【高考二轮题型复习】2023年高考英语题型精讲精练学案（新高考）——专题07 阅读理解之细节题（原卷版+解析版）

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专题07 阅读理解之细节题（解析版）
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。

一、思维导图



二、方法点拨

1. 设问方式和考题类型
常针对文中细节提问，可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非题形式：true/ false或except?
All of the following are true EXCEPT _____.
2.特殊疑问句形式：
According to the passage, who/ what/ when/ where / why / how…
3.填空题形式，如：
To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised_____


2. 题目类型
1.Wh-细节型
2.是非型
3.计算型
4.排序型
5.图标型
3. 细节题选项特征
(一)细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词
利用原文原词作为正确选项。

(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有
符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半
部分正确，部分错误。

4. 定位词寻找技巧
1.定位词的选用
(1)特殊定位词
在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。
[示例1]
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold，a project manager.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D.To link space technology with school education.
分析：选D。本题可以根据特殊定位词HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。

(2)普通定位词
普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。
[示例2]
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.
25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
分析：选C。　由于比较醒目人名Matt Tebbutt和 Susanna在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词help来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。

2.挑选定位词的注意点
(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词
定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。
(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换
在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。
[示例1]
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
分析：选A。本题可以用同义词定位：book in advance ＝reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。
5. 解题流程
细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。


一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。解题流程如下：



做题小技巧：
1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。
2.在出现一些关键词，如however、but、moreover、therefore、 thus时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项　
4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, completely, none,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。
5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如： must, may, often, should, usually, might, most, more or less, likely, all, never，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。
6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及.　

例子1
…
I found the pre­holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less­used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A．Saving up for her holiday.
B．Raising money for a poor girl.
C．Adding the money to her fund.
D．Giving the money to a sick mother.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息
定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).

第二步：比对定答案
选项
选项意思
定位
A
为她的假期储蓄。
曲解文意
B
为一个贫困女孩募捐。
曲解文意
C
把钱放入她的基金。
同义替换
D
把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。
无中生有
[分析]　选C　比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。


二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A．They contain protein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息
定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项
选项意思
定位
A
它们含有蛋白质。
张冠李戴
B
它们富含维生素A。
张冠李戴
C
它们口感好。
同义替换
D
它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。
张冠李戴
[分析]　选C　根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。


三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子3…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A．About 6,800.　　　 B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息
定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

第二步：比对定答案
选项
选项意思
原文意思
定位
A
大约6 800种。
6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。
张冠李戴
B
大约3 400种。
世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。
信息归纳
C
大约2 400种。
2 400为非洲语言数量。
张冠李戴
D
大约1 200种。
数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。
无中生有
[分析]　选B　根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。


四．正误判断题
是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。
例子4
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50­metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane (赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate­covered habanero pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure — if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina — The World's Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Buñol hosts La Tomatina — the world's largest food fight. A week­long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fight­starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
选项
选项关键词
信息区间
A
The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition
第一段第四句
B
More than 10,000 Chinese
第二段第一、二句
C
Thousands of spicy foods are on show
第二段倒数第二句
D
An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning
第三段第二句
第二步：逐一比对定答案
选项
选项意思
原文意思
定位
A
Stilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。
奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。
张冠李戴
B
一万多名中国人参加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。
参加者来自世界各地。
曲解文意
C
在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。
展出了成千上万种食物。
同义替换
D
在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。
“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。
曲解文意
[答案]　C


三、高考真题
1. 2022年6月新高考1卷B
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】25. B 26. D 27. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【27题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。

2. 2022年6月新高考1卷D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
【答案】32. D 33. C
【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。

3. 2022年6月全国甲卷B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
【答案】24. B 25. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。

4. 2022年6月全国甲卷C
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。

5. 2022年6月全国甲卷D
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
【答案】33. D
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。

6. 2022年6月全国乙卷B
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
26. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
答案】24. A 26. C
【解析】这是一篇书评。本文简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.-Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood -traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. (1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond Underwood——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A项。
【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。

7. 2022年6月全国乙卷D
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。

8. 2022年6月北京卷B
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-on-one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle ( 障碍 ) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action.
24. What was the main cause for Alice’s anxiety?
A. Her inability to act her age. B. Her habit of consumption.
C. Her desire to be perfect. D. Her lack of inspiration.
25. How did Grant Brown’s presentation influence Alice?
A. She decided to do something for nature. B. She tasted the sweetness of friendship.
C. She learned about the harm of desire. D. She built up her courage to speak up.
26. The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more ________.
A. intelligent B. confident C. innovative D. critical
【答案】24. C 25. A 26. B
【解题导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。
24.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段“My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.(我的完美主义倾向是这一点的主要根源：无论我做什么，我都想做到完美，这在生活中显然是不可能的，但它消耗了我。)”可知，是要求完美导致了焦虑。故选C项。
25.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第二段“One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. (一天，我在高中参加了野生动物保护主义者Grant Brown的演讲。他的演讲不仅让我感到敬畏和鼓舞，还帮助我产生了一种内在的愿望，希望在世界上有所作为。)”和文章第三段“ Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. (在我收到他的邀请后不久，我的高中就收到了加入“Youth for Nature”和“Youth for Plane”组织的申请。我决定致力于完成这些申请，很快我就成为了一个日益壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。)”可知，是Grant Brown让作者开始为从事保护自然地活动中。故选A项。
26.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都让我更加自信。)”可知，Alice 加入这些活动让她变得更自信了。故选B项。

9. 2022年6月北京卷C
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
【答案】 29. A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
29.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。

10. 2022年6月北京卷D
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
【答案】32. C
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
32.【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。

11. 2022年6月浙江卷A
Pasta and pizza were on everyone’s lunch menu in my native land of Italy. Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of foods I couldn’t even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language.
1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn?
A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn.
C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different.
【答案】1. D
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过三个夏天的工作，开阔了视野，接受真实世界的多样性，不再是幼儿园里那个害怕的小女孩了。
【1题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. (几年后，当我站在布鲁克林一所幼儿园的午餐队伍里时，我意识到事情不再那么简单了。我的同学中有皮肤白皙、蓝眼睛大的，也有棕色皮肤、深色头发的)”可知，当作者去了在Brooklyn的一所学校之后，发现学校里的人不一样。故选D。

12. 2022年6月浙江卷B
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】 6. B
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
【6题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。

13. 2022年6月浙江卷A
For nearly a decade now,Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis（危机）in the late 2000s．The downturn hit the real estate（房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager.The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.One day,while driving near her home,she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home,and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure,but 1,600 miles away.It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year before tax.She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning.As autumn comes,she gets restless the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone,though.Merebeth says,"When I'm on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."
21.Why did Merebeth change her job?
A.She wanted to work near her home. B.She was tired of working in the office.
C.Her sister asked her to move to Denver. D.Her former employer was out of business.
23.What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?
A.She has chances to see rare animals. B.She works hard throughout the year.
C.She relies on herself the whole time. D.She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
【答案】21.D 23.C
【解析】【导语】：本文是一篇记叙文，主要叙述了Merebeth 由于公司破产失业后，在机缘巧合下成为宠物运送员，不仅帮助了动物，而且收获了旅行带来的精神自由。
第21题 细节事实题。根据文章第一段第三、四句--The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.可知原先公司破厂导致要找份新工作。与D 选项意思一致。故答案选D。
第23题 细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数她自己说的话：When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited.可知，当她在路上的时候，就只依靠自己。她总是非常独立。故答案选C。

14. 2022年1月浙江卷B
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions."writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers:Steam,Electricity,and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein,a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative(叙述) so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
24.What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B.It began earlier than people thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history. D.It will come to an end sooner or later.
【答案】 24. A
第24题 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句以及第一段最后一句。可知，全文作者都在说蒸汽是与电力输送关系紧密。故选A。

15. 2022年1月浙江卷 C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
27.What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A.Positive effects of doing exercises. B.Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C.Experimental studies on dementia. D.Advantages of sporty women over men.
28.Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise?
A.To predict their maximum heart rate. B.To assess their cardiovascular capacity.
C.To change their habit of working out. D.To detect their potential health problems.
【答案】27 A 28. B
【解析】第27题 细节理解题。根据第一段The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.可知a new bonus (即positive effects of doing exercise) are on the ever growing list. 故选A。
第28题 细节理解题。根据第三段for the study, 191 women with… took a bicycle exercise…to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity. 可知实验测试的是骑自行车对心血管的影响，故选B。

16. 2021年6月北京卷 B篇
I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester（学期）project of volunteering at a non-profit organization. When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help, my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children (OIC). My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind.
Then, an OIC representative gave us some details, which somewhat interested me. After doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those kids. When I went online to the OIC website, I saw pictures of the Iraqi children. Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair（绝望）and need that I joined this project without hesitation. We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible, and make them into kits—one kit, one child.
The most rewarding day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together. When I saw the various supplies we had collected, it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child. Over the past four months, I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed. While making the kits, I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it. I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on. When the kits were completed, and ready to be sent overseas, the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget.
In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person. Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life, but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education.
1.How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning?
A.It would affect his/her initial plans.
B.It would involve traveling overseas.
C.It would not bring him/her a good grade.
D.It would not live up to his/her expectations.
3.The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to           .
A.become OIC volunteers B.further their education
C.study in foreign countries D.influence other children
【答案】1.D 3.B
【解析】本文是一篇故事类记叙文，主要讲的是作者加入了一个帮助伊拉克儿童的组织(OIC)，开始感到不会达到他/她的期望，后来看到伊拉克儿童的照片，作者毫不犹豫地加入这个项目，并且为这些孩子收集尽可能多的学习用品，帮助他们继续接受教育。
1细节理解题。根据第一段中的My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind.（我对这个组织的第一印象是，它不会对我心中的计划产生足够的影响。）可知作者开始感到加入OIC不会达到他/她的期望。故选D。
3细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Without efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education.（在我们的努力下，10名男孩和女孩现在将能够继续接受教育。）可知作者的OIC项目组将帮助10名伊拉克儿童继续他们的教育，结合选项，故选B。

17. 2021年6月天津卷B篇
When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language. Having said that, I did not know for a long time what I was looking for. It was not until I followed this feeling to its source that I discovered I had a passion for writing. With some encouragement from my colleagues, I had one of my poems published. This bit of success, however, was the point where my problem began.
Back in 1978, I had to travel between three different campuses in the morning, teaching freshman composition. Afternoons I spent taking my daughter to her ballet and horse-riding lessons. I composed my lectures on the way, and that was all the thinking time I had. When I returned home, there was not enough of me left for writing after a full working day.
As a way out, I decided to get up two hours before my usual time. My alarm was set for 5:00 A．M. The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway. I had to jump out of bed and run to silence it before my family was awoken. This was when my morning writing began.
Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing. I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published. When I decided to write a novel, I divided my two hours: the first for poetry, the second for fiction. Well or badly, I wrote at least two pages a day. This is how my novel, The Line of the Sun. was finished. If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel.
What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control. For many people, the initial sense of urgency to create easily dies away because it requires making the tough decision: taking the time to create, stealing it from yourself if ifs the only way.
41．What motivated the author to start her writing career?
A．Her strong wish to share.
B.Her keen interest in writing.
C.Her urgent need to make a living.
D.Her passionate desire for fame.
42．What problem did the author face when she decided to begin her writing?
A．She was too exhausted to write after a busy day.
B.She had trouble in deciding on her writing style.
C.She had to take time to discipline her daughter.
D.She was unsure about her writing skills.
43．Why did the author place an alarm clock in the hallway?
A．In case the clock in her room broke down.
B.In case she failed to hear the ringing.
C.To force herself out of bed.
D.To wake up her family.
答案41．B 42．A 43．C
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是作者喜爱写作并制定计划一直坚持下来。
41．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language.”当人们问我是如何开始写作的时候，我发现自己在描述一种对语言的迫切需求。可知，促使作者开始她的写作生涯的原因是她对写作的强烈兴趣。故选B项。
42．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When I returned home, there was not enough of me left for writing after a full working day.”当我回到家时，在工作了一整天后，我写东西的精力已经不够了。可知，当作者决定开始写作时，因为她忙碌了一天之后，她筋疲力尽，无法再写作了。故选A项。
43．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway.”第一天我把它关掉了，因为我把它放在触手可及的地方。第二天，我调了两个钟，一个放在床头柜上，一个放在走廊上。可知，作者在走廊里放了一个闹钟的原因是为了强迫自己起床。故选C项。

18. 2021年6月天津卷C篇
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital people".
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
46．According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A．In the way they move around. B.In the way they act and react.
C.In observation and analysis. D.In speech and facial expressions.
47．Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A．learns to make proper emotional responses
B.tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C.recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D.processes the natural language it hears
49．What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A．The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B.The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C.The wish to spread digital technology.
D.The need to upgrade the health care system.
【答案】46．D 47．A 49．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。
46．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
47．细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
49．细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。

19. 2021年6月天津卷D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
51．Art products differ from most other commercial products because .
A．most people purchase them for collection
B.they are more expensive and less accessible
C.they have both commercial and cultural values
D.their prices may climb up as time passes
52．By sharing their arts experiences, community members can .
A．keep the community safe from illnesses
B.develop a stronger tie between them
C.learn to appreciate their own works of art
D.offer honourable solutions to their problems
53．What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A．They enjoy better living conditions.
B.They like to compare themselves with others.
C.They are particularly good at both music and art.
D.They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54．How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A．It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B.It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C.It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D.It helps to make responsible people out of them.
【答案】51．C 52．B 53．D 54．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
51．细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。 52．细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion,, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor of events significant to a nation's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
53．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择D。
54．细节理解题。根据第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。

20. 2021年6月新高考Ⅰ卷B篇
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner. "I'm not a trained musician, but I've learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance."
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group's official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn't have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
"A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don't turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot, " Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of "nodding" to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. "I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand, " Mr Titterton said. "Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back."
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
"My husband is the worst page turner, " she laughed. "He's interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: 'Turn, turn!'" "Robert is the best page turner I've had in my entire life."
1.What should Titterton be able to do to be a page turner?
A.Read music. B.Play the piano.
C.Sing songs. D.Fix the instruments.
3.What does Titterton need to practise?
A.Counting the pages. B.Recognizing the "nodding".
C.Catching falling objects. D.Performing in his own style.
4.Why is Ms Raspopova's husband "the worst page turner" ?
A.He has very poor eyesight. B.He ignores the audience.
C.He has no interest in music. D.He forgets to do his job.
【答案】1.A 3B 4D
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了律师Robert Titterton在空闲时间担任乐谱翻页者，配合钢琴家演出的故事。
【解析】 1.细节理解题。根据题干信息be able to do定位到第三段A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don't turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.可知，做一名page turner需要能够找到音乐中重复的部分，然后翻回到乐谱正确的地方。因此做一名page turner需要能够读懂音乐。故选A。
3细节理解题。根据题干信息need to practice定位到第四段第一句Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.这句话后面说明了page turner需要能够捕捉到演奏者的点头致意，根据这一信号来翻页，这是需要配合练习的。故选B。
4细节理解题。根据题干信息the worst page turner定位到最后一段。分析可知，说话人的丈夫总是过度沉迷于音乐本身而忘记翻页，以至于她必须告诉他该翻页了。故选D。

21. 2021年6月新高考Ⅰ卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
【答案】1.A
【文章大意】本文为说明文，讲述了美国为了保护“水禽”颁布了一项政策，狩猎者需要购买相关水禽类邮票，然后政府把售卖所得款拨给候鸟保护基金组织。
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据题干信息North America以及decline定位到第一段：Millions of waterfowl were killed at… Millions of acres of wetlands were dried… greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. 分析可知，数百万的水禽被猎人和野心过大的运动员给杀害了。而数百万英亩的湿地被开垦以喂养和容纳日益增长的人口，而这大大减少了水禽的栖息地。可知，湿地流失是导致水禽数量减少的原因。 故选A。

22. 2021年6月新高考Ⅰ卷D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A.It can be measured by an IQ test. B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills. D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
【答案】1.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是情商，以及情商普及的优势，同时作者提出了对情商研究是未来期望。
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据题干信息misunderstanding定位到第一段：Many people now misunderstand… as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup… 分析可知，大多数人认为情商就是构成人性格中几乎所有可取的部分，而后跟的句子such as character, motivation, confidence… 则是作者在列举一些情商中具体的优良品质。选项D：它指的是一个人的优良品质，是该句的同义替换。故选D。

23. 2021年6月新高考二卷B
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
4. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home?
A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences.
C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids.
7. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo?
A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain.
C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other.
【答案】4. A 7. B
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者为了保证两只老虎幼崽的存活，决定在家里全天候照顾它们。介绍了老虎在作者家生活的情况以及作者照顾老虎的感受。
【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. (在全球范围内，动物园里三分之一的苏门答腊老虎幼崽活不到成年，所以我决定在家里全天候照顾它们)”可知，作者把老虎幼崽带回家是为了确保他们的存活。故选A。
【7题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go.(当Spot和Stripe四个月大的时候，他们正在学习如何开门和跳栅栏，我们知道是时候让他们离开了)”可知，作者决定把Spot 和Stripe送回动物园是因为他们变得难以控制。故选B。

24. 2021年6月新高考二卷C
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
8. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?
A. Make a movie. B. Build new schools.
C. Run a project. D. Help local musicians.
10. What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?
A. Moral principles. B. Interpersonal skills.
C. Creative abilities. D. Positive worldviews.
【答案】8 C 10. C
【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国一名女子在被评为世界最佳教师后获得了100万英镑的奖金，她将用这笔奖金发起一个项目，让艺术家进入学校。
【8题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,” she said. “I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚·扎菲拉库(Andria Zafirakou)表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命。“我们将做出改变，”她说。“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学。”）”可知，Zafirakou打算用自己的奖金运行一个项目。故选C。
【10题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young.（这是绝对必要的。未来取决于创造力，而创造力取决于年轻人。）”可知，Schama认为学校教育应该强调创造力。故选C。

25. 2021年6月新高考二卷D
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛健康状况。
【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。

26. 2021年6月全国甲卷B篇
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived on January 31. she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day."
1.Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A.Costly. B.Controversial. C.Ambitious. D.Successful.
2.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother. B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition. D.She is sensitive to heat.
【答案】1.D 2C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述肯特野生动物园庆祝一只可爱的稀有动物黑犀牛幼崽的到来。
1.细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "the breeding programme " 定位在原文第一段第一句话Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保护区(Port Lympne Reserve)开展了一项繁殖计划，它迎来了一头稀有的黑犀牛犊牛的到来。所以，应该是成功的。故选D项。
2细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他说的话，其中根据 "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore." 显然，我们都非常高兴地欢迎另一头小牛来到我们的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，强壮，并且已经渴望玩耍和探索。可知在这个新生的小犀牛状况很好。故选C项。

27. 2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication. B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts. D.Changes in people's social positions.
【答案】 3.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了天才的实质，批评了天才种族轮和性别轮，并指出其危害。
3细节理解题。根据题干 "more geniuses known to the public" 定位最后一段In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear 在一个全球互联世界里，我们都能看到天才的出现，无论它们出现在哪里，可知更多的天才被公众所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故选A项。

28. 2021年6月全国乙卷A篇
The Biggest Stadiums in the World
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world's best-known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome's Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50, 000 people. However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250, 000 people.
These days, safety regulations—not to mention the modern sports fan's desire for a good view and a comfortable seat—tend to keep stadium capacities （容量）slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of thousands standing to watch the match.
For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.
●Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang, D.P.R. Korea. Capacity: 150, 000. Opened: May 1, 1989.
●Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. Capacity: 107, 601. Opened: October 1, 1927.
●Beaver Stadium, Sate College, Pennsylvania, U.S. Capacity: 106, 572. Opened: September 17, 1960.
●Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104, 944. Opened: October 7, 1922.
●Kyle Field College Station, Texas, U.S. Capacity: 102, 512. Opened: September 24, 1927.
1.How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?
A.104,944. B.107,601. C.About 150,000. D.About 250,000.
2 Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?
A.Michigan Stadium. B.Beaver Stadium.
C.Ohio Stadium. D.Kyle Field.
3.What do the listed stadiums have in common?
A.They host big games. B.They have become tourist attractions.
C.They were built by Americans. D.They are favored by architects.
【答案】1.D 2C 3A
【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了当今世界上最大的体育场。
【解析】
1.细节理解题。根据题干信息Circus Maximus，定位到原文第一段最后一句However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250, 000 people.分析可知，Circus Maximus大约可以容纳250, 000人。故选D。
2细节理解题。根据题干信息oldest，定位到文章结尾部分，其中包括各个体育场的成立日期。分析可知，Ohio Stadium的成立日期最早，为1922年10月7日，因此它是最老的体育场。故选C。
3细节理解题。根据题干信息the listed stadiums，定位到文章结尾部分。分析可知，文章没有明确说明它们是否都有成为旅游景点，故排除B；其中的Rungrado 1st of May Stadium建设于朝鲜平壤，因此这些场馆并不都是由美国人建造的，故排除C；文章也没有明确说明它们都受到了建筑师的喜爱，故排除D。但由原文最后一段的第一句话All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport. 可知，这些体育场现在都还在正常使用中，会举办大型体育比赛。故选A。

29. 2021年6月全国乙卷B篇
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games. B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones. D.They are attached to their family.
【答案】 3C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。当今世界上几乎所有人都有手机，但一半以上澳大利亚家庭仍然拥有座机，本文说明了出现这一现象的原因。
3细节理解题。根据题干信息Baby Boomers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Boomers仍用座机，而且他们可能已经用同一个座机号码50年了。由此可知，Baby Boomers仍在用座机。故选C。
科普小知识：Baby Boomer指在第二次世界大战后（1946-1962）生育高峰期出生的人。


30. 2021年6月全国乙卷C篇
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called  "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in. B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
【答案】1.C
【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
【解析】1.细节理解题。由第一段最后一句可知，该艺术家创作的初衷是督促公众重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系。故选C。

31. 2021年6月全国乙卷D篇
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus" appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A.It helps him concentrate.
B.It blocks out background noise.
C.It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D.It encourages face-to-face interactions.
2.Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A.Total silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
【答案】1. A 2.C
【解析】
1.细节理解题。由第一段第二句"… so I can focus"可知，采访者喜欢在公用工作场所办公，是因为他可以集中精力。故选A。
2细节理解题。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels group… significantly outperformed the other groups"可知，在70分贝下采访者的表现最优，说明该环境可以改善创造性思维能力。故选C。

32. 2021年6月浙江卷A篇
Leslie Nielsen's childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life—his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career（职业）in acting. Even though he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still be an uphill battle for another eight yeas until he landed a number of film roles that finally got him noticed.
But even then, what he had wasn't quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in dramatic roles. It wasn't until 1980—32 years into his career—that he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
1.Why did Nielsen want to be an actor?
A.He enjoyed watching movies. B.He was eager to earn money.
C.He wanted to be like his uncle. D.He felt he was good at acting.
2.What do we know about Nelsen in the second half of his career?
A.He directed some high quality movies. B.He avoided taking on new challenges.
C.He focused on playing dramatic roles. D.He became a successful comedy actor.
【答案】1.C 2.D
【文章大意】本文记叙文。文章介绍了著名影视明星Nielsen的成名之路。
【解析】
1细节理解题。根据第一段前两句 "Leslie Nielsen's childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life—his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career（职业）in acting." 可知，尼尔森的叔叔是著名演员，叔叔赢得的钦佩和尊重激励他成为演员，故选C。
2细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话 "That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly." 可知，在他职业生涯的后半段，他的喜剧表现已十分卓越，故选D。

33. 2021年6月浙江卷B篇
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author's children?
A.They often annoy the neighbours.
B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with.
D.They stay in front of sereens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A.By making a documentary film.
B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media.
D.By creating a network of friends.
【答案】 1.D 2.A
【解析】
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句 "However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours." 可知，作者的孩子们放学之后只想看电子屏幕，并盯着看好几个小时，故选D。
2细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.“可知，作者记录了自己的旅程，并制作成电影，故选A。

34. 2021年6月浙江卷C篇
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can           .
A.distinguish shapes B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry D.communicate with each other
【答案】1.B
【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普类说明文，实验研究表明，狗能够辨别人类的不同的面部的高兴还是愤怒表情。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 "Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study." 可知，狗能够分辨开心的表情和不开心的表情，故选B。

35. 2021.3天津卷B篇
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary（纪录片）series The Last Dance.
The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed
1.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A.Its tank grew dirty. B.Its old skin came off.
C.It got a skin disease. D.It went missing.
2.Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A.The birthday cake was ruined. B.The author made good puddings.
C.Pudding was his favorite dessert. D.They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
【答案】1.B 2.A
文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句 "I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.（第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来）" 可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选：B。
2.细节理解题。根据第六段 "Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf…My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.（就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁）" 可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选：A。

36. 2021.3天津卷C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
"The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
1.One of the results produced by the trial project is            .
A.a better understanding of children B.less use of certain medicines
C.new medical-imaging technology D.an improved reputation of the hospital
2..The French technologist came to the children's hospital to            .
A.assist in treating a patient B.carry out hypnosis training
C.start up a new department D.learn about the procedure
3.According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by            .
A.creating a perfect world for patients
B.forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C.puting patients into an unconscious state
D.leading patients' consciousness away from reality
5.The procedure was received among the staff with           .
A.uncertainty B.enthusiasm C.worry D.criticism
【答案】1.B 2.B 3.D 5B
【解析】文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句 " The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）" 可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选：B。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段第一句 "A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.(一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工)" 可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选：B。
3.细节理解题。根据第五段第一句 "Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.(催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序)" 可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选：D。
5细节理解题。根据倒数第一段第一句 "The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）" 以及最后一句" She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）”可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B.enthusiasm热情；C.worry担心；D.criticism批评。故选：B。

37. 2021.3天津卷D篇
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
2.The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to           .
A.treasure their freedom B.travel around the world
C.spend most time working D.enjoy meeting funny people
3.According to the author, a superior doctor is one who           .
A.is fully aware of his talent and ability B.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophy D.brings knowledge of other fields to work
【答案】 2.C 3.D
【解析】1.本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中提到 "Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty…These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, …(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…..这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)" 可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句 "The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.（这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。）" 可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。

38. 2021.3浙江卷A篇
More than 25 years ago, Saroo Brierley lived in rural（农村）India. One day, he played with his brother along the rail line and fell asleep. When he woke up and found himself alone, the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him—so he got on.
That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. He lived on the streets' and then in an orphanage （孤儿院）. There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.
As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn't help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn't know his town's name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town's central business district from a bird's-eye view. He thought, "On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station"—and there it was. "And on the left-hand side you should see a big fountain"—and there it was. Everything just started to match.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. "There's something about me, " he thought—and it took him a few seconds but he finally remembered what she used to look like.
In an interview Brierley says, "My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion （核聚变）. I just didn't know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her."
1.Why was Brierley separated from his family about 25 years ago?
A.He got on a train by mistake. B.He got lost while playing in the street.
C.He was taken away by a foreigner. D.He was adopted by an Australian family.
2.How did Brierley find his hometown?
A.By analyzing old pictures. B.By travelling all around India.
C.By studying digital maps. D.By spreading his story via his book.
3.What does Brierley mainly talk about in the interview?
A.His love for his mother. B.His reunion with his mother.
C.His long way back home. D.His memory of his hometown.
【答案】1.A2.C3.B
【解析】.文章大意：一个走散多年的孩子，重新找回他家庭的故事。
1.细节理解题。关键词25 years ago锁定在第一段When he woke up and found himself alone, the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him—so he got on. 可得他走失的原因是误上了火车。故答案为A。
2.细节理解题。关键词hometown，锁定第四段Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. 他找到自己的家乡是通过电子地图的，因此选择C选项。故答案为C。
3.细节理解题。关键词interview，锁定最后一段的文章内容可得在采访中他表达的是和他妈妈重聚时他的感觉。故答案为B。

39. 2021.3浙江卷B篇
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy, Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a "good", quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But Somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning—running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones—but it's certainly worth trying.
2.What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A.Plain laziness. B.Health problems.
C.Lack of time. D.Security concerns.
3.Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A.She can get relaxed after work. B.She can keep physically fit.
C.She can help with her son's study. D.She can know her son better.
【答案】 2.C 3.D
【解析】文章大意：今天的人们步行数下降。接着分析原因，工作导致时间不够。再者，阐述了这一现象会引起的后果，健康问题以及缺少和孩子沟通的机会。作者最后用自己的例子来说明，和孩子一同步行，能够更了解孩子。
2.细节理解题。第三段第一句The decline is not because we have all become lazy … 可知并不是因为懒惰而步行数下降。接着后面分析原因Families are pressed for time … 家人们的时间紧迫。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的倒数第三句But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out.这句话主干是more about my son's day comes out，可知通过每天陪伴孩子步行，就能更了解孩子。故选D。

40. 2021.3浙江卷B篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
1.What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A.Memorizing specific words. B.Understanding complex information.
C.Using voices to communicate. D.Communicating messages on purpose.
【答案】1.D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了黑猩猩的语言：使用手势来传递信息，以及相关研究和结论。
1.细节理解题。根据题干的关键信息定位到原文的第二段最后一句话 "Only humans and chimps … sent a message to another group member"，只有人类和黑猩猩才有一个交流系统，他们故意向另一个小组成员发送信息，故答案为D。

41. 2020全国1卷C篇
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories（卡路里） per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
1.Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A.They must run long distances. B.They are qualified for the marathon.
C.They have to follow special rules. D.They are good at swinging their legs.
2.What advantage does race walking have over running?
A.It's more popular at the Olympics. B.It's less challenging physically.
C.It's more effective in body building. D.It's less likely to cause knee injuries.
3.What is Dr. Norberg's suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A.Getting experts' opinions. B.Having a medical checkup.
C.Hiring an experienced coach. D.Doing regular exercises.
【答案】 1.C 2.D 3.A4.B
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中But the sport's rules require that…one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times. It's this strange form…attractive activity…可知，竞走运动员必须遵守比较特殊的规则，即竞走者在大部分摆动腿的过程中膝盖要保持笔直，一只脚要始终与地面接触。故选：C。
2.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says.可知，竞走不会像跑步那样对身体造成那么大的冲击。因此竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选：D。
3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking…coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says.可知，Norberg博士建议任何想尝试竞走的人可能应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走者，学习适当的技术。故选：A。

42. 2020全国1卷D篇

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
2.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A.To detect plants' lack of water. B.To change compositions of plants.
C.To make the life of plants longer. D.To test chemicals in plants.
3.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A.They will speed up energy production.
B.They may transmit electricity to the home.
C.They might help reduce energy consumption.
D.They could take the place of power plants.
【答案】 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C
【解析】
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中 "These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater." 可知，装有传感器的植物可以在叶子上显示缺水情况。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中 "Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy." 可知，发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。故选C。

43. 2020北京卷B篇
Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground.
Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
2.What can we learn from the Baggy data?
A.High places are free of air pollution. B.Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids.
C.Conventional monitors are more reliable. D.Air is more polluted closer to the ground.
【答案】2.D
【解析】（文章大意）这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国一只名叫Baggy的小狗，被主人在项圈上安上了污染监测器，以此来记录地面附近的污染物水平。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句话中"Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level"可知，Baggy的监测数据显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，也就是说离地面越近，空气污染越严重。故答案选：D。

44. 2020北京卷D篇
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms（算法）carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today's AI pioneers want to move on from today's world of "weak" or "narrow" AI, to create "strong" or "full" AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence（AGI）. In some respects, today's powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to "solve intelligence" . "If we're successful, " their mission statement reads, "we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made." Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an "ultra-intelligent machine … that can far surpass all the intellectual（智力的）activities of any man, however clever." Good went on to suggest that "the first ultra-intelligent machine" could be "the last invention that man need ever make."
2.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A.Help to tackle problems. B.Make brains more active.
C.Benefit ambitious people. D.Set up powerful databases.
【答案】 2.A
【解析】（文章大意）这是一篇说明文。人工智能虽然正在变得无处不在，但是仍然存在着一些局限性。本文主要围绕着AGI，即通用人工智能进行了介绍。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中第三句话"AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, … could suggest solutions to many problems."可知，AGI的支持者认为，AGI可以为我们全天候工作，利用所有可用的数据，并为许多问题提出解决方案，故A项Help to tackle problems.（帮助解决问题）正确。故答案选：A。

45. 2020全国2卷B篇
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate（旋转） and translate shapes, " Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
2.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A.Parents' age. B.Children's imagination.
C.Parents' education. D.Child-parent relationship.
3.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?
A.They play with puzzles more often. B.They tend to talk less during the game.
C.They prefer to use more spatial language. D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
【答案】 2.C 3.D
【解析】本文主要讲述了一个研究，研究发现智力游戏有助于孩子提高数学相关技能。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 "…after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said." 可知，Levine考虑了父母收入，学历和交谈数量。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句 "However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls…" 可知，相比于女孩，男孩更想要玩更难的游戏。故选D。

46. 2020全国2卷C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion（时装） enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海狸鼠）.
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year, " says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters ＄5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. "The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species（物种）. It's destroying the environment. It's them or us, " says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300, 000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, "To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
1.What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A.To promote guilt-free fur. B.To expand the fashion market.
C.To introduce a new brand. D.To celebrate a winter holiday.
2.Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A.Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B.Nutria are an endangered species.
C.Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D.Nutria are illegally hunted.
【答案】 1.A 2.A
【解析】【文章大意】本文主要讲述了海狸鼠这种动物对环境造成了破坏，因此环保主义者和时尚爱好者正在试图把海狸鼠的皮毛投入市场中。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句"It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year"可知，New Orleans和Brooklyn举办时装秀是为了促进皮毛使用的无负罪感，因为海狸鼠这种动物对环境造成了破坏。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段第二和第三句"The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species. It's destroying the environment."可知，科学家们担心海狸鼠是因为它们严重危害了环境。故选A。

47. 2020全国2卷D篇
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source（来源） of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven（避风港） for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
3.What does the author call on other writers to do?
A.Sponsor book fairs. B.Write for social media.
C.Support libraries. D.Purchase her novels.
【答案】3.C
【解析】3.事实细节题。根据最后一段第四句的内容 "I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can" 可知，作者认为所有的作家都应该尽可能地支持图书馆。故选：C。

48. 2020全国3卷C篇
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325, 000 in 2002 to 419, 000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
3.What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on?
A.Family traditions. B.Financial reports.
C.Published statistics. D.Public opinions.
【答案】 3.C
【解析】1.这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
3.细节理解题。根据第六段"…the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325, 000 in 2002 to 419, 000 in 2013."官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。根据第七段"It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991…about 1.8 million."可知，据说，25-34岁的年轻人有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据统计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C。

49. 2020全国3卷D篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes（基因）, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变） that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts（支柱） in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land, " said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders, " Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them actually walking under the sea."
2.Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A.In valleys. B.Near rivers. C.On the beach. D.Off the coast.
3.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A.They could walk on stilts all day. B.They had a superb way of fishing.
C.They could stay long underwater. D.They lived on both land and water.
【答案】2.D 3.C
【解析】1.这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, … they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.（这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上）可知，Bajau 把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the coast.（沿海）符合以上说法，故选D项。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段的We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.（我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多）可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater.（他们能在水下待很长时间）符合以上说法，故选C项。

50. 2020.7浙江卷A篇
I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play.
Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright（剧作家） hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility（多面性） of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim（变暗）. The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
1.What do we know about the author from the first paragraph?
A.He has written dozens of plays. B.He has a deep love for the theater.
C.He is a professional stage actor. D.He likes reading short plays to others.
2.What does the author avoid doing in his work?
A.Stating the plays' central ideas. B.Selecting works by famous playwrights.
C.Including various types of plays. D.Offering information on the playwrights.
3.What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays?
A.Control their feelings. B.Apply their acting skills.
C.Use their imagination. D.Keep their audience in mind.
【答案】 1.B 2.A 3.C4.B
【解析】文章大意：本文介绍作者一本关于戏剧的书，书中有什么内容以及怎样阅读这本书。
1.事实细节题。根据文章第一段第一句后面"and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays…"可知，作者对戏剧有极大的热情，为此搜寻过许许多多剧本。故选 B。
2.事实细节题。根据文章第二段第三句"It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection…"可知，作者无意阐述戏剧的中心主题。故选 A。
3.事实细节题。根据文章最后一段第一句"To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim. The curtains are about to open…"可知，作者建议读者在阅读时要用到想象力。故选 C。

51. 2020.7浙江卷B篇
For all of Bellevue's success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. "It's not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities, " he says.
2.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?
A.They work better on broad roads.
B.They should be used in other cities.
C.They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D.They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
【答案】2.D
【解析】文章大意：本文主要讲了华盛顿Bellevue信号灯时间调整的原因以及研究过程。
2.事实细节题。根据文章第四段最后一句"It's not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities"可知Balke认为适应性信号灯可以在其他小城市起到作用。所以在极其拥挤的大城市作用并不大，故选D。

52. 2020.5天津卷A篇
Your student ID card identifies you as a student at the University of Bolton. It will provide you with access to University facilities such as University Libraries, Sports Centre, and Computing Services. Please carry your card with you at all times. Do not lose your card or lend it to others. Your card is valid during the whole time of your studies. It remains the property（财产） of the University of Bolton at all times.
New students—photographs
You will be requested to upload a passport sized photograph as part of the online registration process. This should be a jpg. file with a size of no more than 1 MB. Your photograph should be a portrait image in proportion（比例） to a 6"×4" portrait photograph. It should be taken in colour and must not have been beautified with image filters（滤光镜）.
Your student ID card will be provided to you by your department during Welcome Week. Please be aware that you will not receive this smart card during Welcome Week if you do not upload your image online by 4 September 2020.
Replacement cards
If your student ID card no longer works or has been damaged, or if you have changed your personal or programme details, you should call into the Student Administration Centre（SAC）to request a new one. Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free of charge.
If your card has been reported to the Police as stolen, please also call into the SAC to request a replacement, bringing with you a copy of your Police Crime Report paperwork. Your card will be produced free of charge.
If your card has been lost, a fee of £5 is charged for the production of a replacement card. You are requested to use our online payment service.
Note: Replacement cards will be available for you to collect seven working days after making the request. As a security measure, you are requested to collect your card in person at the SAC.
1.Which of the following is a function of the student ID card?
A.To remind students to protect public property.
B.To enable students to use resources in the library.
C.To help students demonstrate their computer skills.
D.To provide information about campus facilities.
2.To meet the requirements of the photograph on the student ID card, a new student should upload            .
A.an image saved as a PDF file
B.a colour picture of their passport
C.a photo beautified by a photographer
D.a portrait photograph of proper proportion
3.In which case does a student have to pay for the replacement of the student ID card?
A.The theft of the card has been officially proved.
B.The card holder has changed his or her major.
C.The card dropped off into a lake by accident.
D.The card fails to work properly.
4.To collect your replacement card, you should            .
A.fetch it at the SAC personally B.go through a security check first
C.call the police station in advance D.wait for seven days before getting it
【答案】 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要就博尔顿大学学生证的用途、如何办理、更换、领取等方面进行了介绍。
1.理解题。根据文章第一段第二句 "It will provide you with access to University facilities such as University Libraries, Sports Centre, and Computing Services." 可知，持有博尔顿大学学生证的学生能使用图书馆的资源。故答案为：B。
2.细节理解题。根据文章New students—photographs小标题下第三句"Your photograph should be a portrait image in proportion（比例） to a 6"×4" portrait photograph. "可知，新生办理学生证需要上传规定比例的肖像照片。故答案为：D。
3.细节理解题。根据文章Replacement cards小标题下第三段第一句 "If your card has been lost, a fee of £5 is charged for the production of a replacement card." 可知，如果学生自己丢失了学生证，须缴付补领学生证的费用。故答案为：C。
4.细节理解题。根据文章Note小标题下最后一句话 "As a security measure, you are requested to collect your card in person at the SAC." 可知，要领取新卡，你应该亲自到SAC去取。故答案为：A。

53. 2020.5天津卷B篇
One of the most stressful days of Susan McFrederick's life was watching her son get wheeled away for surgery hours after he was born in 2011.
But after the operation, Susan burst into tears for a different reason: across the cut on their newborn son's back was a sweet winter scene, hand-drawn on his bandages（绷带）.
"There were rolling hills of snow, a pine tree and a snowman with a hat and broom, " she recalled. "It was extremely touching and comforting to know that somebody had taken the time to do that for my family. It was a moment I'll never forget."
Susan soon learned the artist was her son's surgeon, Robert Parry, who discovered another way to use his hands in the mid-1980s during his internship（实习期） at a children's medical center, where he saw one of his colleagues cut out heart and shark shapes to decorate children's bandages.
"My first reaction was, 'What is he doing? Hey, that's kind of neat, ' " Parry recalled. "I especially liked the reactions of the parents and the patients when they saw his artwork. The smiles took everyone's attention from the surgery. Then I decided to follow suit."
Parry quickly graduated from his early hearts and sharks, and started to surprise families with drawings that captured young patients' personalities. From Snoopy to Spider-Man and bears to butterflies, there isn't much he hasn't drawn. Most kids want superheroes sports team logos or princesses, while babies often receive scenes with flowers, trees and sea creatures. During the last 30 years, Parry estimates he has left examples of his handiwork over the stitches（伤口缝线） of more than 10, 000 children.
"During a time of stress for families, it's nice to be able to help them smile and laugh, " Parry said. "This is something positive that I can do for them, which is what I like most about it."
For Parry, the reward is knowing he hopefully made a difference in a child's life, and except for his drawings on bandages, "they can go on and live their lives and never know I was in it, " he said.
He's not ready to retire, but he's found a new hobby to keep his hands skillful in the years to come.
"I've taken up knitting（编织）, " Parry said. "Hats, sweaters, gloves—I enjoy it all. But mostly, I enjoy giving everything away."
1.Susan burst into tears after her baby's operation because she was            .
A.moved B.amused C.stressed D.heartbroken
2.How did Parry get the idea of decorating children's bandages?
A.He was motivated by his patients.
B.He was inspired by his colleague.
C.He was required to learn the skill during his internship.
D.He was encouraged by Susan to show his genius for art.
3.Parry's artworks during the last 30 years show that he            .
A.devoted himself more to art than to medicine
B.knew more about his patients than their parents
C.took into consideration the tastes of individual patients
D.created a large number of works beyond his expectations
4.What does Parry expect to achieve with his artworks?
A.To get a reward from the artistic circle.
B.To win the admiration of his colleagues.
C.To make a difference in his dull medical career.
D.To lift the spirits of his patients and their parents.
【答案】1.A 2.B 3.C4.D
【解析】1.本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了医护工作者Parry在岗位上发光发彩，助人为乐的事迹。
1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句It was extremely touching and comforting to know that somebody had taken the time to do that for my family.可知，知道有人花时间为她的家人做这件事，Susan很是感动。故答案为：A。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段where he saw one of his colleagues cut out heart and shark shapes to decorate children's bandages.可知，他看到一位同事用独特的方式装饰儿童绷带，让Susan获得启发。故答案为：B。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第六段第一句Parry quickly graduated from his early … that captured young patients' personalities.可知，在最后的30年内，Parry专注于对病人的个性进行研究，开始用捕捉年轻患者个性的素描来给家庭们以惊喜。故答案为：C。
4.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第四段第一句During a time of stress for families, it's nice to be able to help them smile and laugh.可知，Parry让病人和他们的家人开心，让他们振作起来。故答案为：D。

54. 2020.5天津卷C篇
Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries.
Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. "As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes." says CEO Greg McDougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the world's first commercial flight with an electric engine.
Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses ＄400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs ＄8—12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.
While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored.
The transition（过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids—vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing.
It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years.
1.According to Para.1, what is happening in air transport?
A.New explorations of the sky are being launched.
B.Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled.
C.Efforts are being made to make air travel greener.
D.Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively.
2.Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights?
A.It runs short routes. B.It has a strong partner.
C.Its planes can land on the sea. D.It has planes with powerful engines.
5.What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight?
A.To produce new electric components. B.To increase battery consumption.
C.To use mixed-power technology. D.To expand the landing field.
【答案】 1.C 2.A 5.C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要谈及了绿色航空的现状并展望了未来。
1.理解题。根据文章第一段第四句"Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries."可知目前正在努力使航空旅行更环保，并已经采取了一些措施。故答案为：C。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句"Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines."可知所有Harbour Air航线的航程都少于30分钟，即都是短途，故非常适合于电动发动机。故答案为：A。
5理解题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句"The transition from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity."可知由燃料和电力驱动的混合动力汽车使汽车工业中从天然气到电力的过渡变得更加容易。故答案为：C。

55. 2020.5天津卷D篇
Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important" is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history.
History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥） into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.
2.According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life?
A.The problems at present are similar to those in the past.
B.Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today.
C.The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors.
D.People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problem.
【答案】2.A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了历史是人类文明的重要组成部分，从5个方面说明了学习历史的重要性。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段第三句"According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same."专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。可以得知现在的问题与过去的问题是相似的。故答案为：A。

56. 2020.7天津卷A篇
How to Use a Modern Public Library
Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. It's been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge, meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still loan out（出借） books, you'll find it easier to get a copy of whatever you're looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you've requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats（载体形式）. You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. If a popular magazine you want isn't offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps you'd like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local library. If you want to have a business your own, your local library can become a launch space for it. In library books computers, you can find information on starting a business. Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce（商会） and government agencies, and they will offer, printing, faring and database services you need.
1.Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by            .
A.sharing their books on the Internet
B.giving access to online reading at a library branch
C.sending a needed book to a library branch nearly
D.making the checkout procedures diverse
2.According to Paragraph 3, what items may be the checked out from a public library?
A.A magazine and an e-book. B.A game and an oil painting.
C.A music CD and a kid's toy. D.A DVD and a video player.
3.As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows            .
A.the kid to learn a new language
B.the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C.the kid to overcome reading difficulties
D.the parent to meet their program sponsor
4.Your local library can help you start a business by            .
A.providing relevant information and supporting services
B.offering professional advice on business management
C.supplying useful information of your potential buyers
D.arranging meetings with government officials
【答案】 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段"Via such networks, libraries share their books…through the use of delivery vehicles."以及"Once the book you have requested is delivered to the nearest branch…so you can pick it up"可知，通过这样的网络，图书馆通过使用送货工具彼此共享书籍。而且一旦您将请求的书籍传递到最近的分支机构，它们就会通过电子邮件通知您，因此通过这种快捷的传递方式使读者受益，将所需要的书发送到附近的图书馆分支机构。故选：C。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二三句话"You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines."以及"Some libraries even loan out toys and games."可知，可以借用DVD上的电影，CD上的音乐以及流行的杂志，甚至有些图书馆甚至借出玩具和游戏。故选：C。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句话"And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book."可知，带着孩子一起去一个半小时故事时间，你坐在角落里安静的看一本好书时，是非常放松的。故选：B。
4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话"Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information…chambers of commerce（商会） and government agencies…services you need."可知，许多图书馆共享本地提供的有关业务管理的信息，并为您提供您所需要的信息。故选：A。

57. 2020.7天津卷B篇
"They tell me that you'd like to make a statue（塑像） of me—is that correct, Miss Vinnie Ream? "
The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
"Yes, sir, " she replied, her dark eyes meeting his. "I wouldn't have dared to ask you, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner."
Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. "I work quickly, " she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pointed to the corner near the windows. "If I were to bring my clay here and work for three hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk."
1.What gave Vinnie confidence to make her request of President Lincoln?
A.Her aggressive personality. B.Mr. Mills's encouraging remark.
C.President Lincoln's gentle voice. D.Her interest in a challenging job.
4.Vinnie wanted to choose the corner near the windows to            .
A.achieve effects of natural lighting B.keep all her tools within easy reach
C.observe the President at a right angle D.avoid disturbing the President's work
【答案】 1.B 4.D
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中"I would not have dared to ask you, but my teacher Mr. Mills, says I am ready."可知，是由于温妮老师鼓励的话，温妮才敢对总统提出要求。故选：B。
4.细节理解题。根据文章第九段中"If I were to bring my clay here…afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk."可知，温妮带着她黏土来，每天下午工作三小时，当总统在工作时，她就可以完成大部分工作，就可以不占用总统的时间，也可以完成雕塑。说明温妮找一个靠窗的小角落主要是为了不打扰总统的工作。故选：D。

58. 2020.7天津卷C篇
For people who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can't let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device（LRAD，远程定向声波发射器）. It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let's say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming（哼唱） a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights（聚光灯） are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a "spotsound" creates a circle of sound in one targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
2.The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to            .
A.silence the people around you B.remove the sound of commercials
C.block the incoming sound waves D.stop unwanted sound from affecting you
3.What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A.They travel in circles. B.They clear the atmosphere.
C.They can be transformed into energy. D.They can be directed onto a specific area.
4.Directed sound can be used for             .
A.creative designs of restaurant menus B.ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C.different choices of music for businesses D.strict control over any suspicious customer
【答案】2.D 3.D 4.C
【解析】
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中"Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents."可知，沉默机器让你摆脱掉身边不想听到的声音。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段中"similarly, a 'spotsound' creates a circle of sound in one targeted area"可知，类似地，一个 "斑点声音" 在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。信息句中one targeted area与选项D中a specific area形成对应。故选D。
4.细节理解题。根据第四段中"This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores…choices on the menu"可知，定向声对商业有用途，例如餐厅可以提供音乐和菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客可以更多地控制就餐的气氛。故选C。

59. 2020.7天津卷D篇
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiously and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges（驱策力） count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, "Why? Why? Why? "
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
2.What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A.Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B.Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C.Creativity results from challenging authority.
D.Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
3.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A.Observe the unknown around you. B.Develop a questioning mind.
C.Lead a life of adventure. D.Follow the fashion.
【答案】 2.D 3.B
【解析】
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中"Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent."可知，伟大来自于一直抱有探索的激情。故选：D。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中"We are born with them and need only recapture them."以及第四段中"Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom."可知，我们要保留好奇心，不断提问，才能激发体内的好奇心和不满足，否则我们就会丢掉。故选：B。

60. 2020.1浙江卷A篇
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free-by spreading on them cheese bring, the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin. also called "America's Dairyland, " is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! As a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese bring. Disposing of（处置）the bring can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste?
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers water's freezing point, causing ice to melt（融化）. But using cheese bring could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese bring has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese bring could also be a more eco-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the same compound（化合物）in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right? But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U. S. roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants, and eat away soil. By spreading cheese bring on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese bring has a downside too—a smell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it, " Email Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese bring. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
1.Why can cheese bring help keep winter roads ice-free?
A.It is soft. B.It contains salt. C.It is warm. D.It has milk in it.
2.What is a benefit of using cheese brine on roads?
A.Improving air quality. B.Increasing sales of rock salt.
C.Reducing water pollution. D.Saving the cheese industry.
【答案】 1.B 2.C
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第三段 "The salt lowers freezing point, causing ice to melt… Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point." 盐降低了冰点，使冰融化。奶酪盐水里有盐，和岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点。可知答案为B。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段 "In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option." 除了省钱，奶酪卤水也可能是一个更环保的选择。可知答案为C。

61. 2020.1浙江卷B篇
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. A key skill set for success is persistence（毅力）, a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time, the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers." Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can he taught-are key to a child's life success."
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian: rigid, demanding or controlling. Rather, an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father; responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed; children are given an appropriate level of autonomy（自主权）.
In the study, about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time, children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined la to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence, which is an avenue of future research.
1.What is special about the RYU professors' study?
A.It centered on fathers'role in parenting.
B.It was based on a number of large families.
C.It analyzed different kinds of parenting style's.
D.It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
3.Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?
A.Single parents. B.Children aged from 11 to 14.
C.Authoritarian fathers. D.Mothers in two-parent homes.
【答案】 1.A 2.D3.A 4.C
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第1段最后一句话”Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence ".可知“BYU的研究者发现父亲在帮助自己青春期的孩子学会坚持这件事上有独特的地位" ，所以他们的研究重在父亲在育儿中的作用，故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话，Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence, which is an avenue of future research. "单亲家庭可能仍然在教孩子坚持的好处上有作用，这是将来研究的一种途径" ，所以将来的研究可能会关注单亲家庭，故选A。

62. 2020 江苏卷B篇
Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for 1 pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around 400 to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. "I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back," he said.
1.The phone boxes are making a comeback       .
A.to form a beautiful sight of the city B.to improve telecommunications services
C.to remind people of a historical period D.to meet the requirement of green economy
2.Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?
A.They were not well-designed. B.They provided bad services.
C.They had too short a history. D.They lost to new technologies.
【答案】 1.C 2.D
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes it's hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country's past — age-old castles, splendid homes... and red phone boxes.（有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品——古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭）和最后一段中Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.（英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代）可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.（在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场）可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。

63. 2020 江苏卷C篇
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C.They could walk at an average speed.
D.They had slow metabolic rates.
3.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A.They successfully lost weight. B.They consumed a bit more calories.
C.They burned more fat on average. D.They displayed higher insulin levels.
【答案】 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D
【解析】
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，不管怎样，他们的生活方式代表了我们大多数人。可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据第六段中As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories, on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们先吃东西再散步所燃烧的脂肪要多。另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。

64. 2020 江苏卷D篇
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity. It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, "In your home, do you have a moon too?" I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world, In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
2.What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A.He learned more about the local language.
B.They had a nice conversation with each other.
C.They understood each other while playing.
D.He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
5.How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A.They shifted their viewpoints frequently. B.They followed other scientists closely.
C.They often criticized their fellow scientists. D.They conducted in-depth and close studies.
【答案】2.C 5.D
【解析】
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C。
5细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家通过进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D。

65. 2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）B篇
Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed (牺牲) to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. ''Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,'' she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that's pretty powerful.
1.What did Jennifer do after high school?
A.She helped her dad with his work. B.She ran the family farm on her own.
C.She supported herself through college. D.She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
2.Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?
A.To take care of her kids easily. B.To learn from the best nurses.
C.To save money for her parents. D.To find a well-paid job there.
3.What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?
A.Her health. B.Her time with family.
C.Her reputation. D.Her chance of promotion.
4.What can we learn from Jennifer's story?
A.Time is money. B.Love breaks down barriers.
C.Hard work pays off. D.Education is the key to success.
【答案】 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第二段中After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.（高中毕业后，Jennifer上了一所当地的技术学院。通过打工来支付她的学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育）可知，高中毕业后，Jennifer通过自己挣钱来完成大学学业，因为家里没有额外的钱。C. She supported herself through college.（她自食其力读完了大学）符合以上说法，故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids.（她选择了位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire项目，因为她可以在离家近的地方攻读四年的学位。她可以开车去上课，晚上可以回家照顾孩子）可知，Jennifer选择位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire项目是因为离家近，这样便于照顾孩子。A. To take care of her kids easily.（为了方便照顾她的孩子）符合以上说法，故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Jennifer sacrificed to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study.（Jennifer为了实现自己的目标牺牲了很多，她放弃了很多个和孩子待在一起的晚上，错过了很多重要的活动）可知，为了实现自己的目标，Jennifer放弃了和家人待在一起的时光。B. Her time with family.（她与家人共处的时光）符合以上说法，故选B。

66. 2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）C篇
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
1.What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?
A.His friends' invitation. B.His interest in the country.
C.His love for teaching. D.His desire to regain health.
【答案】1.B
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段中A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。

67. 2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）D篇
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
1.What is the recent study mainly about?
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
【答案】 1.D
【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.可知，根据《消费者研究》杂志最近的一项研究表明，我们的饮食伙伴的胖瘦和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。

68. 2020年海南B篇
The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol（手枪）.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me, " I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box."
"What's that? " they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren, " replied.
"You don't have grandchildren, " someone said.
"I don't know, " I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away-since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.
The years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that year's class. Then someone said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box." From then on, instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas l received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
1.What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students?
A.To collect the water pistol. B.To talk about her grandchildren.
C.To recommend some toys. D..To explain her teaching method.
3.What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?
A.They went to play with the baby. B.They asked to see the Grandma's Box.
C.They made a present for Gordon. D..They stopped asking their toys back.
【【答案】】1.A .3.D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者为收集学生们带到学校的玩具，想出了一个 "奶奶的盒子" 的办法。到后来，作者的第一个孙子出生，学生们也不再来要求归还他们的财物了，作者也在某一年圣诞节收到了儿子制作的大木箱，将 "奶奶的盒子" 变成了现实。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.（在缺席了15年之后，我又回到了教书的地方，处理从书包里掏出的各种各样的 "禁果" 。现在流行的是水枪）以及第三段中 "Please bring that pistol to me, " I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box." （"请把那支水枪给我，" 我说。 "我要把它放在我 '奶奶的盒子' 里。"）由此可知，作者与学生进行对话的目的是收集水枪。故选：A。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中 "From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon." （从那时起，学生们不再来要求归还他们的财物，而是说："没关系。把它放在你 '奶奶给戈登的盒子' 里"）由此可知，学生们在得知了戈登的出生后，他们不再索要玩具。故选：D。

69. 2020年海南C篇
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50, 000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250, 000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is, " Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
1.What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A.It carried more weight than it could. B.It swayed violently in a strong wind
C.Its roadway was damaged by vehicles D..Its access was blocked by many people.
3.What does the last paragraph suggest?
A.Failure can lead to progress. B.Success results in overconfidence.
C.Failure should be avoided. D..Success comes from joint efforts.
【答案】1A 3A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。
1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段 "In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party…By the time 250, 000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway" 可以看出，1987年5月，金门大桥举行了一个50岁生日聚会。这座桥禁止机动车通行。当25万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50岁生日那天，它的重量超过了它的承受能力。故选：A。
3细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的  "It is failure that brings improvement." 可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以看出，A项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选：A。

70. 2020年海南D篇
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet—storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
1.What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?
A.They produce oxygen. B.They cover a vast area.
C.They are well managed. D..They are rich in wildlife.
2.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?
A.Heavy rains. B.Big trees.
C.Small plants. D..Forest animals
【【答案】】1D. 2.B 3.C 4.A
【解析】
本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为 "世界上最大的药房"，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有 "地球之肺" 的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段 "Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals." 得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选：D。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选：B。

四、实战演练
1.
Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged （蓬乱）. His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The cat’s lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamin’s cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings （版画）by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr. Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said,” Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist.
23. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?
A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.
B. He provided him with painting materials.
C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.
D. He taught him how to make engravings.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题，根据最后一段“Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings”, 可知Pennington为了帮助Benjamin培养绘画天赋，给他提供了一些绘画材料，故选B。
24. Williams’ two books helped Benjamin to ________.
A. master the use of paints
B. appreciate landscape paintings
C. get to know other painters
D. make up his mind to be a painter
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题，根据最后一段“While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist, 可知：这两本书帮助Benjamin坚定了自己成为一名画家的决心，故选D。

2.
Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题，根据文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。
26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题，根据第二段“For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal”, 所以11岁的上学小孩子的睡眠时间需要10个小时，故选C。
27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.
B. They tend to do things that excite them.
C. They follow their parents’ examples.
D. They don’t need to go to school early.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题，根据第三段“She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep”,所以她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。

3.
Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military（军队的）medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet.But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners, and returns them.
His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart-he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.
Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: "Who are you？What antique shop？" However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, N.Y. "At that point, I knew she meant business, " Zac says. "To drive eight hours to come to see me."
The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator for the Army during WWII, was killed in action in Europe.
Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing. Like many military medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure." This medal was very precious to my parents. Only on special occasions（场合）would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands," Adeline says.
As a child, Adeline couldn't understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older,” Adeline says, "and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left." Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.
Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama. Since he first reunited Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.
9.Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself？
A. In the army. B. In an antique shop.
C. From his mother. D. From Adeline Rockko.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart-he earned one himself in a war as a soldier.可知他是在部队中得到奖牌的。
10. What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?
A. Her parents’ advice. B. Her knowledge of antiques.
C. Her childhood dream. D. Her memory of her brother.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题，根据文章倒数第二段第一、二句话As a child, Adeline couldn't understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older,” Adeline says, "and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left." 可知她是因为哥哥而重视这枚奖牌。

4.
FLORENCE, Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.
Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民) population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship.
Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become more a vehicle for intolerance than integration(融合). Others say it’s only natural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.
Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are even tougher. The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.
Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy’s then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accounting for an even larger percentage of births in Italy.
Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence(居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.
Italians always “see me as a foreigner,” an outsider, even though she’s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.
28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test?
A. To continue to stay in Italy. B. To teach her children Italian.
C. To find a better job in Italy. D. To better mix with the Italians.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题，根据第一段第二句“but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test…”可知，Cojochru为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A。
30. What do we know about Cojochru?
A. She lives with her sister now in Italy.
B. She enjoys learning the Italian language.
C. She speaks Italian well enough for her job.
D. She wishes to go back to her home country.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题，根据最后一段最后一句“,even though she ‘s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently”可知Cojochru的意大利语已经说的很流利了，足够应付工作，故选C。

5.
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama's mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study of grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson's decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.
“in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn't get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grate magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you're raining children.”
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s move a success?
A．It strengthened her family ties.
B．It improved her living conditions.
C．It enabled her make more friends.
D．It helped her know more new places.
【答案】A
【解析】细节描述题。根据文章第一段“Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知他们的家庭关系更加紧密了。
26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson's decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
【答案】D
【解析】细节描述题。根据文章第二段“According to a study grandparents com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.”可知大多数人认为会有更多的美国家庭效仿奥巴马家庭的范例，成为一种趋势。

6.
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you-there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom.”She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life.
30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?
A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B. The donor can only wait for that long.
C. The operation needs that much time.
D. The ice won't last any longer.
【答案】D
【解析】细节描述题。根据文章第一段“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last in all.”可知两个冰袋可持续的最长时间为24小时。
31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?
A. To London.       B. To Newark. C. To Providence.    D. To Washington.
【答案】B
【解析】细节描述题。根据文章第二段最后一句“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for mere-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK”可知作者途经Newark然后回到英国。