2023届高考英语二轮复习并列句和状语从句(讲) 学案
展开状语从句及并列句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空、改错和书面表达中。
【考点梳理】
一、 并列连词与并列句
连词常分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。
并列句是由两个或两个以上简单句构成。在并列句中,这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。并列连词之前可用也可不用逗号。
1.并列连词归纳
2.使用时要特别注意其特性
(1)and, nt nly ... but (als) ..., neither ... nr ... 等词连接的并列句,在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申。
①One day, I was late, and my teacher was angry.
有一天我迟到了,我的老师生气了。
②Nt nly is he himself interested in the subject, but als his students begin t shw interest in it.
不仅他自己对这个科目感兴趣,他的学生也开始表现出兴趣。
(2)r, either ... r ... 连接并列句表示选择意义。
③The children can g with us, r they can stay in. (选择)
孩子们可以跟我们一起去,也可以留下。
④The wrkers were cheerful, r at least they appeared t be cheerful. (换个说法)
工人们非常高兴,或者说他们至少表现得很高兴。
⑤Be careful, r yu will break yur neck. (否定条件)
小心点,否则你会折断脖子的。
3.注意事项
(1)“祈使句+and/r+陈述句”句型
该句型中的祈使句表示条件,后面的陈述句表示结果。and表示前后句意思的顺延,r表示前后句意思的转折。
①G straight n, and yu'll see a church.
一直向前走,你就会看到一座教堂。
②Dn't turn ff the cmputer befre clsing all prgrams, r yu culd have prblems.
在关闭所有程序前不要关闭电脑,要不然会出问题的。
具体运用中,该句型中的祈使句常省略为名词短语等。
③One mre minute, and we can finish the jb much better.
再给一分钟,我们会把工作做得更好。
(2)but/while/hwever的区别
but表示意义的转折;while既表示转折又表示对比;hwever为表示转折意义的副词,常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
④Neighbrs shuld d all they can t avid disturbing ther peple, but there are times when sme level f disturbance is unavidable.
邻居们应尽可能避免烦扰别人,但是很多时候有些打扰是不可避免的。
⑤There's n way f knwing why ne man makes an imprtant discvery while anther man, als intelligent, fails.
为什么一个人会作出一个重要的发现,而另一个人,也很聪明但是失败了,这不得而知。(表示两种情况的对比)
(3)并列连词when的用法
when可作并列连词,意为“正在这时”,表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生时,突然发生另一动作。
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\c1(be abut t d ... when ... ,be ding ... when ... ,be n the pint f ding ... when ... ,had just dne ... when ... ))
⑥Tm was abut t clse the windw when his attentin was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关窗户,这时他的注意力被一只鸟吸引住了。
⑦One Friday, we were packing t leave fr a weekend away when my daughter heard cries fr help.
一个礼拜五,我们正在收拾行李去度周末,这时我的女儿听到求救的呼喊。
⑧He had just finished his hmewrk when his mther asked him t play the pian.
他刚完成作业母亲就让他弹钢琴。
(4)表示因果关系的并列连词(含连接副词)fr, s, thus, therefre等的用法
⑨We must start early, fr it will take tw hurs t drive t the airprt.
我们必须早点动身,因为开车去机场得花两个小时。
⑩The shps were clsed s I didn't get any milk.
商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。
注意:fr引出的分句只能后置,并用逗号与前面的句子隔开;它主要用来表示推测性的原因,或附带解释说明前一分句的情况。s用于连接两个句子,第一个叙述原因,第二个表示结果,且because不能与s连用。
二、 从属连词和状语从句
(一)、时间状语从句
1.when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句
(1)when 表示“当……时;在……期间”。
①When I lived there, I used t g t the seashre n Sundays.
我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。
(2)while 表示“在……期间”,从句中常用延续性动词。
②Please dn't talk s lud while thers are wrking.
在别人工作的时候,请别这么大声音说话。
(3)as表示“一边……一边……,随着……”。
③As time ges n, it's getting warmer and warmer.
随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越温暖了。
注意:(1)如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when/while/as 可以互换使用。
When/While/As I was walking dwn the street, I came acrss an ld friend f mine.
我正沿着大街走时,碰巧遇到了我的一位老朋友。
(2)when还可表原因,意为“既然”。
Hw can I help them t understand when they wn't listen t me?
既然他们不听我说,我怎么帮他们理解?
2.as sn as, immediately, directly, instantly, the mment, the minute, the instant, n sner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ... 和nce(一……就……)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一……就……”。从句中常用一般时态代替将来时。
①The mment I heard the vice,I knew Father was cming.
我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。
②The by burst int tears immediately he saw his mther.
那男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。
注意:(1)n sner ... than ...,hardly/scarcely ... when ... 句型的时态运用:主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把n sner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
He had n sner finished his speech than the students started cheering.
→N sner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.
他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。
(2)“n+v.ing”和“n+ne's+n.”结构。当v.ing和n.在意义上相对应时,这两个结构可以互换。
On arriving the statin, the thief was arrested.
刚到火车站,这个小偷就被逮捕了。
On his arrival in Paris he was recgnized as a nble and thrwn int prisn.
他刚到巴黎,就被认出是位贵族并被投入监狱。
3.till, until和nt ... until引导的时间状语从句
(1)“延续性动词(肯定式)+until/till”表示“动作延续到……为止”。
①We walked alng the river until/till it was dark.
我们沿着河散步,一直到天黑。
(2)“瞬间动词/延续性动词(否定式)+until/till”表示“直到……才发生”。
②He didn't knw anything abut it until/till I tld him.
直到我告诉他,他才知道这件事。
(3)强调句型:It is/was nt until ... that ...
③It was nt until the prfessr came that we began the experiment.
直到教授来了,我们才开始做实验。
注意:(1)till不可以置于句首,而until可以。
Until yu tld me I had n idea f it.
直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。
(2)nt until置于句首,主句要用倒装结构。
Nt until the film began did she arrive.
直到电影开始她才到。
4.befre与since引导的时间状语从句
(1) befre与since的常用句式。
①Sme time passed befre my stepfather and I gt used t each ther.(……之后才……)
继父和我相处一段时间后才彼此习惯。
②Smene called me up in the midnight, but he hung up befre I culd answer the phne.(还没来得及……就……)
有人半夜给我打电话,但我还没来得及接就挂断了。
③It will be tw years befre he leaves the cuntry.
再过两年他才会离开这个国家。
since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词,所表示的动作自从句谓语动词所表示的动作开始时算起;若用延续性动词,所表示的动作自从句谓语的动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
④It's tw years since we arrived here.
我们到这儿两年了。
⑤It's three years since we lived here.
我们不住在这里有三年了。
5.“It+be+时间+从句”句型
“It+be+时间+从句”句型是高考考查的热点,其中连接词的选择是个难点。突破这个难点的关键是要把握好句意,根据句意的需要选择合适的连接词:
(1)表示“再过多长时间某事才会发生”,用“It will be+时间段+befre从句”。
①It will be three weeks befre we have the next exam.
再过三周我们就要进行下一次考试了。
(2)表示“自……以来有多长时间了”,用“It be+时间段+since从句”,如果主句用一般现在时,从句用一般过去时;如果主句用一般过去时,则从句用过去完成时。
②It is three years since he jined the army.
自从他参军以来已经三年了。
③He said it was three years since he had jined the army.
他说他参军已三年了。
(3)“It be+时间状语+that+其他”构成强调句型,意思是“正是在某一时间发生了某事”。
④It was at six 'clck that we gt hme.
正是在六点我们到了家。
(4)“It be+时间点+when从句”表示“某事发生在什么时间”,it指代时间。
⑤It was six 'clck when we gt hme.
当我们到家的时候六点了。
6.every time, each time, next time, the last time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当……,每次……,下次……,上次……”等
①Every/Each time I was in truble, he wuld cme t help me ut.
每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。
②Next time yu cme, d remember t bring yur sn here.
下次你来的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。
③The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.
上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上。
(二)、条件状语从句
1.if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;unless(=if ... nt)表示反面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”。
①If yu had cme a few minutes earlier, yu wuld have met him.
要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。
②Yu'll fail the exam unless yu study hard(=if yu dn't study hard).
除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。
2.in case, n cnditin that, prviding(that), prvided (that),suppsing (that), suppse (that)等词汇意思相近,意为“万一,假使,假如,在……条件下”。
①In case there is a fire, what will we d first?
万一发生火灾,我们首先要做什么?
②Suppse/Suppsing(that) they refuse us, wh else can we turn t fr help?
假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁?
③They agreed t lend us the car n cnditin that we returned it befre the weekend.
他们同意把车借给我们,条件是我们在周末前归还。
3.as lng as(=s lng as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句,意为“只要”。
As lng as yu dn't lse heart, yu will succeed.
你只要不灰心,就会成功。
4.在“祈使句+and/r/r else/therwise+陈述句”句型中,祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。
①Run faster and yu'll catch the bus.
跑快点,你就会赶上公共汽车的。
②Wrk hard, therwise yu'll fail.
努力干,要不你就会失败的。
5.if nly “如果……就好了”和nly if “只有”也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当nly if置于句首时,主句部分倒装。
①If nly I were as clever as yu.
我要是像你一样聪明就好了。
②Only if a teacher has given permissin is a student allwed t leave the classrm.
学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室。
(三)、让步状语从句
1.althugh/thugh(尽管,虽然),even thugh/even if(即使)引导的让步状语从句
althugh与thugh两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用,但不能和but连用。
①He is unhappy, thugh/althugh he has a lt f mney.
虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。
②Althugh/Thugh it was raining hard, yet they went n playing ftball.
虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。
③Even thugh/if it rains tmrrw, we'll g there.(陈述语气)
即使明天下雨,我们也要去那里。
④Even if I wanted t marry yu, my parents wuld nt agree.(虚拟语气)
即使我想和你结婚,我父母也不会同意。
⑤He went ut even thugh it was raining.
尽管在下雨,他还是出去了。
注意:thugh还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。
He said he wuld cme; he didn't, thugh.
他说他会来,可是没有来。
2.as或thugh引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况
as或thugh从句一般放在主句之前,常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词,前置时要省略冠词。
①Child as/thugh he is, he can tell the names f all the cars.
尽管他是孩子,但他能辨认出所有车的名字。
②Much as/thugh I like it, I wn't buy it, fr it's t expensive.
虽然我很喜欢它,但不会买,因为它太贵了。
注意:thugh引导的从句可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序,但是althugh引导的从句只能用正常语序。注意比较下面的说法:
(√)Smart thugh/as she is, she desn't study hard.
(√)Thugh she is smart, she desn't study hard.
(√)Althugh she is smart, she desn't study hard.
(×)Smart althugh she is, she desn't study hard.
(×)As she is smart, she desn't study hard.
3.whether ... r ... (不管……还是……);疑问词+ever与n matter+疑问词(不管……;无论……)
①Whether she cmes here r we g there, the tpic f the discussin will remain unchanged.
不管是她来这儿还是我们去那儿,讨论的话题都不会变。
②Whatever(=N matter what) yu say, he wn't believe yu.
无论你说什么,他都不会相信你。
③Whever yu are (=N matter wh yu are), yu must bey the rules.
无论你是谁,都要遵守规则。
注意: whever, whatever, whmever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句。
Yu can take whatever yu like.(宾语从句)
你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。
4.while也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句,相当于althugh
While I admit that there are prblems, I dn't agree that they cannt be slved.
尽管我承认有问题存在,但我并不认为这些问题不能解决。
(四)、地点状语从句
1.地点状语从句是指在复合句中作地点状语的从句,表示空间关系,可置于句首、句中或句末,通常由从属连词where, wherever等引导。
①We shuld g where the Party needs us mst.
我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。
②Yu are free t g wherever yu like.
你愿意去哪里就去哪里。
③Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者,事竟成。
④Wherever there is smke, there is a fire.
无火不生烟。(无风不起浪)
2.注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。
①Yu'd better make a mark where yu have any questin.(状语从句)
②Yu'd better make a mark at the place where yu have any questin.(定语从句)
你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。
注意:如何判断一个从句是不是地点状语从句呢?对于地点状语从句,我们要知道,这类状语从句用于说明谓语动作发生的地点,通常跟在谓语动词(短语)后面,where前没有表示地点的先行词,知道这一点,就会很容易判断出句子是不是地点状语从句。
(五)、原因状语从句
1.引导原因状语从句的连词主要有:because, as, since等。并列连词fr也可表示原因。每个连词的含义不尽相同。
①He was criticized by the teacher, because he was late fr class.
因为他迟到了,老师批评了他。
②I can't g with yu, as I have a lt f wrk t d.
我不能和你一起去,因为我有很多工作要做。
③Nw that/Since everyne is here, we can begin ur discussin.
既然大家都在这儿,我们可以开始讨论了。
2.when(既然),seeing that (鉴于,由于),cnsidering that (考虑到),in that(因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句。
①It was flish f yu t take a taxi when yu culd walk there in five minutes.
既然步行5分钟就能到那里,你却去乘出租汽车,真够愚蠢的。
②Seeing that there were less than half the members present, the meeting had t be pstpned.
鉴于到会的成员还没一半,会议只好延期举行。
(六)、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有:s that, in rder that, fr fear that, in case (以防),lest等。
1.s that与in rder that
这两个连词都表示“为了,以便”,引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can, culd,may, might等连用。in rder that引导的从句可以置于主句之前或之后,而s that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
①I am studying hard s that/in rder that I can enter a famus university.
为了能上一所名牌大学,我一直努力学习。
②In rder that we culd save time we used the cmputer.
我们使用计算机是为了节省时间。(此时不可使用s that)
2.fr fear that表示“生怕,以免”,in case表示“以防”。
①Batteries must be kept in dry places fr fear that electricity shuld leak away.
电池应该放在干燥的地方,以免漏电。
②I'll keep a seat fr yu in case yu shuld change yur mind.
我给你留个座位,没准儿你会改变主意。
(七)、结果状语从句
常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有s that, s ... that ... , such ... that ... 。
1.结构形式
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\c1(s+形容词/副词+that从句,s+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that 从句,\b\lc\ \rc\}(\a\vs4\al\c1(s+\b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\c1(many/few+可数名词复数,much/little(少)+不可数名词))))+that从句))
eq \b\lc\{\rc\ (\a\vs4\al\c1(\b\lc\ \rc\}(\a\vs4\al\c1(such+形容词+不可数名词,such+形容词+可数名词复数,))+that从句,such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句))
①There was s little fd at hme that we had t g ut t buy sme.
家里快没食物了,我们只好出去买一些。
②Mike is such an hnest wrker that we all believe him.
→Mike is s hnest a wrker that we all believe him.
迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都相信他。
③He has made such rapid prgress that he was praised by his teacher three times a day.
他取得了如此快的进步,以致老师一天表扬了他三次。
注意:区别s ... that和such ... that的用法:
名前such,形、副s,that从句跟在后;
多多少少必用s,特别注意是little;
“小”用such,“少”用s。
2.当s或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。
①S clever a student was he that he was able t wrk ut all the difficult prblems.
他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于他能解决所有的难题。
②Such was the frce f the explsin that all the windws were brken.
爆炸的威力如此巨大,以致所有的窗户都被震破了。
3.s/such ... that ... 引导的结果状语从句与s/such ... as ... 引导的定语从句的区别。
(1)s/such ... that ... 引导结果状语从句时,that在从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用。
①It is such a mving film that we all want t see it.
这是一部如此感人的电影,以至于我们都想去看。
(2)s/such ... as ... 中,as引导定语从句,as在从句中作主语或宾语。
②It is such a mving film as we all want t see.
这是一部感人的、我们都想看的电影。
(八)、方式状语从句
1.方式状语从句常由as, just as, as if/thugh等引导,多置于主句之后。
①Yu ught t write as he des.
你应该像他那样写。
②He did as (he had been) tld.
他遵嘱而行。
2.as if或as thugh引导的方式状语从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。
①He likes t talk big as if/thugh he were an imprtant persn.
他老爱说大话,就仿佛他是一位重要人物似的。
②He walked as thugh/if he was drunk.
他走起路来就像喝醉了一样。
(九)、比较状语从句
1.as ... as ...; nt s/as ... as ...; the same ... as ... 表示相同程度的比较,肯定句用as ... as ...,否定句可用nt as ... as或nt s ... as。
He desn't run s/as fast as Jack (des).
他跑得不如杰克快。
2.than表示不同程度的比较,主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。
①He runs less fast than me.
他跑得没我快。
②It was mre expensive than I thught.
它比我想象的要贵。
3.the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越……就越……”
The mre yu eat, the fatter yu will be.
吃得越多,你将越胖。
【题型剖析】
用适当的词填空
1. Renaissance was ver it was time fr a new era -- the Age f Reasn.
2.They are ________ interesting bks that I want t read them nce mre.
3.Mark needs t learn Chinese ________ his cmpany is pening a branch in Beijing.
4.She went n wrking thugh________(blame)by the manager.
5.The by was s tired ________ he fell asleep n the bus.
6.___ the numbers f such develpments are relatively small, the market in the future is large.
7.I’ve never seen such a thing befre; it is nt half ______ wide as it is lng.
________ the average age f the ppulatin increases, there are mre and mre ld peple t care fr.
9.Researchers have fund, in their experiment, that a baby's cries can cause unique emtinal respnses in the brain, making it impssible fr us t ignre them ________ we are parents r nt.
10.________ he wrked very hard, he didn’t finish the task n time.
属性
连接词
典型例句
并列
关系
and, nt nly ... but (als), neither ... , nr ... , bth ... and
Their car brke dwn halfway and they had t stay in a small inn fr the night.
他们的车在半路上出了故障,他们不得不在一个小旅社过夜。
选择
关系
r, either ... r ..., therwise, r else, nt ... but
Either yu are mad, r I am.
要么你疯了,要么我疯了。
转折
关系
but, yet, still, hwever, while, whereas
Mary was a nice girl, but she had ne shrtcming.
玛丽是个好女孩,但她有一个缺点。
因果
关系
fr, s, therefre
Smene is cming, fr the dg is barking.
有人来了,因为狗叫了。
连词
词义
常用句式
befre
在……之前;还未……就……;……才……;还没来得及……就……
It will be+一段时间+befre ... 过……时间才……
It will nt be/was nt lng+befre ... 不久就会/没多久就……
It was+时间段+befre ... 过了……(时间)才……
since
自从……以来,……
It is/has been+一段时间+since ... (从句用一般过去时)
It was+一段时间+since ... (从句用过去完成时)
连词
位置
内涵
语气
能否回
答why
能否被
强调
because
(因为)
主句前或后
直接因果关系
强
能
能
as(由于)
主句前或后
双方都知道的原因
弱
不能
不能
since/nw that(既然)
通常位于主句前
fr
(因为)
位于句后
用于补充说明的原因
弱
不能
不能
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