psychologist at Harvard University.
By learning about the decoy effect, you may become less susceptible (易受影响的) to this unconscious ____34____. You may even discover ways to put it to your own use as a tool for ____35____.
The best way to understand these experiments is to consider an example
Imagine you are choosing flights from the following options.
Flight A costs $400 with a stopover of 60 minutes.
Flight B costs $330 with a stopover of 150 minutes.
Flight C costs $435 with a stopover of 60 minutes.
In this case the researchers found that most people would choose Flight A, since it is cheaper than Flight C, but with a shorter waiting time-even though it is considerably more expensive than B.
Now look at a different set of flights:
Flight A costs $400 with a stopover of 60 minutes.
Flight B costs $330 with a stopover of 150 minutes.
Flight C costs $330 with a stopover of 195 minutes.
In this scenario, most people’s preference is now Flight B.
____36____ speaking, that makes no sense: B should be no more attractive now than it was in the first example because the waiting time and price are still exactly the same. But the change in Flight C-to have an even longer stopover — has ____37____ the way the participants perceived the other possibilities, so that now they preferred to suffer a longer waiting time for a cheaper price.
In each case, Fight C, “the decoy”, was designed to appear similar to, but slightly less attractive than one of the other options (the “target”). And that comparison boosts the target’s perceived ____38____.
Crucially, as the first scenario shows, this placement of a dud option can even mean that the consumer is willing to pay more money, making the decoy effect of very ____39____ interest to marketers. Just make sure you don’t fall victim to this yourself. Whether you are buying headphones or deciding on a retirement plan, deliberately ask whether you are really choosing the option you need or want, with the attributes you were originally seeking, or whether you were _____40_____ by a deliberately unappealing alternative. Like an expert sniper (狙击手) trained to avoid false targets, you may find that your judgement suddenly becomes a lot more incisive (敏锐的).
【答案】31. C 32. A
33. G 34. K
35. I 36. J
37. B 38. D
39. H 40. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍诱饵效应。
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意：考虑到明显的便宜货，你是否曾经选择过最大和最昂贵的选择？根据句意及由空前形容词apparent修饰可知，设空处应填名词，表示“便宜货”，故选C。
【32题详解】
考查形容词。句意：如果是这样，你已经被一种名为“诱饵效应”的认知偏见所推动，在这种偏见中，故意呈现出一个额外的、稍微不那么有吸引力的选择，说服你购买更昂贵的替代品。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处应用形容词，表示“额外的”，作定语，故填additional。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：哈佛大学的心理学家Linda Chang说：“如果你以某种方式构建选择，你可以将人们推向更高价格的产品”。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处应填谓语动词，表示“构建”，故用动词frame。故选G。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：通过了解诱饵效应，你可能会变得不那么容易受到这种无意识的影响。根据句意及由空前形容词unconscious可知，此处应填名词，表示“影响”，故用名词influence。故选K。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：你甚至可能会找到一些方法，将诱饵效应变成自己说服别人的工具。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处表示“说服别人的工具”，故填名词persuasion，作宾语。故选I。
【36题详解】
考查副词。句意：从逻辑上讲，这是没有意义的：B现在应该不会比第一个例子更有吸引力，因为等待时间和价格仍然完全相同。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处应填副词，作状语，表示“逻辑上”，故用副词logically。位于句首，开头字母需要大写。故选J。
【37题详解】
考查时态及过去分词。句意：但是，C航班的变化——有更长的中途停留——已经改变了参与者对其他可能性的看法，因此现在他们宁愿忍受更长的等待时间以获得更便宜的价格。根据句子结构及助动词has可知，此句的时态是现在完成时，设空处应填过去分词。根据句意，此处表示“已经改变了参与者对其他可能性的看法”，故用过去分词altered。故选B。
【38题详解】
考查名词。句意：这种比较提高了目标被感知到的吸引力。根据空前的the target’s perceived修饰及句子结构可知，设空处应填名词，表示“吸引力，可取性”，故用名词desirability。故选D。
【39题详解】
考查形容词。句意：至关重要的是，正如第一种情况所示，这种无用选项的放置甚至可能意味着消费者愿意支付更多的钱，这就产生了对营销人员来说具有非常大利益的诱饵效应。根据句子结构可知，设空处应填形容词，作定语，修饰名词interest。根据句意，此处应表示“极大的，渴望的”，故选H。
【40题详解】
考查语态及过去分词。句意：无论你是购买耳机还是决定退休计划，都要留心询问自己是否真的选择了需要或想要的选项，以及这个选项是否具有你原本就在寻求的属性，或者你是否被刻意的，不吸引人的替代品分散了注意力。根据句意，设空处应表示“分散注意力”。主语you与“分散注意力”是动宾关系，故用被动语态。空前有was，故设空处填过去分词distracted。故选F。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15%)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
More than any other aspect of the climate crisis, it is the over-production of carbon dioxide that has been valued. But nitrogen, and its ____41____ use in commercial fertilizer, also leads to air pollution and climate change. Evidence suggests their use also contributes to air pollution, increases the rates of cancer and ____42____ biodiversity, as well as releasing gas (laughing gas).
But nitrogen helps ____43____ around half the world’s population and remains essential for the foreseeable future. With prices of fertilizer rising, many developing countries don’t ____44____ it, with resulting threats to food security. The global nitrogen ____45____ involves both reducing fertilizer use, and getting it to where it’s needed most.
A team of scientists has come up with a five-step plan to solve this ____46____ problem. Benjamin Houlton, the leader, explains that only by undertaking a ____47____ approach and combining solutions can the problem be solved on both levels.
The five steps identified involve ____48____ agricultural practices, getting fertilizer to the places it’s needed, reducing nitrogen pollution and finally, both reducing food waste and promoting a change in diet. The ____49____ two are essential because approximately one-quarter of all global food produced is wasted along the _____50_____ chain, which means that a large portion of the nitrogen fertilizer _____51_____ to crops is ultimately wasted.
Benjamin admits that adding nitrogen to the list of existing climate woes might cause a sense of exhaustion. _____52_____ he has an encouraging message. “The truth is, nitrogen is a blessing and a _____53_____,” he says, “But if you can reduce the spill-overs of nitrogen, you can quickly get systems to return to the _____54_____ state. That makes it very different from CO2. We lock in 30 to 50 years of climate impacts every time we send out a molecule of CO2 into the air. But with nitrogen you can get _____55_____ returns on investment.”
41. A. positive B. favorable C. collective D. abundant
42. A. promotes B. descends C. reduces D. expands
43. A. shelter B. feed C. rescue D. adjust
44. A. take account of B. take charge of C. look up to D. have access to
45. A. advantage B. concept C. challenge D. composition
46. A. two-sided B. self-contradictory C. not-so-distant D. energy-consuming
47. A. respectable B. comprehensive C. substantial D. crucial
48. A. transforming B. exercising C. depriving D. concealing
49. A. former B. latter C. prior D. rare
50. A. supply B. demand C. wrapping D. advertising
51. A. applied B. adapted C. addressed D. appealed
52. A. Therefore B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Likewise
53. A. toast B. curse C. fault D. trick
54. A. original B. preferable C. traditional D. disposable
55. A. plentiful B. visual C. mutual D. immediate
【答案】41. D 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. A 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家提出五步计划来解决氮的双面问题，即氮对空气的污染和对提高粮食产量的重要作用。
【41题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是氮，以及它在商业化肥中的大量使用，也会导致空气污染和气候变化。A. positive积极的；B. favorable有利的，赞许的；C. collective集体的，共同的；D. abundant大量的，丰富的。根据后文“their use also contributes to air pollution, increases the rates of cancer and reduces biodiversity, as well as releasing gas (laughing gas).”可知氮的使用对环境的消极影响很多，因此是氮在商业化肥中有大量的使用。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有证据表明，它们的使用还会造成空气污染，增加癌症发病率，减少生物多样性，以及释放气体(笑气)。 A. promotes促进，提升；B. descends下降； C. reduces减少； D. expands扩大，增加。根据前文“ its abundant use in commercial fertilizer, also leads to air pollution and climate change.”可知氮的使用导致环境污染和气候变化，那么生物生存的自然环境被改变了，生物多样性也就减少了。故选C项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但氮帮助养活了世界上大约一半的人口，在可预见的未来仍是必不可少的。A. shelter掩蔽，收容；B. feed喂养；C. rescue援救；D. adjust调整。根据前文连词But,表示转折，上一段说明氮的消极影响，那么本段说明氮的积极影响，结合后文提到的人口，可知氮帮助养活了世界上约一半人口。故选B项。
【44题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：随着化肥价格的上涨，许多发展中国家无法获得化肥，从而对粮食安全构成威胁。A. take account of考虑到；B. take charge of负责；C. look up to尊敬；D. have access to使用，接近，可以利用。根据前文“With prices of fertilizer rising”和后文“with resulting threats to food security”可知化肥价格上涨，粮食安全受到威胁，可知许多发展中国家没有化肥。故选D项。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：全球氮的挑战既包括减少化肥的使用，也包括把化肥运到最需要的地方。 A. advantage优势；B. concept概念；C. challenge 挑战；D. composition成分，作品。根据下文文“ both reducing fertilizer use, and getting it to where it’s needed most.” 可知全球氮的挑战既包括减少化肥的使用，也包括把化肥运到最需要的地方。故选C项。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一组科学家提出了一个五步计划来解决这个双面问题。A. two-sided两方面的；B. self-contradictory自相矛盾的；C. not-so-distant不远的；D. energy-consuming耗能的，费精力的。根据前文提到的氮问题面临的挑战，即氮的过渡使用和有些地方没有氮，可知这是一个双面问题。故选A项。
【47题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：领导者Benjamin Houlton解释说，只有采取全面的方法，结合解决方案，才能在两个层面上解决问题。 A. respectable值得尊重的，体面的；B. comprehensive综合性的，全面的； C. substantial大量的，基本的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据前文提到的氮面临的双面问题可知需要采取全面的解决办法以解决问题。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：确定的五个步骤包括改变农业做法，将肥料运送到需要的地方，减少氮污染，最后，减少食物浪费和促进饮食的改变。A. transforming转变；B. exercising运动，练习；C. depriving夺去；D. concealing隐藏，掩饰。根据首段提到的氮在商业化肥中的过渡使用导致了很多环境问题，因此需要改变农业做法，以减少氮在商业化肥中的使用。故选A项。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后两者至关重要，因为全球约四分之一的粮食生产在供应链上被浪费了，这意味着用于作物的大部分氮肥最终被浪费了。 A. former前者的；B. latter 后者的；C. prior先前的，事先的；D. rare 稀有的。根据句后文“approximately one-quarter of all global food produced is wasted”可知全球约四分之一的粮食生产被浪费，因此前文提到的五个步骤中，后面两个与食物浪费和饮食有关的步骤最为重要。故选B项。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：后两者至关重要，因为全球约四分之一的粮食生产在供应链上被浪费了，这意味着用于作物的大部分氮肥最终被浪费了。 A. supply 供应；B. demand需求；C. wrapping包装；D. advertising广告。根据前文提到的粮食被浪费，结合空后的chain,可知是供应链食物被浪费了。故选A项。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：后两者至关重要，因为全球约四分之一的粮食生产在供应链上被浪费了，这意味着用于作物的大部分氮肥最终被浪费了。 A. applied应用；B. adapted适应；C. addressed 演说，解决；D. appealed呼吁，上诉，吸引。根据前文提到的粮食浪费，结合fertilizer可知是被应用到庄稼上的氮化肥被浪费了。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，他还是传达了一个鼓舞人心的信息。A. Therefore因此；B. Furthermore 此外；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Likewise同样地。根据前文“Benjamin admits that adding nitrogen to the list of existing climate woes might cause a sense of exhaustion.”可知，在现有的气候灾难中增加氮可能会导致资源枯竭，结合后文“he has an encouraging message. ”可知前后是转折关系。故选C项。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他说:“事实是，氮是一种祸根，也是一种良药。A. toast 烤面包片，庆祝；B. curse祸根，诅咒；C. fault错误，责任；D. trick技巧，花招。根据前文提到的增加的消极影响，和后文令人鼓舞的信息，可知Benjamin认为氮既是导致问题的原因（祸根），也可以解决问题的办法（福音）。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但如果你能减少氮的溢出，你就能迅速使系统恢复到原始状态。A. original原始的；B. preferable更好的，更合适的；C. traditional传统的；D. disposable一次性的。根据前文“ if you can reduce the spill-overs of nitrogen”可知，如果解决氮的过渡使用，那么引起的环境问题也能解决，即使生态系统就可以回到原始状态。故选A项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但对于氮，你可以立即获得投资回报。” A. plentiful丰富的；B. visual视觉的；C. mutual相互的；D. immediate立刻的。根据前文“We lock in 30 to 50 years of climate impacts every time we send out a molecule of CO2 into the air. ”可知我们每向空气中排放一分子二氧化碳，就会锁定30到50年的气候影响，即CO2的影响是漫长的，根据后文But，表示转折，可知氮给我们的回报是快速的。故选D项。
Section B (22%)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(A)

China’s e-commerce enterprise Alibaba Group Holding Ltd aims to expand its reach across borders by upgrading its upcoming Nov 11, 2014 shopping festival into a global online shopping carnival.
“Globalization” is one of Alibaba’s main strategies for this year’s double 11 online shopping festival, which falls on Nov 11 every year. The online shopping festival last year was China’s largest and ended with two of Alibaba’s marketplaces Taobao and Tmall ringing up 35 billion yuan ($5.75 billion) in sales over the 24-hour period.
Wang Yulei, president of Alibaba’s business-to-customer site Tmall, said that this year’s Nov 11 shopping festival is going to be the group’s first shopping event that covers shoppers on a global scale. He said that Alibaba has for the first time set up servers overseas, which is expected to enable a rapid and smooth cross-border shopping experience on the day with a large number of people visiting the Tmall site. What is more, the e-commerce group has also set up warehouses overseas and strengthened cooperation with overseas logistics (物流) firms and customs authorities.“More than 200 overseas merchants from more than 20 countries have confirmed participation in this year’s ‘double 11’ event,” Wang said.
It is too early to tell whether the sales volume of Alibaba on Nov 11 will go up this year due to its global strategy. Wang from Tmall refused to reveal the sales target, only saying that sales at this year’s event will no doubt exceed last year’s. Insiders and analysts have different opinions on sales projections for the 24-hour online event ranging between 40 billion yuan to 100 billion yuan. Neil Flynn, head analyst at Shanghai-based Chineseinvestors.com, a leading financial analysis firm of US-listed Chinese companies, said Alibaba’s sales last year of 35 billion yuan was a 83 percent increase from the level recorded in 2012. “I would be looking for a minimum of 50 billion yuan in sales for this year’s Nov 11 festival,” he said.
Wang Xiaoxing, an analyst with the Beijing-based Internet consultancy Analysys International, said there would be a significant growth in this year’s sales, but the growth rate is likely to be less than last year’s 83 percent. “The projection is in line with the slowing growth tendency of the overall online shopping market in China,” he said.
“As Alibaba’s chairman Jack Ma wants the group to hit the long-run target of 100 billion yuan in sales, they can’t rely on Chinese consumers spending more and more each year on the same products. They need to expand their product range, which will increase the average purchase value in China, and they need to expand their customer base,” said Flynn.
“This (global Nov 11 shopping festival) also provides a great way for Alibaba to establish themselves on a global scale. It remains a China focused firm, but if it offers significant. discounts to consumers abroad, then they can expand their reach across borders,” he said. Wang from Analysys International said that Alibaba may be a familiar name for Western shoppers after the group’s IPO (首次公开募股), but there is still a long way to go for the group to compete in matured Western markets with strong local competitors. Flynn also has doubts as to whether Alibaba can compete with its American counterparts at this moment. “Tmall and Amazon provide very similar services, and Western customers have been using Amazon for years,” he said.
56. In preparation for its expansion to overseas markets, Alibaba did important things except ________.
A. establish overseas warehouses
B build servers in foreign countries
C. appeal to foreign governments to attract customers.
D. improve cooperative relationship with distribution companies
57. What can you learn from the passage?
A. Alibaba’s sales of 2012 was 83% of that of 2013.
B. Alibaba’s sales target of 2014 was 100 billion yuan.
C. Alibaba’s sales of 2013 was no less than 35 billion yuan.
D. Alibaba’s sales of 2014 would reach no more than 50 billion yuan.
58. Which of the following statement is true?
A. Alibaba is known to every western household.
B. Alibaba will still center on Chinese domestic market.
C Alibaba has imposed a big threat on western enterprises.
D. Tmall will provide a brand new experience for western shoppers.
59. Which of the following might be the best title of this passage?
A. Alibaba set to expand “double 11”.
B. Jack Mar’s dream of transforming Alibaba.
C. Taobao and Tmall, Alibaba’s effective weapon.
D. The battle of “double 11” is just around the corner.
【答案】56. C 57. C 58. B 59. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了阿里巴巴将扩大“双11”以扩大其跨境影响力的计划。
【56题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三自然段“He said that Alibaba has for the first time set up servers overseas… What is more, the e-commerce group has also set up warehouses overseas and strengthened cooperation with overseas logistics (物流) firms and customs authorities.（他表示，阿里巴巴首次在海外建立了服务器……此外，该电子商务集团还在海外设立了仓库，并加强了与海外物流公司和海关当局的合作。）”可知，为准备向海外市场扩张，阿里巴巴建立海外仓库、在国外建立服务器以及改善与配送公司的合作关系。没有呼吁外国政府吸引客户。故选C。
【57题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四自然段“…Alibaba’s sales last year of 35 billion yuan was a 83 percent increase from the level recorded in 2012.（阿里巴巴去年的销售额为350亿元，比2012年的销售额增长了83%。）”可知，阿里巴巴2013年的销售额不低于350亿元，2022年的销售额约为191亿元，故A项“Alibaba’s sales of 2012 was 83% of that of 2013.（阿里巴巴2012年的销售额为2013年的83%。）”错误。又根据第四自然段“Insiders and analysts have different opinions on sales projections for the 24-hour online event ranging between 40 billion yuan to 100 billion yuan.（业内人士和分析师对这场24小时在线活动的销售额预测有着不同的看法，预计在400亿元至1000亿元之间。）”以及 ““I would be looking for a minimum of 50 billion yuan in sales for this year’s Nov 11 festival, he said.”（ 他说：“我希望今年11月11日的节日销售额至少达到500亿元。”。）”可知，B项“Alibaba’s sales target of 2014 was 100 billion yuan.（阿里巴巴2014年的销售目标是1000亿元人民币。）”和D项“Alibaba’s sales of 2014 would reach no more than 50 billion yuan.（阿里巴巴2014年的销售额将不超过500亿元人民币。）”说法错误。故选C。
【58题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“It remains a China focused firm, but if it offers significant. discounts to consumers abroad, then they can expand their reach across borders,” he said.（阿里巴巴仍然是一家专注于中国的公司，但如果它向海外消费者提供了巨大的折扣，那么他们就可以跨越国界。）”可知，阿里巴巴仍将专注于中国国内市场。故选B。
【59题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一自然段“China’s e-commerce enterprise Alibaba Group Holding Ltd aims to expand its reach across borders by upgrading its upcoming Nov 11, 2014 shopping festival into a global online shopping carnival.（中国电子商务企业阿里巴巴集团控股有限公司（Alibaba Group Holding Ltd）计划将即将于2014年11月11日举行的购物节升级为全球在线购物狂欢节，以扩大其跨境影响力。）”可知，本文主要介绍了阿里巴巴将扩大“双11”以扩大其跨境影响力的计划。故选A。
(B)
EARTH WEEK—A diary of the planet

Storms
Several more rounds of fierce storms, tornadoes and floods struck many parts of the American Midwest and Northeast as bad weather continued across the US for a second month.
Monsoon Storms
A south-west monsoon has caused great damage in parts of SriLanka. Government meteorologists said that unexpected monsoonal winds blew directly across the country from the southern part of the earth at about 100km/h, producing several rounds of stormy weather. Nearly 250 houses in the capital Colombo were damaged.
Mt Etna Erupts
Sicily Mount Etna volcano erupted shortly after midnight on July 1, shooting “bombs” of lave (岩浆) on the eastern side of the mountain. The 30-minute eruption could be seen for several miles but did not threaten any nearby villages.
Hurricane
Hurricane Blas lost strength as it moved over cooler waters in the Pacific Ocean to the west of Mexico. Blas formed off southwest Mexico during the last week, but the outer part of the storm swept western Michoacan State, killing four people when their wood and cardboard home fell down.
Monkey Repellent
After years of unsuccessful attempts to keep crop-eating monkeys out of Japanese fields, a Tokyo research team believes that it may have finally found a way to prevent the damage caused by the monkeys. Animal ruin of crops were successfully prevented by shooting chili powder into the air, irritating the eyes and noses of monkeys that passed in front of carefully placed warning. “We’ve tried all kinds of preventive measures, but the monkeys are bright enough to outsmart the tricks,” said Toshiaki Wada, Director of the Tokyo Forestry Experiment Station in western Tokyo.
60. The monsoon in Sri Lanka ________.
A. was of average strength B. destroyed more property than previous monsoons
C. was rare for that time of the year D. affected only the outer areas of the nation
61. Toshiaki Wada, director of the Tokyo Forestry Experiment Station, would describe the monkeys as ________.
A. happy B. clever C. harmless D. lovable
62. The information in the “EARTH WEEK” diary ________.
A. tells people future weather patterns B. gives advice on dealing with monsoons
C. shows that weather can change unexpectedly D. shows the effects that storms have on animals
【答案】60. C 61. B 62. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要说明了EARTH WEEK日记中一些天气和自然灾害的情况。
【60题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Government meteorologists said that unexpected monsoonal winds blew directly across the country from the southern part of the earth at about 100km/h, producing several rounds of stormy weather.(政府气象学家表示，意想不到的季风从地球南部以每小时约100公里的速度直接吹过全国，造成了几轮暴风雨天气)”可知，斯里兰卡的季风在一年中的那个时候是罕见的。故选C。
【61题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We’ve tried all kinds of preventive measures, but the monkeys are bright enough to outsmart the tricks,” said Toshiaki Wada, Director of the Tokyo Forestry Experiment Station in western Tokyo.(东京西部的东京林业实验站主任Toshiaki Wada说：“我们已经尝试了各种各样的预防措施，但猴子们足够聪明，能识破这些诡计。”)”可知，东京林业实验站主任Toshiaki Wada认为这些猴子很聪明。故选B。
【62题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Government meteorologists said that unexpected monsoonal winds blew directly across the country from the southern part of the earth at about 100km/h, producing several rounds of stormy weather.(政府气象学家表示，意想不到的季风从地球南部以每小时约100公里的速度直接吹过全国，造成了几轮暴风雨天气)”可知，“地球周”日记中的信息显示，天气可能会意外变化。故选C。
(C)
Months ago, researchers at UCLA published a study that showed using a specific type of yoga to engage in a brief, simple daily meditation reduced the stress levels of people who care for those stricken by Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. Now they know why.
As previously reported, practicing a certain form of chanting yogic meditation for just 12 minutes daily for eight weeks led to a reduction in the biological mechanisms responsible for an increase in the immune system’s inflammation response. Inflammation, if constantly activated, can contribute to a multitude of chronic health problems.
Reporting in the current online edition of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology, Dr. Helen Lavretsky, senior author and a professor of psychiatry at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and colleagues found in their work with 45 family dementia caregivers that 68 of their genes responded differently after Kirtan Kriya Meditation (KKM), resulting in reduced inflammation.
Caregivers are the unsung heroes for their yeoman’s work in taking care of loved ones that have been stricken with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, said Lavretsky, who also directs UCLA’s Late-Life Depression, Stress and Wellness Research Program. But caring for a frail or demented family member can be a significant life stressor. Older adult caregivers report higher levels of stress and depression and lower levels of satisfaction, vigor and life in general. Moreover, caregivers show higher levels of the biological markers of inflammation. Family members in particular are often considered to be at risk of stress-related disease and general health decline.
“We know that chronic stress places caregivers at a higher risk for developing depression,” she said “On average, the incidence and prevalence of clinical depression in family dementia care givers approaches 50 percent. Caregivers are also twice as likely to report high levels of emotional distress.” What s more, many caregivers tend to be older themselves, leading to what Lavretsky calls an “impaired resilience” to stress and an increased rate of cardiovascular disease and mortality.
Research has suggested for some time that psychosocial interventions like meditation reduce the adverse effects of caregiver stress on physical and mental health. However, the pathways by which such psychosocial interventions impact biological processes are poorly understood.
“The goal of the study was to determine if meditation might alter the activity of inflammatory and antiviral proteins that shape immune cell gene expression,” said Lavretsky. “Our analysis showed a reduced activity of those proteins linked directly to increased inflammation.”
“This is encouraging news. Caregivers often don’t have the time, energy, or contacts that could bring them a little relief from the stress of taking care of a loved one with dementia, so practicing a brief form of yogic meditation, which is easy to learn, is a useful tool.”
63. According to researchers at UCLA, whose pressure can be decreased by doing a particular kind of yoga meditation?
A. People suffered from Alzheimer’s and dementia.
B. People who care for those suffered from Alzheimer’s and dementia.
C. All family members of those who suffered from Alzheimer’s and dementia.
D. Alzheimer and dementia’s research experts.
64. Lavretsky said that caregivers ________.
A. are heroes who have the highest honor B. are at risk of being infected by their patients
C. are heroes unknown to the public D. should be rewarded with a lot of money
65. Research has shown that psychosocial interferences such as meditation can ________.
A. lower the caregivers’ risk of stress-related diseases
B. reduce the older people’s rate of cardiovascular disease and mortality
C. eliminate caregivers’ physical and mental stress
D. weaken the unfavorable influences of caregiver pressure on physical and mental health
66. According to Lavretsky, the aim of the study is to test ________.
A. whether meditation can change the action of inflammatory and antiviral proteins
B. whether meditation can activate the inflammatory and antiviral proteins
C. whether the activity of those proteins relates to the inflammation
D. whether the antiviral proteins can form immune cell gene expression
【答案】63. B 64. C 65. D 66. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了加州大学洛杉矶分校关于瑜伽冥想可以减轻照顾阿尔茨海默氏症和痴呆症患者护理人员的压力的研究。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Months ago, researchers at UCLA published a study that showed using a specific type of yoga to engage in a brief, simple daily meditation reduced the stress levels of people who care for those stricken by Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia.(几个月前，加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究人员发表了一项研究，表明使用一种特定类型的瑜伽进行简短、简单的每日冥想，可以减轻那些照顾阿尔茨海默氏症和其他形式痴呆患者的人的压力水平)”可知，通过特定的瑜伽冥想可以减轻照顾阿尔茨海默氏症和痴呆症患者护理人员的压力。故选B项。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Caregivers are the unsung heroes for their yeoman’s work in taking care of loved ones that have been stricken with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, said Lavretsky (拉维茨基说，护理人员是无名英雄，因为他们像仆人一样照顾患有阿尔茨海默氏症和其他形式痴呆的亲人)”可知，Lavretsky认为护理人员是不为公众所知的无名英雄。故选C项。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段中“Research has suggested for some time that psychosocial interventions like meditation reduce the adverse effects of caregiver stress on physical and mental health.(一段时间以来，研究表明，像冥想这样的社会心理干预可以减少护理人员压力对身心健康的不利影响)”可知，社会心理干预可以减轻护理人员压力对身心健康的不利影响。故选D项。
【66题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Lavretsky的话“The goal of the study was to determine if meditation might alter the activity of inflammatory and antiviral proteins that shape immune cell gene expression,(这项研究的目的是确定冥想是否可能改变塑造免疫细胞基因表达的炎症和抗病毒蛋白的活性)”可知，此项研究的目的是检测冥想是否能改变炎症和抗病毒蛋白的作用。故选A项。
Section C (8%)
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Brain Doctor: “Ditch the Diet if You Want to Lose Weight”
From the grapefruit diet to “The Master Cleanse,” fad diets have become quite popular in our Holywood-influenced society. However, crash dieting is synonymous with food deprivation. Deprivation means never feeling satisfied after a meal, and no one can do that long-term.
As Americans, we eat larger portions than most other cultures, and much larger portions than our bodies actually need to feel satisfied. ____67____.
Enter Dr. Alan Hirsch, a renowned neurologist, whose lifelong specialty has been understanding how our senses, and in particular, smell and taste affect the brain’s functioning. Dr. Hirsch noticed that many patients who had lost their sense of smell and taste due to illness or accident experienced rapid weight gain. ____68____ Enhancing the smell of food could lead to weight loss.
Dr. Hirsch studied hundreds of compounds and after years of research developed a set of virtually odorless and tasteless food sprinkles, called “Tastants,” that enhance the experience of eating and trigger the body to feel fuller on smaller portions. Then, in one of the largest clinical studies of a non-prescription weight-loss system, these Tastants were tested for effectiveness as a means of weight loss.
The results were significant. ____69____ Participants achieved these results without adding exercise or changing their diet. Hirsh recently made these Tastants available to the public as the SENSA Weight Loss System.
“The reason SENSA works, when diets don’t, is because it lets you do what no diet can,” says Dr. Hirsch. “It lets you lose weight while still eating the foods you love most without ever feeling hungry or deprived.” ____70____ Too good to be true?
How to try it free?
Apparently the company anticipated a somewhat skeptical response from consumers so they have launched a “try it before you buy it” campaign.
They are so confident you will lose weight with SENSA that new customers get to use the product for 30 days so that they can see results before deciding if they want to pay for it or not.
A. In order to look more pretty, keep a slim body and be more attractive in appearance, many people would like to lose weight by various ways.
B. Hirsh hypothesized that if loss of smell contributed to weight gain, then the opposite could be true.
C. So you eat what you want, you just eat less.
D. Eating at a restaurant costs, on average, $20 USD per meal-LARGE portions of food are served.
E. But what if you could actually train your brain to feel satisfied on smaller portions?
F. Over a 6 month period, 1,436 women and men sprinkled flavorless “Tastant” crystals on everything they ate, and lost an average of 30.5 pounds—nearly 15% of their total body weight.
【答案】67. E 68. B 69. F 70. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是篇说明文。现在很多人采用节食减肥的方式，既无法体验用餐的满足感，也不可能长期坚持下去。一位著名的神经专家Dr. Alan Hirsch经过多年研究，开发出了一套“味道剂”，既能增强吃东西的体验感，又能提高饱腹感，还有减肥效果，正在向公众推广。
【67题详解】
根据上一句“ we eat larger portions than most other cultures, and much larger portions than our bodies actually need to feel satisfied.”（我们吃的比大多数其他文化的人吃的都要多，比我们的身体真正需要的更大的分量来得到满足。）可知，我们要吃很大分量的东西才能感到满足；选项E中“feel satisfied on smaller portions”与“much larger portions need to feel satisfied.”相对应，句意为：但如果你真的能训练你的大脑在吃小份食物时感到满足呢? 与上一句句意衔接合理，并提出问题，承上启下，符合语境。故选E。
【68题详解】
根据上一句“Dr. Hirsch noticed that many patients who had lost their sense of smell and taste due to illness or accident experienced rapid weight gain.”（Dr. Hirsch注意到许多因疾病或事故而失去嗅觉和味觉的患者体重迅速增加。）可知，嗅觉的缺失会导致体重增加；结合下一句“Enhancing the smell of food could lead to weight loss.”（增强食物的味道可以减肥。）可知，对食物味道很灵敏有助于减肥。选项B（Hirsch假设，如果嗅觉的丧失导致体重增加，那么相反的情况可能是真的。）中“loss of smell contributed to weight gain”与上一句意思接近，“then the opposite could be true.”与下一句意思一致，承上启下，语意衔接合理。故选B。
【69题详解】
根据上一句中的“The results”和下一句中的“these results”及第四段“these Tastants were tested for effectiveness as a means of weight loss.”可知，空处应该是对“Tastants”的测试结果。选项F（在6个月的时间里，1436名女性和男性在他们吃的所有东西上都撒上了无味的“Tastant”晶体，他们平均减掉了30.5磅——接近他们总体重的15%。）是一组对“Tastants”6个月内的测试数据，符合句意。故选F。
【70题详解】
根据上一句“It lets you lose weight while still eating the foods you love most without ever feeling hungry or deprived.”（它能让你在减肥的同时，还能吃到你最爱的食物，而不会感到饥饿。）可知，你可以在减肥的同时吃你想吃的东西；结合第四段“feel fuller on smaller portions.”可知，你吃上少量食物就会有饱腹感。所以你可以吃你想吃的东西，只是吃的要更少，与选项C句意一致，与上一句句意衔接合理。故选C。
第Ⅱ卷
Ⅳ. Grammar (10%)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Meet the Islands
Located 86 km north-east of Bougainville in the South Pacific, the Carteret Islands of Papua New Guinea are composed of low-lying islands ____71____ (distribute) in a horseshoe shape, with a total land area of 0.6 square kilometers and a maximum elevation of 1.5 meters above sea level.
The Carteret Islands are believed ____72____ (inhabit) for more than one thousand years. Few places are as calm, peaceful and beautiful as the seaside here on a calm day. People are very ____73____ (welcome), gentle, and calm. There’s no phone network, shops, computers, roads, cars, or motorbikes. Food is cooked on open fires. People here live sustainably. They don’t overfish or pollute, making no contribution to the warming of our planet. However, they are feeling the consequences of the climate change.
Now, as the land ____74____ (swallow) by the rising sea, the islanders are faced with an uncertain future. Storms and high tides wash away homes, destroy vegetable gardens and pollute fresh water supplies. The trees on the island are also being impacted by the saltwater. The beach exists ____75____ fertile soil once did. ____76____ the coral and seagrasses die, so do the breeding areas for fish. Many seawalls have been built ____77____ with little success. The islands have gradually become uninhabitable.
The Carteret islanders are labelled as the world’s first official climate-change refugees, as they are forced to abandon their homelands ____78____ food shortages, rising sea levels, sinking shorelines, and the dangers of storms and tides. In front of ____79____ is the choice whether to stay and watch the islands shrink and slowly disappear or try to rebuild their community somewhere else. Yet, the relocation is not a move embraced by most, and some are unhappy living away from their home, and have returned after struggling to adapt. On the other hand, relocation will be a great challenge to the preservation of the identity and culture of the Carteret islanders.
The Carteret Islanders’ story illustrates how small island states and coastal communities fall victim ____80____ rising sea levels caused by climate change. The Carteret Islanders, with a carbon footprint among the lowest in the world, will be among the first to have to leave their homes because of rising seas caused by emissions from other nations.
【答案】71. distributing
72. to have inhabited
73. welcoming
74. is being swallowed
75. where 76. As

77. but 78. due to
79. them 80. to
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴布亚新几内亚卡特雷特群岛由于气候的变化导致了海平面的上升，所以这些岛屿变得不再适宜居住。
【71题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：巴布亚新几内亚卡特雷特群岛位于南太平洋布干维尔东北86公里处，由呈马蹄形分布的低地岛屿组成，总陆地面积0.6平方公里，最高海拔1.5米。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，空处为非谓语动词作定语，和被修饰的名词之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填distributing。
【72题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：卡特雷特群岛据信已有一千多年的历史。分析句子结构可知，本题考查固定句型“sth/sb. be believed to do”，意为“人们相信……”，根据句意可知，人们相信卡特雷特群岛已有一千多年的历史了，所以需要动词不定式的完成式，表示谓语时间之前发生过的事件，或从过去持续到谓语时间的状态。故填to have inhabited。
【73题详解】
考查形容词。句意：人们非常热情、温柔、平静。分析句子结构可知，本句话为主系表结构，空处需要形容词welcoming“热情的”，作表语。故填welcoming。
【74题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：现在，随着陆地被不断上涨的海水吞噬，岛民面临着不确定的未来。分析句子结构可知，空处为as引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词，根据句意可知，句子为现在进行时态，而主语和谓语动词之间为被动关系，所以句子为现在进行时态的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数。故填is being swallowed。
【75题详解】
考查地点状语从句。句意：海滩存在于肥沃的土壤曾经存在的地方。根据句意可知，由于海水的上升，海滩现在出现在了肥沃的土壤曾经存在的地方，所以空处引导地点状语从句。故填where。
【76题详解】
考查时间状语从句。句意：随着珊瑚和海草的死亡，鱼类的繁殖区也随之死亡。根据“so do the breeding areas for fish”可知，随着珊瑚和海草的死亡，鱼类的繁殖区也随之死亡。as可以引导时间状语从句，意为“随着”。故填As。
【77题详解】
考查连词。句意：许多海堤已经建成，但收效甚微。根据前后语境可知，虽然许多海堤已经建成，但收效甚微。前后为转折关系，所以用连词but。故填but。
【78题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：卡特雷特岛上的居民被称为世界上第一批正式的气候变化难民，因为食物短缺、海平面上升、海岸线下沉以及风暴和潮汐的危险，他们被迫离开家园。根据空后“food shortages, rising sea levels, sinking shorelines, and the dangers of storms and tides”可知，由于空后的这些原因，所以卡特雷特岛上的居民被迫离开家园。固定搭配due to“由于”。故填due to。
【79题详解】
考查代词。句意：摆在他们面前的是选择是留下来看着岛屿缩小并慢慢消失，还是尝试在其他地方重建他们的社区。空处指代前文的the Carteret islanders，意为“卡特雷特岛上的居民”，作介词of的宾语。故填them
【80题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：卡特雷特岛居民的故事说明了小岛屿国家和沿海社区如何成为气候变化导致海平面上升的受害者。固定搭配fall victim to“成为……的牺牲品（或受害者)”，to是介词。故填to。
Ⅴ. Translation: (5′*3＝15%)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
81. 演讲者几乎刚开始发言不久，评委就打断了他，因为他太绕弯子，减弱了观众对这个话题的热情。(Barely, enthusiasm) (汉译英)
【答案】 Barely had the speaker begun to speak when the judge interrupted him because he was too roundabout and dampened the audience’s enthusiasm for the topic.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句型、部分倒装、原因状语从句和时态。表示“（几乎）刚……就”用barely…when固定句型，barely置于句首，其后面句子用部分倒装；表示“开始发言”用began to speak；表示“评委打断了他”用the judge interrupt him；表示“因为他太绕弯子了”用he was too roundabout；表示“减弱了观众对这个话题的热情”用dampen the audience’s enthusiasm for the topic，用because引导原因状语从句；因为事情发生在过去，故“评委就打断了他，因为他太绕弯子，减弱了观众对这个话题的热情”用一般过去时；“演讲者几乎刚开始发言不久”用过去完成时；句首单词首字母用大写；故填Barely had the speaker begun to speak when the judge interrupted him because he was too roundabout and dampened the audience’s enthusiasm for the topic.
82. 这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了，一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。(home, subject) （汉译英）
【答案】Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation.
【解析】
【详解】考查倒装结构，时态和定语从句和短语。“……的聚集地”可译为短语be home to，“人才”可用名词talent表示，此处是复数，所以用talents，根据汉语提示“曾经”可知时态为一般过去时，“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地”可译为this company used to be home to talents；“日子已经一去不复返了”可将表语置于句首，使用倒装结构，即Gone are the days，两句话结合起来“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了”可翻译为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents。“遭受”可用动词短语be subjected to表示，由句意可知，时态是一般过去时，主语是复数，即were subjected to；“蓄意的差评”可用deliberate negative reviews表示，所以“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评”可翻译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews；“对……造成沉重打击”可译为cause a heavy blow to；“名声”可译为名词reputation，两句话结合起来“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。”可译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。其中which引导非限制性定语从句。故答案为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。
83. 如果你能请高年级的学生来给我们指导一下如何保持取得进步的信心，以及如何在意外事件中做出恰当的反应，我将不胜感激。(appreciate, react) （汉译英）
【答案】I would appreciate it if you could invite senior students to guide us on how to maintain the confidence to make progress and how to react appropriately in accidents.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句型。“如果……我将不胜感激”可用固定句型表达为I would appreciate it if...；“邀请”表达为invite；“高年级学生”表达为senior students；“指导我们”表达为guide us on sth.；故此处“邀请高年级学生来给我们指导一下”可用invite sb. to do sth.，故表达为invite senior students to guide us on sth.。“保持”表达为maintain；“取得进步的信心”表达为the confidence to make progress，用动词不定式to do作the confidence的定语。“在意外事故中”表达为in accidents；“做出恰当的反应”表达为react appropriately；根据句意可知，此处可用固定句型“如果……我将不胜感激”，I would appreciate it if...，if引导宾语从句，从句中“给我们指导一下如何”可表达为guide us on how to...，可用两个疑问词how+to do做宾语。故翻译为：I would appreciate it if you could invite senior students to guide us on how to maintain the confidence to make progress and how to react appropriately in accidents。