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2023年高考英语二轮复习试题（新高考专用） 阅读理解 04 猜测词义 Word版含解析
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这是一份2023年高考英语二轮复习试题（新高考专用） 阅读理解 04 猜测词义 Word版含解析，共20页。
阅读理解 解密04 猜测词义（分层训练）
分层练A
1.【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】
Professor Smith was teaching his class. All the students in the class were listening to the lecture with great interest. But among those students, there was Nick, who was sitting quietly and in a bad mood.
The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything. But when this went on for a week, he called Nick in his office after the class and asked, “You are depressed all the time. What is the matter?” Nick said with some hesitation, “Sir, something has happened in my past, due to which I remain troubled. I don’t know what to do.”
Professor called Nick at his house in the evening. When Nick arrived, the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade. He deliberately put more salt in the lemonade. Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick. As soon as Nick took a sip, due to the taste of excess salt, his mouth became sour. Seeing this, the professor asked, “What happened? Did you not like the Lemonade?” “No sir, this is not the case. Just a little excess salt in the drink.” Nick said, “Hey, now give me the glass. I will throw it away.” The professor reached out to get the drink from Nick. But Nick refused, saying, “No sir, just salt is more. If you add more sugar, the taste will be fine.” Upon hearing this, the professor became serious and said, “You are right. Now see, this lemonade is like your life. Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemonade, similarly those bad experiences also cannot be separated from life. But by adding more sugar it can change the taste of lemonade.” Nick nodded and smiled in relief.
1．Why did Nick fail to focus on the class?
A．He was disturbed by the past. B．He was too nervous to concentrate.
C．Professor Smith was too demanding. D．The lecture was boring and hard to understand.
2．What does the underlined word “excess” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Rare. B．Too much. C．Poisonous. D．Smelly.
3．Which of the following words can best describe Professor Smith?
A．Determined and inspiring. B．Clever and brave.
C．Wise and caring. D．Generous and lovely.
4．What can we learn from Nick’s story?
A．Let it go and live in the present. B．Life without aim is like drink without salt.
C．Nothing is more pleasant than a warming word. D．All the good and bad experiences are unavoidable.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Nick said with some hesitation, “Sir, something has happened in my past, due to which I remain troubled. I don’t know what to do.”(尼克有些犹豫地说：“先生，我的过去发生了一些事情，因此我仍然很困扰。我不知道该怎么办。”)”可知，尼克没能集中注意力上课，是因为他对过去感到不安。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前句“He deliberately put more salt in the lemonade. Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick. (他故意在柠檬水里加了更多的盐。然后他给了尼克一杯柠檬水。)”可知，尼克喝了一口过量盐的柠檬水。所以excess为“过量的”之意。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything. (第一天教授就注意到了尼克，但什么也没说。)”及史密斯教授亲自来开导情绪低落的学生可推断，史密斯教授是有爱心的；史密斯教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生，说明史密斯教授是明智的。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Upon hearing this, the professor became serious and said, “You are right. Now see, this lemonade is like your life. Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemonade, similarly those bad experiences also cannot be separated from life. But by adding more sugar it can change the taste of lemonade.”(听了这话，教授严肃起来说：“你说得对。看，这柠檬水就像你的生活。就像盐不能从柠檬水里拿出来一样，那些糟糕的经历也不能从生活中分离出来。但是加入更多的糖会改变柠檬水的味道。”)”及全文可推断，生活中所有好的和坏的经历都是不可避免的。故选D。
2.【湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】B
Just as the shiny brochure promised, from the moment I set foot on the Harvard campuslast fall, I was exposed to an exciting andenlightening new world.
I was born and raised 1, 500 miles away, in a small apartment in Jackson, Mississippi. I am the only child, so my mother overpowered me with her love. For someone who sees so much beauty in the world, she worked awfullyhard to protect me from it. Television, rap music, and even basketball with the kids on the block was beyond consideration. It left me a bit bitter as a teenager, but I grew to appreciate her enormous sacrifices(牺牲) — walking me to the library every afternoon, laboring at multiple jobs to keep food on the table, and telling me stories late into the night.
When I announced the summer before my senior year of high school that I had decided to apply to Harvard, I noticed her hesitant look before a warm smile enveloped her face. I pretended not to see, but I was never able to forget it. I tried to explain my reasons for wanting to leave-to prove I was smart enough, fear of taking the path of least resistance, the classic teenage feeling of being trapped — but the words just made me sound shallow and ungrateful.
Nevertheless, I began to work on the college applications-an early one for Harvard and roughly a dozen others standing by. I knew the chance of getting into Harvard was not in my favor. To my joy, I was informed of my acceptance into Harvard three days before my birthday. That night, after all of the celebratory texts and hugs, I sat in my room and began to cry uncontrollably.
Over the course of this year, I have changed in ways I never anticipated. I think I know now why my mother let me go. Harvard has forced me to grow and take a fair look at the world, and at myself. Needless to say, I would not trade the experience for anything.
1．The underlined word in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________.
A．made a difference to B．made peace with
C．took advantage of D．took control of
2．What was the mother’s first response to the author’s decision?
A．She was worried about it. B．She laughed at it.
C．She approved of it immediately. D．She turned a deaf ear to it.
3．What did the author say about his admission to Harvard?
A．It deserved a big celebration. B．It served as a late birthday present.
C．It was beyond his expectations. D．It was a favor he owed his mother.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Lifelong Learning in Harvard
B．Reflections on the Road to Harvard
C．What Harvard Means to My Mother and Me
D．How Harvard Shapes My Teenage Years
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自己的思考。
1．词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词后“For someone who sees so much beauty in the world, she worked awfully hard to protect me from it. Television, rap music, and even basketball with the kids on the block was beyond consideration.(作为一个能看到世界上这么多美好事物的人，她却非常努力地保护我不受它的伤害。看电视、听说唱音乐，甚至和街区里的孩子们一起打篮球都是不可能的)”可推知，母亲对作者的管教很严格，所以画线词所在句意为“我是独生子，所以我的母亲用她的爱控制了我”，overpowered意为“控制”。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When I announced the summer before my senior year of high school that I had decided to apply to Harvard, I noticed her hesitant look before a warm smile enveloped her face.(在我升入高三的那个夏天，我告诉母亲我决定申请去哈佛念书，我察觉到母亲脸上那一丝犹豫，尽管那很快就被温暖的笑容所掩盖)”可知，母亲对作者的决定的第一反应是担心。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“I knew the chance of getting into Harvard was not in my favor. To my joy, I was informed of my acceptance into Harvard three days before my birthday.(我知道进入哈佛的胜算并不是我能决定的。令我高兴的是，在我生日的前三天，我被哈佛录取了)”可知，被哈佛大学录取超出了作者的预料。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“Harvard has forced me to grow and take a fair look at the world, and at myself. Needless to say, I would not trade the experience for anything.(哈佛迫使我成长，让我以公正的眼光看待这个世界和我自己。不用说，我不会拿这段经历换任何东西)”可知，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自己的思考。故选B。
3.【辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次考试】C
Jewel White, a 15-year-old student, gathers her books and signs herself out of a routine morning math class. She is not leaving school for the day, but is off to try some more challenging equations. This practice is not uncommon at Westmount Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where an unconventional learning approach is prevailing.
Westmount is one of the eight regular schools in the country where students work at their own pace and set their own direction, spending as much or as little time as they need on subjects. Teachers act as advisers. With the classroom teachers’ permission, students can sign out of a class to work on other materials or walk into another class to catch up on another subject. And every two weeks they make plans for their own learning time, with support from their adviser.
At a time when a shrinking student population is causing boards to close schools. Westmount sits at 30 percent overcapacity with 1,500 students. Its bursting number led education officials to consider expanding the program to other locations.
“If students are interested, we are going to do our best to provide that sort of programming,” said Todd White, chair of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board.
When students like Jewel are not in a classroom, they can usually be found in the school’s learning commons, a study area for all students. There are teachers available to help, but generally students are working on their own assignments or projects.
Jewel said Westmount’s self-paced style caught her attention when she was looking at high schools. Westmount is not the school close to her home. She said at elementary school she would often cause trouble in class because she would complete her work early and not have much else to do. “I find this kind of academic environment in Westmount is a lot better for me,” she said. “I like the thought of being able to work faster or slower if needed.”
1．What does the word “prevailing” underlined in paragraph I mean?
A．Catching on. B．Giving way. C．Slowing down. D．Causing trouble.
2．Which of the following words can best describe the school’s learning approach?
A．Complex but familiar. B．Flexible and efficient.
C．Traditional and common. D．Difficult but interesting.
3．What is Todd White’s attitude to Westmount’s style of learning?
A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful. C．Positive. D．Unconcerned.
4．What did Jewel think of her elementary school?
A．It was a school closest to her home.
B．It provided too much homework for students.
C．Its learning atmosphere was not very satisfying.
D．Its students did not work as fast as Westmount.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了加拿大Westmount中学特殊的教学方式。学生按照自己的节奏，设定自己的方向，实行走班学习。
1．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“This practice is not uncommon at Westmount Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where an unconventional learning approach is prevailing.（这种做法在加拿大Hamilton的Westmount中学并不少见，那里prevailing着一种非传统的学习方法。）”中划线词的前文“This practice is not uncommon（这种做法并不少见）”可知，这种学习方式在Westmount中学很流行，故此处的“prevailing”与A项“catching on变流行起来”意思相近，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Westmount is one of the eight regular schools in the country where students work at their own pace and set their own direction, spending as much or as little time as they need on subjects. Teachers act as advisers.（Westmount是该地区八所普通学校之一，学生按照自己的节奏学习，并设定自己的方向，在课堂上花尽可能多或少的时间。老师是顾问。）”可推知，这个学校的学习方法是灵活且有效率的，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““If students are interested, we are going to do our best to provide that sort of programming,” said Todd White,（Todd White说道：‘如果学生感兴趣，我们将尽最大的努力提供这种方法。’）”可知，Todd White认为这种学习方法是值得推崇的，因此对这种方式是支持的、肯定的，故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“She said at elementary school she would often cause trouble in class because she would complete her work early and not have much else to do.（她说，在小学时，她经常会在课堂上惹麻烦，因为她会很早做完功课，没有太多其他事情要做。）”可知，Jewel对她小学的学习氛围不太满意，她是能快速完成作业的，然而又不得不等其他同学的节奏，故选C。
4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】
Phineas T Barnum is the best-known circus business owner of the nineteenth century. He excelled as a showman, and throughout his career in the entertainment business, he promoted many different forms of attractions.
Barnum’s first industry was as a newspaper owner. He also worked as a writer and publisher. His enduring fame, however, is as a showman. Barnum considered this to be his main talent and he never changed this view of his character.
T. Barnum’s entertainment interests covered museums, traveling dance troupes (团), and even the mid-century US tour by Jenny Lind, the Swedish singer. He was, by nature, a risk-taker, and usually gained success from the most unlikely enterprises.
Barnum was willing to adopt any tactic that publicized his businesses. His American Museum in New York included hoaxes and freaks (恶作剧和怪物), both human and animal. This was not unusual by the standards of the time, but even he felt the need to prove his hoaxes fair, as advertising tricks.
Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business. He opened America’s first aquarium (水馆) and opened a theater in New York that was the largest and most modern in the city. He aimed to change the public knowledge of theaters, and in this, he largely succeeded. He made theater-going respectable.
Determination and hard work featured majorly in the qualities that Barnum displayed, and he frequently spoke about the necessity of both. He believed success only came to those who worked for it and knew they had the self-determination necessary. He also stated the necessity of understanding the business that a person was running. Knowledge and experience counted for much in Barnum’s life, and he certainly knew the entertainment business.
Success in life, according to Barnum, could only be achieved when a person is in good health. He advised that getting healthy and maintaining a healthy body and mind would lead to happiness as well as success.
1．What did Barnum think was his most successful career?
A．A writer. B．A publisher.
C．A showman. D．A newspaper owner.
2．What does the underlined word “tactic” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Media. B．Strategy. C．Support. D．Opportunity.
3．Why does the author mention Barnum’s success in opening the aquarium and theater?
A．To show Barnum’s firm beliefs in his own capacity.
B．To tell us chances are important for any business.
C．To explain what kind of business was successful.
D．To indicate how bad people’s life was at that time.
4．Which of the following can best describe Barnum and his business?
A．Eventful. B．Adventurous. C．Unsteady. D．Outstanding.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了娱乐大亨Phineas T Barnum的职业生涯。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“His enduring fame, however, is as a showman. Barnum considered this to be his main talent and he never changed this view of his character.(然而，他持久的名声是作为一名娱乐经理人。Barnum认为这是他的主要天赋，他从未改变对自己特点的看法)”可知，Barnum认为他作为娱乐经理人是最成功的。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Barnum was willing to adopt any tactic that publicized his businesses. His American Museum in New York included hoaxes and freaks, both human and animal. This was not unusual by the standards of the time, but even he felt the need to prove his hoaxes fair, as advertising tricks.(Barnum愿意采取任何宣传其业务的tactic 。他在纽约的美国博物馆收藏了人类和动物的恶作剧和怪物。以当时的标准来看，这并不罕见，但即使是他也觉得有必要证明自己的骗局是合理的，就像广告伎俩一样)”可知，Barnum愿意采用任何策略来宣传其业务，并证明其策略是合理的，推测划线单词表示“策略”，与strategy同义。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business. He opened America’s first aquarium and opened a theater in New York that was the largest and most modern in the city. He aimed to change the public knowledge of theaters, and in this, he largely succeeded. (Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力。他开设了美国第一家水族馆，并在纽约开设了一家剧院，这是该市最大、最现代化的剧院。他旨在改变公众对戏剧的认知，并在这方面取得了很大的成功)”可知，作者提到Barnum在水族馆和剧院方面的成功，是为了展示Barnum对自己能力的坚定自信。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“He excelled as a showman, and throughout his career in the entertainment business, he promoted many different forms of attractions.(作为一名娱乐经理人，他表现出色，在娱乐业的整个职业生涯中，他推广了许多不同形式的景点)”、第三段“He was, by nature, a risk-taker, and usually gained success from the most unlikely enterprises.(他天生就是一个冒险者，通常从最不可能的企业那里获得成功)”、第五段“Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business.(Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力)”以及文章内容可知，Barnum在许多行业取得成功，并对自己的能力具备自信，所以Barnum及其事业是杰出的。故选D项。
5.【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】
It is becoming more apparent now that students do more online learning than they ever have before. There are plenty of ways that educators can use technology to create online lessons and deliver instructions remotely.
You may think that the only way to run an online class is synchronously through web conferences, in the same way that physical learning does—with all of the students and the teacher present at the same time. In most cases, that won’t be very practical, since the probability that all of the learners and the educator being all together with live, stable Internet connections is relatively low.
The most crucial thing to keep in mind is that online learning does not need to take place at the same time as online teaching. You create a course in your LMS (Learning Management System) to be a series of modules (模块). Then you ask your learners to take the modules one after another, because each builds on the last. Each module may be a video that you created regarding the content, accompanied by a PDF, some relevant documents and third-party links, etc. Learners can log into the virtual classroom whenever they want, even during the early hours of the morning, to access each module in the order you have designed. You can also lay out some essential rules for the course, like the frequency and types of assessments and more.
As far as I’m concerned, while most of the time online learning saves the learning cost and provides diverse studying materials and instructions from educators, allowing your learners the freedom to do their coursework according to their schedules is what makes online learning distinctive. It helps boost engagement, teach your learners how to plan for themselves and be responsible, and improve their overall lives.
1．What does the underlined word “synchronously” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．At the same time. B．In the same place.
C．On various conditions. D．Through different channels.
2．Why are learners supposed to follow the modules in a certain order?
A．Every module has essential rules.
B．The modules deal with various topics.
C．Each module is based on the previous one.
D．The modules are designed in different forms.
3．What makes online learning unique according to the author?
A．Flexible learning time. B．Easy access to teachers.
C．Abundant learning resources. D．Affordable education fee.
4．Who are the target readers of the text?
A．Students. B．Parents. C．Officials. D．Teachers.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章讲述了网课越来越常见，上网课的形式不一定是教与学同步进行，学生可以根据老师设计的教学内容自主选择学习时间，这样能培养学生的责任心和自主学习能力。
1． 词义猜测题。根据第二段的“in the same way that physical learning does—with all of the students and the teacher present at the same time.”（就像线下学习一样，所有的学生和老师同时在场）可知，“synchronously”意为“同时”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Then you ask your learners to take the modules one after another, because each builds on the last.” （然后你要求你的学习者一个接一个地学习这些模块，因为每个模块都是在上一个模块的基础上构建的）可知，学习者要按一定顺序学习这些模块，原因是每个模块都是以前一个模块为基础的。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“As far as I’m concerned, while most of the time online learning saves the learning cost and provides diverse studying materials and instructions from educators, allowing your learners the freedom to do their coursework according to their schedules is what makes online learning distinctive.”（就我而言，虽然在线学习很多时候节省了学习的费用并且提供多样的学习材料和教师指导，但是让你的学习者能够根据自己的时间表自由地完成课程是在线学习与众不同的地方）可推知，作者认为灵活的学习时间使得在线4．推理判断题。依据全文，尤其是“You create a course...”（你创建了一门课程……）；“you ask your learners to….”（你要求你的学生....）；“You can also lay out some essential rules…”（你也可以列出一些基本规则……）；“teach your learners…. ”（教你的学生……）可推知，本文的目标读者是教师。故选D。
分层练B
1.【江苏省决胜新高考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月大联考】
The arrival of spring has seemingly unchangeable results-lengthening days, blossoming plants and a great increase in bees’ activity. But new research finds that many species of birds are nesting and laying eggs nearly a month earlier than they did a century ago.
These species, including bluejays, yellow warblers and field sparrows, are now laying their first eggs 25 days earlier, on average, than they were 100 years ago, the research has found. The heating of the atmosphere, due to the burning of fossil fuels, is seemingly changing a process that long appeared unshakeable.
The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, drew upon records of birds’ eggs gathered during a period, from about 1880 to 1920, when people could rampantly (猖獗的) collect them from nests without punishment. These records, largely consisting of boxes of eggs with hand-written labels describing the type of bird and when the eggs were collected, were compared with modern nesting data checked by researchers, who used mirrors mounted on long poles to observe high-up nests.
A model built by the researchers revealed that birds moving their nesting dates forward has been closely correlated with rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, a leading driver of rising global temperatures.
Birds choose when to nest in line with other developments in spring, such as the budding (发芽) of plants and the increase in insect numbers. These interactions of nature are being unpicked by climate change — in the US bears are emerging from hibernation earlier and cherry, peach, pear, apple and plum trees are blossoming weeks earlier than they once did. In the UK, plants flowered a full month earlier between 1987 and 2019 than they did before 1986, recent research found.
“If you’re a bird and you nest earlier, you put yourself at risk of these cold snaps (寒流) that can still arrive in spring, which then affects the plants and insects,” said Bates. “That then impacts the reproductive success of the birds. Springs are becoming more volatile (反复无常) and that is taking its toll.”
1．What might be responsible for the birds’ earlier nest and laying eggs?
A．Lengthening spring days. B．Global warming.
C．Blossoming plants. D．The increase in bees’ activity.
2．How did the researchers get their finding?
A．By referring to previous researches.
B．By monitoring birds’ behaviour.
C．By investigating birds’ habitats.
D．By comparing data from different periods.
3．Why are bears and plants mentioned in Para.6?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To prove a statement. D．To make a prediction.
4．What does the underlined phrase “taking its toll” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Upsetting balance of nature. B．Shaping landscape.
C．Receiving attention. D．Causing loss.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变迁造成鸟类提前筑巢和下蛋的情况。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The heating of the atmosphere, due to the burning of fossil fuels, is seemingly changing a process that long appeared unshakeable.(燃烧化石燃料导致的大气变暖，似乎正在改变一个长期以来看似不可动摇的过程)”可知，全球变暖也许导致了这些鸟更早的筑巢和产卵。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“These records, largely consisting of boxes of eggs with hand-written labels describing the type of bird and when the eggs were collected, were compared with modern nesting data checked by researchers, who used mirrors mounted on long poles to observe high-up nests.(这些记录主要由一盒鸡蛋组成，上面有手写的标签，描述了鸟类的类型和收集鸡蛋的时间。研究人员将这些记录与现代筑巢数据进行了比较，研究人员使用安装在长杆子上的镜子来观察高处的巢穴)”可推知，研究人员通过比较不同时期的数据来得到他们的发现。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Birds choose when to nest in line with other developments in spring, such as the budding of plants and the increase in insect numbers. These interactions of nature are being unpicked by climate change — in the US bears are emerging from hibernation earlier and cherry, peach, pear, apple and plum trees are blossoming weeks earlier than they once did.(鸟类根据春天的其他情况来选择筑巢时间，比如植物发芽和昆虫数量的增加。这些自然界的相互作用正被气候变化破坏——在美国，熊更早地从冬眠中醒来，樱桃、桃子、梨、苹果和李树的开花时间比以前提前了几周)”可推知，后面的熊和植物例子是说明这一点的。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中““If you’re a bird and you nest earlier, you put yourself at risk of these cold snaps that can still arrive in spring, which then affects the plants and insects,” said Bates. “That then impacts the reproductive success of the birds.(“如果你是一只鸟，提早筑巢，你就会面临春天仍然可能到来的寒流的风险，这会影响植物和昆虫，”贝茨说。“这会影响鸟类的繁殖成功率)”可知，此处讲的是造成的影响。由此推知，taking its toll为“造成损失”的意思，与D项Causing loss“造成损失”意思一致。故选D项。
2.【江苏省南京市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月质量检测】
Diana Golden was twelve years old when she had cancer. She was walking home one day after playing in the snow when her right leg simply gave out. Doctors diagnosed the problem as bone cancer. They recommended removing her leg above the knee.
When Diana heard the news, she asked the only first question: “Will I be still able to ski?”
“When the doctors said yes,” she later recalled, “I figured it wouldn’t be too bad.”
Losing a leg would cause most children to lose confidence and hope, but Diana refused to dwell on the negative. “It is nothing. A body part.” she’d say.
Most of all, Diana was not discouraged. She loved skiing and she had been on skis since the age of five. After the operation, Diana worked hard to get back to the mountain near her home. “I always skied and I intended to keep on skiing. I never doubt that.” she declared. Diana met her goal. She was back out on the slopes.
With just one leg, Diana made the best of it. In high school, Diana became a member of her school’s ski racing team. And in 1979, when she was just seventeen, she joined the US Disabled Ski Team.
After high school, Diana went on to Dartmouth College. Determined not to be left behind, Diana continued her training with the Dartmouth team. “I had one leg, which meant I had to do it differently.” she later explained.
In 1982, Diana entered her first international ski race. She won the world Handicapped Championship in Norway. In 1986, Diana won the Beck Award given to the best American racer in international skiing. And in 1988, she was named Ski Racing Magazine’s U.S. Female Skier of the Year.
With her courage and determination, Diana has changed how people look at disabled athletes. “Everyone has some kind of disability,” Diana says. “It’s what we do with our abilities that matters.”
In 1990, Diana retired from racing for good.
1．What does the underlined phrase “dwell on” probably mean in paragraph 4?
A．Put away. B．Think about.
C．Leave behind. D．Hang over.
2．Which of the following is the correct order of the events happening to Diana?
a. Diana entered her first international ski race.
b. Diana was diagnosed with bone cancer.
c. She practiced skiing at the age of five.
d. Diana began training with the Dartmouth team.
e. She became a member of the US Disabled Ski Team.
A．bcade. B．cbdae. C．cbeda. D．bceda.
3．The writer probably wrote this text to ___________.
A．inform the readers about disabled skiers
B．describe the events in international ski competitions
C．tell about the disadvantages of being a disabled skier
D．inspire the readers with Diana’s courage and resolution
4．What would be the suitable title of this text?
A．Go for the gold B．Lose a leg
C．Ski to the last minute D．Compete for the disabled
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【文章大意】本文为一篇新闻报道。Diana Golden在12岁时因患癌症而失去了一条腿，但这并没有阻碍她追逐梦想，1982年在挪威成为世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，1986年，获得了贝克奖，1988年，被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。她的勇气和决心改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Losing a leg would cause most children to lose confidence and hope, but Diana refused to dwell on the negative. ‘It is nothing. A body part.’ she’d say. (失去一条腿会使大多数孩子失去信心和希望，但戴安娜拒绝dwell on在消极的情绪中。‘这没有关系。身体的某一部分。’她想说)”可知，大多人会因为失去了一条腿而失去信心和希望，划线词后的 the negative指代前半句的lose confidence and hope这种负面心理，根据转折连词but以及谓语动词refused可知，Diana 与其他大多数孩子不同，她对这种负面心理是拒绝的态度，B项“Think about”意为“考虑”，Diana拒绝考虑那些负面情绪。B项与划线词意义相近，故选B项。
2．细节排序题。根据第五段第二句“She loved skiing and she had been on skis since the age of five. (她喜欢滑雪，从5岁起就开始滑雪了。)”，第一段“Diana Golden was twelve years old when she had cancer. (戴安娜·戈尔登患癌症时12岁)”可知，五岁开始化学的Diana12岁时被诊断患了癌症。按顺序为cd，故先排除A项和D项。第六段中“With just one leg, Diana made the best of it. In high school, Diana became a member of her school’s ski racing team. And in 1979, when she was just seventeen, she joined the US Disabled Ski Team. (只有一条腿的戴安娜充分利用了这一点。高中时，戴安娜成为学校滑雪赛车队的一员。1979年，年仅17岁的她加入了美国残疾人滑雪队。)”可知，17岁时Diana进了美国残疾人滑雪队，故排在第三个的是e；第七段中“After high school, Diana went on to Dartmouth College. Determined not to be left behind, Diana continued her training with the Dartmouth team.(高中毕业后，戴安娜去了达特茅斯学院。黛安娜决心不掉队，继续跟随达特茅斯队训练。)”，第四个为d。排除法，故选C项。
3．推理判断题。文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，在倒数第二段“With her courage and determination, Diana has changed how people look at disabled athletes (凭借她的勇气和决心，Diana改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法)”可知，文章介绍Diana，以期借助于Diana的勇气的决心来鼓励读者。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，并在倒数第三段“In 1982, Diana entered her first international ski race. She won the world Handicapped Championship in Norway. In 1986, Diana won the Beck Award given to the best American racer in international skiing. And in 1988, she was named Ski Racing Magazine’s U.S. Female Skier of the Year. (1982年，戴安娜第一次参加国际滑雪比赛。她在挪威赢得了世界残疾人锦标赛。1986年，黛安娜获得了贝克奖，该奖是颁发给国际滑雪比赛中最优秀的美国选手的。1988年，她被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。)”可知，失去了一条腿并没有阻止她前进的脚步，她一路更加努力并成为获得世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，A项“Go for the gold ( 争夺金牌)”符合题意。故选A项。
3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023学年高三上学期12月适应性考试】
From cowboy hats and cattle to barbecue and football, Texas is known for many things. One thing the Lone Star State is not known for, however, is winter weather.
That changed in February last year, when winter storm buried Texas in ice and snow. It raged for a total of eight days, 23 hours, and 23 minutes, which was one of the most impactful winter events in recent history.
According to Texas TV station, winter storm Landon was so extreme that it caused trees across north Texas to “explode”, filling local communities with booms that sounded more like gunshots than tree branches.
The phenomenon of “exploding trees” isn’t as unusual or as terrifying as it sounds, according to Janet, who says trees often freeze and burst as a result of rapid temperature shifts. “Our wide temperature swings mean that trees may not be completely dormant (休眠的) or prepared for the cold,” Janet said. “Trees have several mechanisms they use to prevent freezing. They take cues to get adapted and ready for the freeze.”
In trees that aren’t completely inactive, cold weather causes tree sap to freeze. When that happens, the sap expands beyond what the tree’s bark can contain. And so, the tree splits in places that can’t cope with the pressure, creating cracks known as “frost cracks”. Although trees do not actually explode into pieces when frost cracks happen, there may be loud noises and visible fractures (折断), and heavy branches can fall to the ground.
“Trees explode in cold weather because the water content in the cells and tissues freezes,” MacKenzie said. “From midwinter to early spring this can occur when the temperature swings, snow melts and warm sun, cold nights work in harmony. It is usually nothing to be too concerned about; the tree will start to heal just as quickly. I have been awakened many cold winter nights hearing the trees explode.”
1．What does the underlined word “That” refer to?
A．Texas is related to American football.
B．Texas is little known for its winter weather.
C．Texas is a suitable place for raising cattle.
D．Texas has a famous history of cowboys.
2．What does Janet think causes the trees to explode?
A．The occurrence of the winter storm.
B．The fragile tree branches in winter.
C．The sudden change of temperatures.
D．The trees’ preparation for the cold.
3．What does the fifth paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The effect of cold weather on plants.
B．Ways to help trees prevent freezing.
C．The role of sap in winter.
D．The reason why trees explode.
4．What does MacKenzie imply in his words?
A．Tree explosion is a natural phenomenon.
B．Melting snow can lead to tree explosion.
C．Trees may explode even in warm nights.
D．People should be careful about exploding trees.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文，主要分析了冬季风暴导致德克萨斯州北部的树木“爆炸”这一现象。
1．词义猜测题。划线词That是指示代词，往往指代前文内容，所以线索指向第一段。由第一段“From cowboy hats and cattle to barbecue and football, Texas is known for many things. One thing the Lone Star State is not known for, however, is winter weather. (从牛仔帽和牛到烧烤和足球，得克萨斯州以很多东西闻名。然而，孤星州有一件事并不为人所知，那就是冬天的天气)”关键词however可知，转折后的内容是重点，所以此处that指代在孤星州，并不是所有人都知道冬天的天气。故答案为B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The phenomenon of “exploding trees” isn’t as unusual or as terrifying as it sounds, according to Janet, who says trees often freeze and burst as a result of rapid temperature shifts. (Janet认为“树木爆炸”的现象并不像听起来那么不寻常或可怕，她说，由于气温的快速变化，树木经常会结冰和爆裂)”可知，Janet认为是由于天气的快速变化导致树木爆炸。故答案为C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“In trees that aren’t completely inactive, cold weather causes tree sap to freeze. When that happens, the sap expands beyond what the tree’s bark can contain. And so, the tree splits in places that can’t cope with the pressure, creating cracks known as “frost cracks”. Although trees do not actually explode into pieces when frost cracks happen, there may be loud noises and visible fractures (折断)，and heavy branches can fall to the ground.(在那些不是完全不活跃的树木中，寒冷的天气会导致树液冻结。当这种情况发生时，树液会膨胀到超出树皮所能容纳的范围。因此，树木在无法承受压力的地方裂开，形成了被称为“霜裂缝”的裂缝。虽然霜裂发生时树木不会爆炸成碎片，但可能会有很大的噪音和可见的裂缝(折断)，沉重的树枝可能会掉落到地上)”可知，本段详细描述了为什么天气的急剧变化会导致树木爆炸，所以D选项“树木爆炸的原因”贴合本段主旨。故答案为D。
4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“From midwinter to early spring this can occur when the temperature swings, snow melts and warm sun, cold nights work in harmony. (从仲冬到初春，气温波动，积雪融化，温暖的太阳和寒冷的夜晚和谐相处，就会出现这种情况)”和“It is usually nothing to be too concerned about; the tree will start to heal just as quickly. (这通常没什么好担心的；这棵树很快就会开始愈合)”可推测出MacKenzie 认为树木爆炸是一种常见的自然现象，没有什么好担心的，所以A选项“树木爆炸是一种自然现象”符合题意。故答案为A。
4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023学年高考首考模拟英语试卷（二）】
If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up.
Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals’ brain encodes social rank and uses this information to shape behaviors — such as whether to fight for the last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals; changes to a mouse’s mPFC affected its dominance behavior. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented this information and which neurons(神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.
In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage. Some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank of their opponent.
“We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition,” says co-researcher Nancy. “But it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time.”
When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which mouse would win the food reward.
The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a winning mindset. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more winning mindset than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.
The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and winning mindset are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in winning mindset. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and winning mindset may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.
“This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
A．To provide background information. B．To state the importance of social rank.
C．To give readers an example of social rank. D．To introduce the topic of the reading passage.
2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A．The mPFC neurons. B．The researchers.
C．The brain activity patterns. D．The changes in behaviour.
3．What can we learn from the new study?
A．Brain activities can influence social rank.
B．Dominant opponents boost winning mindset.
C．Social rank and winning mindset affect behaviour.
D．Animals only exhibit their rank in competition.
4．What can we infer from the passage?
A．Winning mindset establishes dominance.
B．Social rank guides competitive behaviour.
C．A subordinate mouse can never been a winner.
D．Awareness of different people around you make your brain use different neurons.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域如何参与改变支配行为的研究，得出结论：处于“胜利心态”的人更容易成为具有统治力的人，意识到周围不同的人会让你的大脑使用不同的神经元。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister—you might just grab the pizza. Your boss—you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling particularly confident, you might go for it. ” (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板——你可能会放弃。但是如果你饿了并且感觉特别自信，你可能会去拿披萨。)结合之后文章提出大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域负责代表哺乳动物的社会地位，可知作者写第一段是为了引出一个主要话题。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict—a full 30 seconds before the competition started—which mouse would win the food reward. ” (当研究人员再次询问mPFC神经元的活动是否与行为有关时，他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情。大脑活动模式与行为的轻微变化有关，例如老鼠移动的速度，它们还可以在比赛开始前整整30秒预测哪只老鼠会赢得食物奖励。)可知研究人员发现大脑活动模式与行为密切相关，划线部分的“they”指的是大脑活动模式。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset” are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in “winning mindset”. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one. ”( mPFC中与社会地位和“获胜心态”相关的区域彼此相邻，高度相关。社会等级的信号会影响“获胜心态”的大脑状态。换句话说，当面对占优势的老鼠时，从属老鼠的信心和“获胜心态”可能会部分下降。)可知社会地位和获胜心态可能会影响心态，从而影响行为。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up. ” (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板——你可能会放弃。)；再根据倒数第一段““This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye. ” (Tye说，这是进一步的证据表明，当我们和别人在一起时，与我们独自一人时相比，我们的大脑状态是不同的。)可知，我们大脑的神经元会随着周围不同的人而发生改变。故选D项。
5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】
The next big stage, the improvement from automatic to truly autonomous trains, is already here. It will take train autonomy to the next level, beyond the automated performance on closed loops (圈；环) such as automatic rail lines today and onto the vast expanse of international railways.
That will mean that the next generation of trains will be able to locate themselves in their environment and interact with other train traffic without human assistance. They will have the ability to detect and manage on their own all elements of their environment, designed by a connected traffic management system.
The transition toward train autonomy is speeding, says Kai Taylor, Thales Marketing & Communications Director Main Line Rail Signalling, and for a reason that can be summed up in one word: digitalisation.
“The key to success,” says Kai Taylor, “is in fact what is in ‘the Thales DNA’ — the digital technologies across Thales business units-aerospace, space, transportation, defence and security.”
“These technologies represent the pieces of the puzzle to achieve real train autonomy. They are artificial intelligence, big data, connectivity, including the internet of things linking trains to intelligent railway switches, and with netsecurity built in. We have sensors for obstacle (障碍) detection from Thales defence, safe and precise satellite positioning from our space and avionics (航空电子设备) division, IoT connectivity from our recent purchase Gemalto, cybersecurity from the Thales security sector and the trusted explainable and approvable artificial intelligence led by Thales for safe decisions. Taken together, they will provide the train with true autonomy for safe and efficient operations.”
Of course, all these technologies are at the base of the Thales ground and air transportation sector’s current offerings for efficient, safe and reliable travel in the air or on the ground.
Kai Taylor explains, “We’re unique in having the experience and the expertise in all aspects of mobility, including Thales global leadership in air and train management systems which are assuring rail and air travel for airlines and rail operators all over the world.”
1．What will truly autonomous trains do?
A．Carry out the automated performance on closed loops.
B．Communicate with other trains with the help of humans.
C．Examine and deal with the situations of the surroundings.
D．Travel automatically with great speeds using solar powers.
2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Their environment. B．The transition’ speeding.
C．Human assistance. D．The ability to locate themselves.
3．What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us?
A．How digitalisation works in real train autonomy.
B．What sensors on the autonomous trains deal with
C．What will provide the train with safety and efficiency.
D．How obstacles are removed from the paths of trains.
4．What’s Kai Taylor’s attitude towards the future of autonomous trains?
A．Cautious. B．Concerned.
C．Critical. D．Confident.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了列车由自动向自主发展的趋势。
1．细节理解题。从第二段的第二句“They will have the ability to detect and manage on their own all elements of their environment, designed by a connected traffic management system.”（经关联交通管理系统设计，自主运行列车能够独立检测与处理全部环境因素。）可知，自主运行列车可以独立检测和处理环境因素。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。结合指代关系和上文“The transition toward train autonomy is speeding”（列车自主化的变革正在加快脚步）可知，此处that指代的是上文提到的“列车自主化的变革速度”。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。通读全段，结合首句中的“These technologies”（这些技术）可知，全段讲述了诸如物联网、障碍物检测传感器、卫星定位、人工智能等数字化技术在自主运行列车上的运用。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲述了凯·泰勒对自主运行列车的看法，其中由“We’re unique in having the experience and the expertise in all aspects of mobility”（我们在各方面的流动性具有独到的经验与专业知识）可知，凯·泰勒表示他们具备独一无二的经验与专业知识，说明他对自主运行列车是非常有信心的。故选D项。
6.【2023届四川省资阳市高中高三上学期第一次诊断性考试】
Each year on October 15, Global Handwashing Day is observed to strengthen the health awareness and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. And a hand—shaped robot called “Pepe”, which encourages kids to wash their hands, has helped pupils at a remote Indian primary school to develop habits of personal hygiene (卫生).
Pepe was fixed on the wall above a hand—washing station at Wayanad Government Primary School in Kerala, which has about 100 pupils aged 5 and 10. A small video screen behind the green plastic Pepe acted as a “mouth”, allowing researchers to tele—operate the robot to speak to the pupils and draw their attention to the poster outlining the steps of effective hand—washing. A set of moving “eyes” helped Pepe pay attention to the children’s actions.
The robot helped pupils wash their hands more effectively, increasing their rates of hand—washing by 40 percent. Pupils spent twice as long washing their hands after Pepe’s arrival. And more than 95% of the students could correctly determine when hand—washing with soap has to be done—before a meal and after a visit to the toilet.
Hand—washing is one of the most effective ways against the spread of diarrhea and respiratory infections. Dr. Amol Deshmukh, from the University of Glasgow’s School of Computing Science, led the project in partnership with colleagues from Amrita University. He said, “We were delighted by the success of Pepe’s visit to this primary school. The children were excited to interact with this relatively simple machine, which was clearly good for keeping their hands clean. Dr. Bhavani from Amrita University said,” AMMACHI (Amrita Multi Modal Application and Computer Human Interaction) Labs have taken multi plans to address common challenges facing low—income rural communities in India and worldwide using technology.”
1．Why was “Pepe” fixed at the Primary School?
A．To watch on pupil’ actions. B．To wash children’s hands.
C．To freshen the environment. D．To develop children’s health habits.
2．How did the robot bring changes to the pupils?
A．By playing with pupils. B．By providing knowledge.
C．By offering pupils soap. D．By washing pupils’ hands.
3．What can you learn about Pepe’s visit to the primary school?
A．It was a failure. B．It had no effect.
C．It was a success. D．It was a waste of time.
4．What does the underlined word “address” in the last paragraph mean?
A．deal with. B．write a place on. C．make a speech to. D．speak to.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了让孩子们养成洗手的好习惯，印度一学校在洗手站上方的墙安装了一个机器人来吸引学生的注意力，让他们勤洗手。这个机器人提高了学生洗手的频率。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“And a hand—shaped robot called “Pepe”, which encourages kids to wash their hands, has helped pupils at a remote Indian primary school to develop habits of personal hygiene (卫生).(一个叫“Pepe”的手形机器人鼓励孩子们洗手，它帮助印度一所偏远小学的学生养成了个人卫生习惯。)”可知，这个机器人就是为了鼓励学生养成洗手的好习惯。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“A small video screen behind the green plastic Pepe acted as a “mouth”, allowing researchers to tele—operate the robot to speak to the pupils and draw their attention to the poster outlining the steps of effective hand—washing. A set of moving “eyes” helped Pepe pay attention to the children’s actions.(绿色塑料Pepe后面的一个小电视屏幕充当了一个“嘴”，使研究人员能够遥控机器人对学生说话，并把他们的注意力吸引到概述有效洗手步骤的海报上。一组移动的“眼睛”帮助佩佩注意孩子们的行动。)”可知，研究人员通过操控这个机器人来让学生关注墙上的海报，海报上有关于有效洗手的步骤，来告知学生如何洗手。因此可知，这个机器人是通过给学生传播一些关于洗手方面的知识来帮助学生养成勤洗手的习惯。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The robot helped pupils wash their hands more effectively, increasing their rates of hand—washing by 40 percent. Pupils spent twice as long washing their hands after Pepe’s arrival. And more than 95% of the students could correctly determine when hand—washing with soap has to be done—before a meal and after a visit to the toilet.(这个机器人帮助学生更有效地洗手，洗手率提高了40%。佩佩到来后，学生们洗手的时间增加了一倍。超过95%的学生能够正确判断何时必须用肥皂洗手——饭前和如厕后。)”可知，这个机器人的到来提高了学生的洗手率，使得学生洗手的时间增加了一倍，因此可知，它的到来是很成功的。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“He said, “We were delighted by the success of Pepe’s visit to this primary school. The children were excited to interact with this relatively simple machine, which was clearly good for keeping their hands clean. Dr. Bhavani from Amrita University said,” AMMACHI (Amrita Multi Modal Application and Computer Human Interaction) Labs have taken multi plans to address common challenges facing low—income rural communities in India and worldwide using technology.”(他说：“我们对佩佩访问这所小学的成功感到高兴。孩子们兴奋地与这台相对简单的机器互动，这显然有利于保持他们的手干净。Amrita大学的Bhavani博士说：“AMMACHI (Amrita多模式应用和人机交互)实验室已经采取了多种计划，利用技术解决印度和全世界低收入农村社区面临的共同挑战。”)”可知，机器人的到来使得学生们养成勤洗手的习惯，因此可推知，研究者们利用科技解决了一些问题、一些挑战，因此可知划线词与A项“deal with解决”意义相近。故选A项。
阅读理解 解密04 猜测词义（分层训练）
分层练A
1.【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】
Professor Smith was teaching his class. All the students in the class were listening to the lecture with great interest. But among those students, there was Nick, who was sitting quietly and in a bad mood.
The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything. But when this went on for a week, he called Nick in his office after the class and asked, “You are depressed all the time. What is the matter?” Nick said with some hesitation, “Sir, something has happened in my past, due to which I remain troubled. I don’t know what to do.”
Professor called Nick at his house in the evening. When Nick arrived, the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade. He deliberately put more salt in the lemonade. Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick. As soon as Nick took a sip, due to the taste of excess salt, his mouth became sour. Seeing this, the professor asked, “What happened? Did you not like the Lemonade?” “No sir, this is not the case. Just a little excess salt in the drink.” Nick said, “Hey, now give me the glass. I will throw it away.” The professor reached out to get the drink from Nick. But Nick refused, saying, “No sir, just salt is more. If you add more sugar, the taste will be fine.” Upon hearing this, the professor became serious and said, “You are right. Now see, this lemonade is like your life. Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemonade, similarly those bad experiences also cannot be separated from life. But by adding more sugar it can change the taste of lemonade.” Nick nodded and smiled in relief.
1．Why did Nick fail to focus on the class?
A．He was disturbed by the past. B．He was too nervous to concentrate.
C．Professor Smith was too demanding. D．The lecture was boring and hard to understand.
2．What does the underlined word “excess” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Rare. B．Too much. C．Poisonous. D．Smelly.
3．Which of the following words can best describe Professor Smith?
A．Determined and inspiring. B．Clever and brave.
C．Wise and caring. D．Generous and lovely.
4．What can we learn from Nick’s story?
A．Let it go and live in the present. B．Life without aim is like drink without salt.
C．Nothing is more pleasant than a warming word. D．All the good and bad experiences are unavoidable.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Nick said with some hesitation, “Sir, something has happened in my past, due to which I remain troubled. I don’t know what to do.”(尼克有些犹豫地说：“先生，我的过去发生了一些事情，因此我仍然很困扰。我不知道该怎么办。”)”可知，尼克没能集中注意力上课，是因为他对过去感到不安。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前句“He deliberately put more salt in the lemonade. Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick. (他故意在柠檬水里加了更多的盐。然后他给了尼克一杯柠檬水。)”可知，尼克喝了一口过量盐的柠檬水。所以excess为“过量的”之意。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything. (第一天教授就注意到了尼克，但什么也没说。)”及史密斯教授亲自来开导情绪低落的学生可推断，史密斯教授是有爱心的；史密斯教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生，说明史密斯教授是明智的。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Upon hearing this, the professor became serious and said, “You are right. Now see, this lemonade is like your life. Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemonade, similarly those bad experiences also cannot be separated from life. But by adding more sugar it can change the taste of lemonade.”(听了这话，教授严肃起来说：“你说得对。看，这柠檬水就像你的生活。就像盐不能从柠檬水里拿出来一样，那些糟糕的经历也不能从生活中分离出来。但是加入更多的糖会改变柠檬水的味道。”)”及全文可推断，生活中所有好的和坏的经历都是不可避免的。故选D。
2.【湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】B
Just as the shiny brochure promised, from the moment I set foot on the Harvard campuslast fall, I was exposed to an exciting andenlightening new world.
I was born and raised 1, 500 miles away, in a small apartment in Jackson, Mississippi. I am the only child, so my mother overpowered me with her love. For someone who sees so much beauty in the world, she worked awfullyhard to protect me from it. Television, rap music, and even basketball with the kids on the block was beyond consideration. It left me a bit bitter as a teenager, but I grew to appreciate her enormous sacrifices(牺牲) — walking me to the library every afternoon, laboring at multiple jobs to keep food on the table, and telling me stories late into the night.
When I announced the summer before my senior year of high school that I had decided to apply to Harvard, I noticed her hesitant look before a warm smile enveloped her face. I pretended not to see, but I was never able to forget it. I tried to explain my reasons for wanting to leave-to prove I was smart enough, fear of taking the path of least resistance, the classic teenage feeling of being trapped — but the words just made me sound shallow and ungrateful.
Nevertheless, I began to work on the college applications-an early one for Harvard and roughly a dozen others standing by. I knew the chance of getting into Harvard was not in my favor. To my joy, I was informed of my acceptance into Harvard three days before my birthday. That night, after all of the celebratory texts and hugs, I sat in my room and began to cry uncontrollably.
Over the course of this year, I have changed in ways I never anticipated. I think I know now why my mother let me go. Harvard has forced me to grow and take a fair look at the world, and at myself. Needless to say, I would not trade the experience for anything.
1．The underlined word in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________.
A．made a difference to B．made peace with
C．took advantage of D．took control of
2．What was the mother’s first response to the author’s decision?
A．She was worried about it. B．She laughed at it.
C．She approved of it immediately. D．She turned a deaf ear to it.
3．What did the author say about his admission to Harvard?
A．It deserved a big celebration. B．It served as a late birthday present.
C．It was beyond his expectations. D．It was a favor he owed his mother.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Lifelong Learning in Harvard
B．Reflections on the Road to Harvard
C．What Harvard Means to My Mother and Me
D．How Harvard Shapes My Teenage Years
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自己的思考。
1．词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词后“For someone who sees so much beauty in the world, she worked awfully hard to protect me from it. Television, rap music, and even basketball with the kids on the block was beyond consideration.(作为一个能看到世界上这么多美好事物的人，她却非常努力地保护我不受它的伤害。看电视、听说唱音乐，甚至和街区里的孩子们一起打篮球都是不可能的)”可推知，母亲对作者的管教很严格，所以画线词所在句意为“我是独生子，所以我的母亲用她的爱控制了我”，overpowered意为“控制”。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When I announced the summer before my senior year of high school that I had decided to apply to Harvard, I noticed her hesitant look before a warm smile enveloped her face.(在我升入高三的那个夏天，我告诉母亲我决定申请去哈佛念书，我察觉到母亲脸上那一丝犹豫，尽管那很快就被温暖的笑容所掩盖)”可知，母亲对作者的决定的第一反应是担心。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“I knew the chance of getting into Harvard was not in my favor. To my joy, I was informed of my acceptance into Harvard three days before my birthday.(我知道进入哈佛的胜算并不是我能决定的。令我高兴的是，在我生日的前三天，我被哈佛录取了)”可知，被哈佛大学录取超出了作者的预料。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“Harvard has forced me to grow and take a fair look at the world, and at myself. Needless to say, I would not trade the experience for anything.(哈佛迫使我成长，让我以公正的眼光看待这个世界和我自己。不用说，我不会拿这段经历换任何东西)”可知，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自己的思考。故选B。
3.【辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次考试】C
Jewel White, a 15-year-old student, gathers her books and signs herself out of a routine morning math class. She is not leaving school for the day, but is off to try some more challenging equations. This practice is not uncommon at Westmount Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where an unconventional learning approach is prevailing.
Westmount is one of the eight regular schools in the country where students work at their own pace and set their own direction, spending as much or as little time as they need on subjects. Teachers act as advisers. With the classroom teachers’ permission, students can sign out of a class to work on other materials or walk into another class to catch up on another subject. And every two weeks they make plans for their own learning time, with support from their adviser.
At a time when a shrinking student population is causing boards to close schools. Westmount sits at 30 percent overcapacity with 1,500 students. Its bursting number led education officials to consider expanding the program to other locations.
“If students are interested, we are going to do our best to provide that sort of programming,” said Todd White, chair of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board.
When students like Jewel are not in a classroom, they can usually be found in the school’s learning commons, a study area for all students. There are teachers available to help, but generally students are working on their own assignments or projects.
Jewel said Westmount’s self-paced style caught her attention when she was looking at high schools. Westmount is not the school close to her home. She said at elementary school she would often cause trouble in class because she would complete her work early and not have much else to do. “I find this kind of academic environment in Westmount is a lot better for me,” she said. “I like the thought of being able to work faster or slower if needed.”
1．What does the word “prevailing” underlined in paragraph I mean?
A．Catching on. B．Giving way. C．Slowing down. D．Causing trouble.
2．Which of the following words can best describe the school’s learning approach?
A．Complex but familiar. B．Flexible and efficient.
C．Traditional and common. D．Difficult but interesting.
3．What is Todd White’s attitude to Westmount’s style of learning?
A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful. C．Positive. D．Unconcerned.
4．What did Jewel think of her elementary school?
A．It was a school closest to her home.
B．It provided too much homework for students.
C．Its learning atmosphere was not very satisfying.
D．Its students did not work as fast as Westmount.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了加拿大Westmount中学特殊的教学方式。学生按照自己的节奏，设定自己的方向，实行走班学习。
1．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“This practice is not uncommon at Westmount Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where an unconventional learning approach is prevailing.（这种做法在加拿大Hamilton的Westmount中学并不少见，那里prevailing着一种非传统的学习方法。）”中划线词的前文“This practice is not uncommon（这种做法并不少见）”可知，这种学习方式在Westmount中学很流行，故此处的“prevailing”与A项“catching on变流行起来”意思相近，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Westmount is one of the eight regular schools in the country where students work at their own pace and set their own direction, spending as much or as little time as they need on subjects. Teachers act as advisers.（Westmount是该地区八所普通学校之一，学生按照自己的节奏学习，并设定自己的方向，在课堂上花尽可能多或少的时间。老师是顾问。）”可推知，这个学校的学习方法是灵活且有效率的，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““If students are interested, we are going to do our best to provide that sort of programming,” said Todd White,（Todd White说道：‘如果学生感兴趣，我们将尽最大的努力提供这种方法。’）”可知，Todd White认为这种学习方法是值得推崇的，因此对这种方式是支持的、肯定的，故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“She said at elementary school she would often cause trouble in class because she would complete her work early and not have much else to do.（她说，在小学时，她经常会在课堂上惹麻烦，因为她会很早做完功课，没有太多其他事情要做。）”可知，Jewel对她小学的学习氛围不太满意，她是能快速完成作业的，然而又不得不等其他同学的节奏，故选C。
4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】
Phineas T Barnum is the best-known circus business owner of the nineteenth century. He excelled as a showman, and throughout his career in the entertainment business, he promoted many different forms of attractions.
Barnum’s first industry was as a newspaper owner. He also worked as a writer and publisher. His enduring fame, however, is as a showman. Barnum considered this to be his main talent and he never changed this view of his character.
T. Barnum’s entertainment interests covered museums, traveling dance troupes (团), and even the mid-century US tour by Jenny Lind, the Swedish singer. He was, by nature, a risk-taker, and usually gained success from the most unlikely enterprises.
Barnum was willing to adopt any tactic that publicized his businesses. His American Museum in New York included hoaxes and freaks (恶作剧和怪物), both human and animal. This was not unusual by the standards of the time, but even he felt the need to prove his hoaxes fair, as advertising tricks.
Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business. He opened America’s first aquarium (水馆) and opened a theater in New York that was the largest and most modern in the city. He aimed to change the public knowledge of theaters, and in this, he largely succeeded. He made theater-going respectable.
Determination and hard work featured majorly in the qualities that Barnum displayed, and he frequently spoke about the necessity of both. He believed success only came to those who worked for it and knew they had the self-determination necessary. He also stated the necessity of understanding the business that a person was running. Knowledge and experience counted for much in Barnum’s life, and he certainly knew the entertainment business.
Success in life, according to Barnum, could only be achieved when a person is in good health. He advised that getting healthy and maintaining a healthy body and mind would lead to happiness as well as success.
1．What did Barnum think was his most successful career?
A．A writer. B．A publisher.
C．A showman. D．A newspaper owner.
2．What does the underlined word “tactic” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Media. B．Strategy. C．Support. D．Opportunity.
3．Why does the author mention Barnum’s success in opening the aquarium and theater?
A．To show Barnum’s firm beliefs in his own capacity.
B．To tell us chances are important for any business.
C．To explain what kind of business was successful.
D．To indicate how bad people’s life was at that time.
4．Which of the following can best describe Barnum and his business?
A．Eventful. B．Adventurous. C．Unsteady. D．Outstanding.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了娱乐大亨Phineas T Barnum的职业生涯。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“His enduring fame, however, is as a showman. Barnum considered this to be his main talent and he never changed this view of his character.(然而，他持久的名声是作为一名娱乐经理人。Barnum认为这是他的主要天赋，他从未改变对自己特点的看法)”可知，Barnum认为他作为娱乐经理人是最成功的。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Barnum was willing to adopt any tactic that publicized his businesses. His American Museum in New York included hoaxes and freaks, both human and animal. This was not unusual by the standards of the time, but even he felt the need to prove his hoaxes fair, as advertising tricks.(Barnum愿意采取任何宣传其业务的tactic 。他在纽约的美国博物馆收藏了人类和动物的恶作剧和怪物。以当时的标准来看，这并不罕见，但即使是他也觉得有必要证明自己的骗局是合理的，就像广告伎俩一样)”可知，Barnum愿意采用任何策略来宣传其业务，并证明其策略是合理的，推测划线单词表示“策略”，与strategy同义。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business. He opened America’s first aquarium and opened a theater in New York that was the largest and most modern in the city. He aimed to change the public knowledge of theaters, and in this, he largely succeeded. (Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力。他开设了美国第一家水族馆，并在纽约开设了一家剧院，这是该市最大、最现代化的剧院。他旨在改变公众对戏剧的认知，并在这方面取得了很大的成功)”可知，作者提到Barnum在水族馆和剧院方面的成功，是为了展示Barnum对自己能力的坚定自信。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“He excelled as a showman, and throughout his career in the entertainment business, he promoted many different forms of attractions.(作为一名娱乐经理人，他表现出色，在娱乐业的整个职业生涯中，他推广了许多不同形式的景点)”、第三段“He was, by nature, a risk-taker, and usually gained success from the most unlikely enterprises.(他天生就是一个冒险者，通常从最不可能的企业那里获得成功)”、第五段“Barnum’s unbounded self-confidence meant he never doubted his ability to make a success of any business.(Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力)”以及文章内容可知，Barnum在许多行业取得成功，并对自己的能力具备自信，所以Barnum及其事业是杰出的。故选D项。
5.【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】
It is becoming more apparent now that students do more online learning than they ever have before. There are plenty of ways that educators can use technology to create online lessons and deliver instructions remotely.
You may think that the only way to run an online class is synchronously through web conferences, in the same way that physical learning does—with all of the students and the teacher present at the same time. In most cases, that won’t be very practical, since the probability that all of the learners and the educator being all together with live, stable Internet connections is relatively low.
The most crucial thing to keep in mind is that online learning does not need to take place at the same time as online teaching. You create a course in your LMS (Learning Management System) to be a series of modules (模块). Then you ask your learners to take the modules one after another, because each builds on the last. Each module may be a video that you created regarding the content, accompanied by a PDF, some relevant documents and third-party links, etc. Learners can log into the virtual classroom whenever they want, even during the early hours of the morning, to access each module in the order you have designed. You can also lay out some essential rules for the course, like the frequency and types of assessments and more.
As far as I’m concerned, while most of the time online learning saves the learning cost and provides diverse studying materials and instructions from educators, allowing your learners the freedom to do their coursework according to their schedules is what makes online learning distinctive. It helps boost engagement, teach your learners how to plan for themselves and be responsible, and improve their overall lives.
1．What does the underlined word “synchronously” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．At the same time. B．In the same place.
C．On various conditions. D．Through different channels.
2．Why are learners supposed to follow the modules in a certain order?
A．Every module has essential rules.
B．The modules deal with various topics.
C．Each module is based on the previous one.
D．The modules are designed in different forms.
3．What makes online learning unique according to the author?
A．Flexible learning time. B．Easy access to teachers.
C．Abundant learning resources. D．Affordable education fee.
4．Who are the target readers of the text?
A．Students. B．Parents. C．Officials. D．Teachers.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章讲述了网课越来越常见，上网课的形式不一定是教与学同步进行，学生可以根据老师设计的教学内容自主选择学习时间，这样能培养学生的责任心和自主学习能力。
1． 词义猜测题。根据第二段的“in the same way that physical learning does—with all of the students and the teacher present at the same time.”（就像线下学习一样，所有的学生和老师同时在场）可知，“synchronously”意为“同时”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Then you ask your learners to take the modules one after another, because each builds on the last.” （然后你要求你的学习者一个接一个地学习这些模块，因为每个模块都是在上一个模块的基础上构建的）可知，学习者要按一定顺序学习这些模块，原因是每个模块都是以前一个模块为基础的。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“As far as I’m concerned, while most of the time online learning saves the learning cost and provides diverse studying materials and instructions from educators, allowing your learners the freedom to do their coursework according to their schedules is what makes online learning distinctive.”（就我而言，虽然在线学习很多时候节省了学习的费用并且提供多样的学习材料和教师指导，但是让你的学习者能够根据自己的时间表自由地完成课程是在线学习与众不同的地方）可推知，作者认为灵活的学习时间使得在线4．推理判断题。依据全文，尤其是“You create a course...”（你创建了一门课程……）；“you ask your learners to….”（你要求你的学生....）；“You can also lay out some essential rules…”（你也可以列出一些基本规则……）；“teach your learners…. ”（教你的学生……）可推知，本文的目标读者是教师。故选D。
分层练B
1.【江苏省决胜新高考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月大联考】
The arrival of spring has seemingly unchangeable results-lengthening days, blossoming plants and a great increase in bees’ activity. But new research finds that many species of birds are nesting and laying eggs nearly a month earlier than they did a century ago.
These species, including bluejays, yellow warblers and field sparrows, are now laying their first eggs 25 days earlier, on average, than they were 100 years ago, the research has found. The heating of the atmosphere, due to the burning of fossil fuels, is seemingly changing a process that long appeared unshakeable.
The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, drew upon records of birds’ eggs gathered during a period, from about 1880 to 1920, when people could rampantly (猖獗的) collect them from nests without punishment. These records, largely consisting of boxes of eggs with hand-written labels describing the type of bird and when the eggs were collected, were compared with modern nesting data checked by researchers, who used mirrors mounted on long poles to observe high-up nests.
A model built by the researchers revealed that birds moving their nesting dates forward has been closely correlated with rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, a leading driver of rising global temperatures.
Birds choose when to nest in line with other developments in spring, such as the budding (发芽) of plants and the increase in insect numbers. These interactions of nature are being unpicked by climate change — in the US bears are emerging from hibernation earlier and cherry, peach, pear, apple and plum trees are blossoming weeks earlier than they once did. In the UK, plants flowered a full month earlier between 1987 and 2019 than they did before 1986, recent research found.
“If you’re a bird and you nest earlier, you put yourself at risk of these cold snaps (寒流) that can still arrive in spring, which then affects the plants and insects,” said Bates. “That then impacts the reproductive success of the birds. Springs are becoming more volatile (反复无常) and that is taking its toll.”
1．What might be responsible for the birds’ earlier nest and laying eggs?
A．Lengthening spring days. B．Global warming.
C．Blossoming plants. D．The increase in bees’ activity.
2．How did the researchers get their finding?
A．By referring to previous researches.
B．By monitoring birds’ behaviour.
C．By investigating birds’ habitats.
D．By comparing data from different periods.
3．Why are bears and plants mentioned in Para.6?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To prove a statement. D．To make a prediction.
4．What does the underlined phrase “taking its toll” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Upsetting balance of nature. B．Shaping landscape.
C．Receiving attention. D．Causing loss.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变迁造成鸟类提前筑巢和下蛋的情况。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The heating of the atmosphere, due to the burning of fossil fuels, is seemingly changing a process that long appeared unshakeable.(燃烧化石燃料导致的大气变暖，似乎正在改变一个长期以来看似不可动摇的过程)”可知，全球变暖也许导致了这些鸟更早的筑巢和产卵。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“These records, largely consisting of boxes of eggs with hand-written labels describing the type of bird and when the eggs were collected, were compared with modern nesting data checked by researchers, who used mirrors mounted on long poles to observe high-up nests.(这些记录主要由一盒鸡蛋组成，上面有手写的标签，描述了鸟类的类型和收集鸡蛋的时间。研究人员将这些记录与现代筑巢数据进行了比较，研究人员使用安装在长杆子上的镜子来观察高处的巢穴)”可推知，研究人员通过比较不同时期的数据来得到他们的发现。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Birds choose when to nest in line with other developments in spring, such as the budding of plants and the increase in insect numbers. These interactions of nature are being unpicked by climate change — in the US bears are emerging from hibernation earlier and cherry, peach, pear, apple and plum trees are blossoming weeks earlier than they once did.(鸟类根据春天的其他情况来选择筑巢时间，比如植物发芽和昆虫数量的增加。这些自然界的相互作用正被气候变化破坏——在美国，熊更早地从冬眠中醒来，樱桃、桃子、梨、苹果和李树的开花时间比以前提前了几周)”可推知，后面的熊和植物例子是说明这一点的。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中““If you’re a bird and you nest earlier, you put yourself at risk of these cold snaps that can still arrive in spring, which then affects the plants and insects,” said Bates. “That then impacts the reproductive success of the birds.(“如果你是一只鸟，提早筑巢，你就会面临春天仍然可能到来的寒流的风险，这会影响植物和昆虫，”贝茨说。“这会影响鸟类的繁殖成功率)”可知，此处讲的是造成的影响。由此推知，taking its toll为“造成损失”的意思，与D项Causing loss“造成损失”意思一致。故选D项。
2.【江苏省南京市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月质量检测】
Diana Golden was twelve years old when she had cancer. She was walking home one day after playing in the snow when her right leg simply gave out. Doctors diagnosed the problem as bone cancer. They recommended removing her leg above the knee.
When Diana heard the news, she asked the only first question: “Will I be still able to ski?”
“When the doctors said yes,” she later recalled, “I figured it wouldn’t be too bad.”
Losing a leg would cause most children to lose confidence and hope, but Diana refused to dwell on the negative. “It is nothing. A body part.” she’d say.
Most of all, Diana was not discouraged. She loved skiing and she had been on skis since the age of five. After the operation, Diana worked hard to get back to the mountain near her home. “I always skied and I intended to keep on skiing. I never doubt that.” she declared. Diana met her goal. She was back out on the slopes.
With just one leg, Diana made the best of it. In high school, Diana became a member of her school’s ski racing team. And in 1979, when she was just seventeen, she joined the US Disabled Ski Team.
After high school, Diana went on to Dartmouth College. Determined not to be left behind, Diana continued her training with the Dartmouth team. “I had one leg, which meant I had to do it differently.” she later explained.
In 1982, Diana entered her first international ski race. She won the world Handicapped Championship in Norway. In 1986, Diana won the Beck Award given to the best American racer in international skiing. And in 1988, she was named Ski Racing Magazine’s U.S. Female Skier of the Year.
With her courage and determination, Diana has changed how people look at disabled athletes. “Everyone has some kind of disability,” Diana says. “It’s what we do with our abilities that matters.”
In 1990, Diana retired from racing for good.
1．What does the underlined phrase “dwell on” probably mean in paragraph 4?
A．Put away. B．Think about.
C．Leave behind. D．Hang over.
2．Which of the following is the correct order of the events happening to Diana?
a. Diana entered her first international ski race.
b. Diana was diagnosed with bone cancer.
c. She practiced skiing at the age of five.
d. Diana began training with the Dartmouth team.
e. She became a member of the US Disabled Ski Team.
A．bcade. B．cbdae. C．cbeda. D．bceda.
3．The writer probably wrote this text to ___________.
A．inform the readers about disabled skiers
B．describe the events in international ski competitions
C．tell about the disadvantages of being a disabled skier
D．inspire the readers with Diana’s courage and resolution
4．What would be the suitable title of this text?
A．Go for the gold B．Lose a leg
C．Ski to the last minute D．Compete for the disabled
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【文章大意】本文为一篇新闻报道。Diana Golden在12岁时因患癌症而失去了一条腿，但这并没有阻碍她追逐梦想，1982年在挪威成为世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，1986年，获得了贝克奖，1988年，被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。她的勇气和决心改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Losing a leg would cause most children to lose confidence and hope, but Diana refused to dwell on the negative. ‘It is nothing. A body part.’ she’d say. (失去一条腿会使大多数孩子失去信心和希望，但戴安娜拒绝dwell on在消极的情绪中。‘这没有关系。身体的某一部分。’她想说)”可知，大多人会因为失去了一条腿而失去信心和希望，划线词后的 the negative指代前半句的lose confidence and hope这种负面心理，根据转折连词but以及谓语动词refused可知，Diana 与其他大多数孩子不同，她对这种负面心理是拒绝的态度，B项“Think about”意为“考虑”，Diana拒绝考虑那些负面情绪。B项与划线词意义相近，故选B项。
2．细节排序题。根据第五段第二句“She loved skiing and she had been on skis since the age of five. (她喜欢滑雪，从5岁起就开始滑雪了。)”，第一段“Diana Golden was twelve years old when she had cancer. (戴安娜·戈尔登患癌症时12岁)”可知，五岁开始化学的Diana12岁时被诊断患了癌症。按顺序为cd，故先排除A项和D项。第六段中“With just one leg, Diana made the best of it. In high school, Diana became a member of her school’s ski racing team. And in 1979, when she was just seventeen, she joined the US Disabled Ski Team. (只有一条腿的戴安娜充分利用了这一点。高中时，戴安娜成为学校滑雪赛车队的一员。1979年，年仅17岁的她加入了美国残疾人滑雪队。)”可知，17岁时Diana进了美国残疾人滑雪队，故排在第三个的是e；第七段中“After high school, Diana went on to Dartmouth College. Determined not to be left behind, Diana continued her training with the Dartmouth team.(高中毕业后，戴安娜去了达特茅斯学院。黛安娜决心不掉队，继续跟随达特茅斯队训练。)”，第四个为d。排除法，故选C项。
3．推理判断题。文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，在倒数第二段“With her courage and determination, Diana has changed how people look at disabled athletes (凭借她的勇气和决心，Diana改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法)”可知，文章介绍Diana，以期借助于Diana的勇气的决心来鼓励读者。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，并在倒数第三段“In 1982, Diana entered her first international ski race. She won the world Handicapped Championship in Norway. In 1986, Diana won the Beck Award given to the best American racer in international skiing. And in 1988, she was named Ski Racing Magazine’s U.S. Female Skier of the Year. (1982年，戴安娜第一次参加国际滑雪比赛。她在挪威赢得了世界残疾人锦标赛。1986年，黛安娜获得了贝克奖，该奖是颁发给国际滑雪比赛中最优秀的美国选手的。1988年，她被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。)”可知，失去了一条腿并没有阻止她前进的脚步，她一路更加努力并成为获得世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，A项“Go for the gold ( 争夺金牌)”符合题意。故选A项。
3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023学年高三上学期12月适应性考试】
From cowboy hats and cattle to barbecue and football, Texas is known for many things. One thing the Lone Star State is not known for, however, is winter weather.
That changed in February last year, when winter storm buried Texas in ice and snow. It raged for a total of eight days, 23 hours, and 23 minutes, which was one of the most impactful winter events in recent history.
According to Texas TV station, winter storm Landon was so extreme that it caused trees across north Texas to “explode”, filling local communities with booms that sounded more like gunshots than tree branches.
The phenomenon of “exploding trees” isn’t as unusual or as terrifying as it sounds, according to Janet, who says trees often freeze and burst as a result of rapid temperature shifts. “Our wide temperature swings mean that trees may not be completely dormant (休眠的) or prepared for the cold,” Janet said. “Trees have several mechanisms they use to prevent freezing. They take cues to get adapted and ready for the freeze.”
In trees that aren’t completely inactive, cold weather causes tree sap to freeze. When that happens, the sap expands beyond what the tree’s bark can contain. And so, the tree splits in places that can’t cope with the pressure, creating cracks known as “frost cracks”. Although trees do not actually explode into pieces when frost cracks happen, there may be loud noises and visible fractures (折断), and heavy branches can fall to the ground.
“Trees explode in cold weather because the water content in the cells and tissues freezes,” MacKenzie said. “From midwinter to early spring this can occur when the temperature swings, snow melts and warm sun, cold nights work in harmony. It is usually nothing to be too concerned about; the tree will start to heal just as quickly. I have been awakened many cold winter nights hearing the trees explode.”
1．What does the underlined word “That” refer to?
A．Texas is related to American football.
B．Texas is little known for its winter weather.
C．Texas is a suitable place for raising cattle.
D．Texas has a famous history of cowboys.
2．What does Janet think causes the trees to explode?
A．The occurrence of the winter storm.
B．The fragile tree branches in winter.
C．The sudden change of temperatures.
D．The trees’ preparation for the cold.
3．What does the fifth paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The effect of cold weather on plants.
B．Ways to help trees prevent freezing.
C．The role of sap in winter.
D．The reason why trees explode.
4．What does MacKenzie imply in his words?
A．Tree explosion is a natural phenomenon.
B．Melting snow can lead to tree explosion.
C．Trees may explode even in warm nights.
D．People should be careful about exploding trees.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文，主要分析了冬季风暴导致德克萨斯州北部的树木“爆炸”这一现象。
1．词义猜测题。划线词That是指示代词，往往指代前文内容，所以线索指向第一段。由第一段“From cowboy hats and cattle to barbecue and football, Texas is known for many things. One thing the Lone Star State is not known for, however, is winter weather. (从牛仔帽和牛到烧烤和足球，得克萨斯州以很多东西闻名。然而，孤星州有一件事并不为人所知，那就是冬天的天气)”关键词however可知，转折后的内容是重点，所以此处that指代在孤星州，并不是所有人都知道冬天的天气。故答案为B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The phenomenon of “exploding trees” isn’t as unusual or as terrifying as it sounds, according to Janet, who says trees often freeze and burst as a result of rapid temperature shifts. (Janet认为“树木爆炸”的现象并不像听起来那么不寻常或可怕，她说，由于气温的快速变化，树木经常会结冰和爆裂)”可知，Janet认为是由于天气的快速变化导致树木爆炸。故答案为C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“In trees that aren’t completely inactive, cold weather causes tree sap to freeze. When that happens, the sap expands beyond what the tree’s bark can contain. And so, the tree splits in places that can’t cope with the pressure, creating cracks known as “frost cracks”. Although trees do not actually explode into pieces when frost cracks happen, there may be loud noises and visible fractures (折断)，and heavy branches can fall to the ground.(在那些不是完全不活跃的树木中，寒冷的天气会导致树液冻结。当这种情况发生时，树液会膨胀到超出树皮所能容纳的范围。因此，树木在无法承受压力的地方裂开，形成了被称为“霜裂缝”的裂缝。虽然霜裂发生时树木不会爆炸成碎片，但可能会有很大的噪音和可见的裂缝(折断)，沉重的树枝可能会掉落到地上)”可知，本段详细描述了为什么天气的急剧变化会导致树木爆炸，所以D选项“树木爆炸的原因”贴合本段主旨。故答案为D。
4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“From midwinter to early spring this can occur when the temperature swings, snow melts and warm sun, cold nights work in harmony. (从仲冬到初春，气温波动，积雪融化，温暖的太阳和寒冷的夜晚和谐相处，就会出现这种情况)”和“It is usually nothing to be too concerned about; the tree will start to heal just as quickly. (这通常没什么好担心的；这棵树很快就会开始愈合)”可推测出MacKenzie 认为树木爆炸是一种常见的自然现象，没有什么好担心的，所以A选项“树木爆炸是一种自然现象”符合题意。故答案为A。
4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023学年高考首考模拟英语试卷（二）】
If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up.
Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals’ brain encodes social rank and uses this information to shape behaviors — such as whether to fight for the last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals; changes to a mouse’s mPFC affected its dominance behavior. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented this information and which neurons(神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.
In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage. Some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank of their opponent.
“We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition,” says co-researcher Nancy. “But it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time.”
When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which mouse would win the food reward.
The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a winning mindset. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more winning mindset than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.
The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and winning mindset are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in winning mindset. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and winning mindset may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.
“This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
A．To provide background information. B．To state the importance of social rank.
C．To give readers an example of social rank. D．To introduce the topic of the reading passage.
2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A．The mPFC neurons. B．The researchers.
C．The brain activity patterns. D．The changes in behaviour.
3．What can we learn from the new study?
A．Brain activities can influence social rank.
B．Dominant opponents boost winning mindset.
C．Social rank and winning mindset affect behaviour.
D．Animals only exhibit their rank in competition.
4．What can we infer from the passage?
A．Winning mindset establishes dominance.
B．Social rank guides competitive behaviour.
C．A subordinate mouse can never been a winner.
D．Awareness of different people around you make your brain use different neurons.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域如何参与改变支配行为的研究，得出结论：处于“胜利心态”的人更容易成为具有统治力的人，意识到周围不同的人会让你的大脑使用不同的神经元。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister—you might just grab the pizza. Your boss—you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling particularly confident, you might go for it. ” (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板——你可能会放弃。但是如果你饿了并且感觉特别自信，你可能会去拿披萨。)结合之后文章提出大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域负责代表哺乳动物的社会地位，可知作者写第一段是为了引出一个主要话题。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict—a full 30 seconds before the competition started—which mouse would win the food reward. ” (当研究人员再次询问mPFC神经元的活动是否与行为有关时，他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情。大脑活动模式与行为的轻微变化有关，例如老鼠移动的速度，它们还可以在比赛开始前整整30秒预测哪只老鼠会赢得食物奖励。)可知研究人员发现大脑活动模式与行为密切相关，划线部分的“they”指的是大脑活动模式。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset” are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in “winning mindset”. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one. ”( mPFC中与社会地位和“获胜心态”相关的区域彼此相邻，高度相关。社会等级的信号会影响“获胜心态”的大脑状态。换句话说，当面对占优势的老鼠时，从属老鼠的信心和“获胜心态”可能会部分下降。)可知社会地位和获胜心态可能会影响心态，从而影响行为。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up. ” (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板——你可能会放弃。)；再根据倒数第一段““This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we’re alone,” says Tye. ” (Tye说，这是进一步的证据表明，当我们和别人在一起时，与我们独自一人时相比，我们的大脑状态是不同的。)可知，我们大脑的神经元会随着周围不同的人而发生改变。故选D项。
5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】
The next big stage, the improvement from automatic to truly autonomous trains, is already here. It will take train autonomy to the next level, beyond the automated performance on closed loops (圈；环) such as automatic rail lines today and onto the vast expanse of international railways.
That will mean that the next generation of trains will be able to locate themselves in their environment and interact with other train traffic without human assistance. They will have the ability to detect and manage on their own all elements of their environment, designed by a connected traffic management system.
The transition toward train autonomy is speeding, says Kai Taylor, Thales Marketing & Communications Director Main Line Rail Signalling, and for a reason that can be summed up in one word: digitalisation.
“The key to success,” says Kai Taylor, “is in fact what is in ‘the Thales DNA’ — the digital technologies across Thales business units-aerospace, space, transportation, defence and security.”
“These technologies represent the pieces of the puzzle to achieve real train autonomy. They are artificial intelligence, big data, connectivity, including the internet of things linking trains to intelligent railway switches, and with netsecurity built in. We have sensors for obstacle (障碍) detection from Thales defence, safe and precise satellite positioning from our space and avionics (航空电子设备) division, IoT connectivity from our recent purchase Gemalto, cybersecurity from the Thales security sector and the trusted explainable and approvable artificial intelligence led by Thales for safe decisions. Taken together, they will provide the train with true autonomy for safe and efficient operations.”
Of course, all these technologies are at the base of the Thales ground and air transportation sector’s current offerings for efficient, safe and reliable travel in the air or on the ground.
Kai Taylor explains, “We’re unique in having the experience and the expertise in all aspects of mobility, including Thales global leadership in air and train management systems which are assuring rail and air travel for airlines and rail operators all over the world.”
1．What will truly autonomous trains do?
A．Carry out the automated performance on closed loops.
B．Communicate with other trains with the help of humans.
C．Examine and deal with the situations of the surroundings.
D．Travel automatically with great speeds using solar powers.
2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Their environment. B．The transition’ speeding.
C．Human assistance. D．The ability to locate themselves.
3．What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us?
A．How digitalisation works in real train autonomy.
B．What sensors on the autonomous trains deal with
C．What will provide the train with safety and efficiency.
D．How obstacles are removed from the paths of trains.
4．What’s Kai Taylor’s attitude towards the future of autonomous trains?
A．Cautious. B．Concerned.
C．Critical. D．Confident.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了列车由自动向自主发展的趋势。
1．细节理解题。从第二段的第二句“They will have the ability to detect and manage on their own all elements of their environment, designed by a connected traffic management system.”（经关联交通管理系统设计，自主运行列车能够独立检测与处理全部环境因素。）可知，自主运行列车可以独立检测和处理环境因素。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。结合指代关系和上文“The transition toward train autonomy is speeding”（列车自主化的变革正在加快脚步）可知，此处that指代的是上文提到的“列车自主化的变革速度”。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。通读全段，结合首句中的“These technologies”（这些技术）可知，全段讲述了诸如物联网、障碍物检测传感器、卫星定位、人工智能等数字化技术在自主运行列车上的运用。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲述了凯·泰勒对自主运行列车的看法，其中由“We’re unique in having the experience and the expertise in all aspects of mobility”（我们在各方面的流动性具有独到的经验与专业知识）可知，凯·泰勒表示他们具备独一无二的经验与专业知识，说明他对自主运行列车是非常有信心的。故选D项。
6.【2023届四川省资阳市高中高三上学期第一次诊断性考试】
Each year on October 15, Global Handwashing Day is observed to strengthen the health awareness and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. And a hand—shaped robot called “Pepe”, which encourages kids to wash their hands, has helped pupils at a remote Indian primary school to develop habits of personal hygiene (卫生).
Pepe was fixed on the wall above a hand—washing station at Wayanad Government Primary School in Kerala, which has about 100 pupils aged 5 and 10. A small video screen behind the green plastic Pepe acted as a “mouth”, allowing researchers to tele—operate the robot to speak to the pupils and draw their attention to the poster outlining the steps of effective hand—washing. A set of moving “eyes” helped Pepe pay attention to the children’s actions.
The robot helped pupils wash their hands more effectively, increasing their rates of hand—washing by 40 percent. Pupils spent twice as long washing their hands after Pepe’s arrival. And more than 95% of the students could correctly determine when hand—washing with soap has to be done—before a meal and after a visit to the toilet.
Hand—washing is one of the most effective ways against the spread of diarrhea and respiratory infections. Dr. Amol Deshmukh, from the University of Glasgow’s School of Computing Science, led the project in partnership with colleagues from Amrita University. He said, “We were delighted by the success of Pepe’s visit to this primary school. The children were excited to interact with this relatively simple machine, which was clearly good for keeping their hands clean. Dr. Bhavani from Amrita University said,” AMMACHI (Amrita Multi Modal Application and Computer Human Interaction) Labs have taken multi plans to address common challenges facing low—income rural communities in India and worldwide using technology.”
1．Why was “Pepe” fixed at the Primary School?
A．To watch on pupil’ actions. B．To wash children’s hands.
C．To freshen the environment. D．To develop children’s health habits.
2．How did the robot bring changes to the pupils?
A．By playing with pupils. B．By providing knowledge.
C．By offering pupils soap. D．By washing pupils’ hands.
3．What can you learn about Pepe’s visit to the primary school?
A．It was a failure. B．It had no effect.
C．It was a success. D．It was a waste of time.
4．What does the underlined word “address” in the last paragraph mean?
A．deal with. B．write a place on. C．make a speech to. D．speak to.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了让孩子们养成洗手的好习惯，印度一学校在洗手站上方的墙安装了一个机器人来吸引学生的注意力，让他们勤洗手。这个机器人提高了学生洗手的频率。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“And a hand—shaped robot called “Pepe”, which encourages kids to wash their hands, has helped pupils at a remote Indian primary school to develop habits of personal hygiene (卫生).(一个叫“Pepe”的手形机器人鼓励孩子们洗手，它帮助印度一所偏远小学的学生养成了个人卫生习惯。)”可知，这个机器人就是为了鼓励学生养成洗手的好习惯。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“A small video screen behind the green plastic Pepe acted as a “mouth”, allowing researchers to tele—operate the robot to speak to the pupils and draw their attention to the poster outlining the steps of effective hand—washing. A set of moving “eyes” helped Pepe pay attention to the children’s actions.(绿色塑料Pepe后面的一个小电视屏幕充当了一个“嘴”，使研究人员能够遥控机器人对学生说话，并把他们的注意力吸引到概述有效洗手步骤的海报上。一组移动的“眼睛”帮助佩佩注意孩子们的行动。)”可知，研究人员通过操控这个机器人来让学生关注墙上的海报，海报上有关于有效洗手的步骤，来告知学生如何洗手。因此可知，这个机器人是通过给学生传播一些关于洗手方面的知识来帮助学生养成勤洗手的习惯。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The robot helped pupils wash their hands more effectively, increasing their rates of hand—washing by 40 percent. Pupils spent twice as long washing their hands after Pepe’s arrival. And more than 95% of the students could correctly determine when hand—washing with soap has to be done—before a meal and after a visit to the toilet.(这个机器人帮助学生更有效地洗手，洗手率提高了40%。佩佩到来后，学生们洗手的时间增加了一倍。超过95%的学生能够正确判断何时必须用肥皂洗手——饭前和如厕后。)”可知，这个机器人的到来提高了学生的洗手率，使得学生洗手的时间增加了一倍，因此可知，它的到来是很成功的。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“He said, “We were delighted by the success of Pepe’s visit to this primary school. The children were excited to interact with this relatively simple machine, which was clearly good for keeping their hands clean. Dr. Bhavani from Amrita University said,” AMMACHI (Amrita Multi Modal Application and Computer Human Interaction) Labs have taken multi plans to address common challenges facing low—income rural communities in India and worldwide using technology.”(他说：“我们对佩佩访问这所小学的成功感到高兴。孩子们兴奋地与这台相对简单的机器互动，这显然有利于保持他们的手干净。Amrita大学的Bhavani博士说：“AMMACHI (Amrita多模式应用和人机交互)实验室已经采取了多种计划，利用技术解决印度和全世界低收入农村社区面临的共同挑战。”)”可知，机器人的到来使得学生们养成勤洗手的习惯，因此可推知，研究者们利用科技解决了一些问题、一些挑战，因此可知划线词与A项“deal with解决”意义相近。故选A项。
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