【备考2023】中考英语重难点专题特训学案（全国通用）—— 22 定语从句 （原卷版+解析版）

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专项四  复合句 重难点22  定语从句 1.关系代词引导的定语从句1.1.定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。1.2. 定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。1.3.关系代词的基本用法 作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/that/省略whose指物which/thatwhich/that/省略 The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong. 会上发言的人来自香港。The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital. 在建中的这幢建筑将用作医院。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world. 我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。1.3.1. 当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致。He is one of the boys who like playing basketball. 他是喜欢打篮球的男孩子之一。He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball. 他就是那个喜欢打篮球的男孩子。1.3.2. 通常在以下六种情况下只能用that而不能用which：（1）先行词为all，much，something，everything，nothing，little，none，the one等代词时。That is all that I want to say. 那就是我想要说的。（2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.。He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。This is the most wonderful film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最精彩的电影。Look at the apples. You can see the two that you gave me. 看这些苹果。你能看到你给我的那两个。（3）以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？（4）先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。（5）先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. 我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。（6）先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。（7）主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。1.3.3. 关系词只能用which，而不用that的情况：（1）先行词为that， those时，用which，而不用that。What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？（2）关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。（3）引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that。Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。方法技巧定语从句定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号；定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系。关系代词关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；which表物人用who，人物都有that顾；which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know；who作主语很称职，whom用到宾语里。 that用法that用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去，介词之后不考虑。 that和which的区别that which代表物，区别听我来叙述；先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；先行词前有两数，就用that定无误；先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑；句中若有there be，that应把which替；先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里；just， the only，very，same，last其后也要用that。 指人的关系代词指人可用that, who，以下情况多用who；those people作先行，there be的结构中；先行指人不定代，从中作主who要在；两个定从一起来，不要重复你有才。 whose的用法定从之中少定语，whose为你唱一曲；whose指人又指物，所属关系要记住。 as和which的区别as/which在句末，若有否定as错；句首只能用as，还有认知猜想词；固定结构用as, the same/such/so/as；so/such...that宾不离，so/such...as...宾要弃。 关系代词用法总结关系代词到这里，主宾表定作用起；关系代词作宾语，省与不省全靠你。 特殊情况只记上边不可以，特殊情况告诉你；先行用way作状语，in which/ that /略可以；one of +复作先行，从中谓语复数明；one前若有only/very，从中谓语定用单；定从名从可转换，all that被what换。2.关系副词引导的定语从句2.1.关系副词的基本用法2.1.1. when在句中作状语，表示时间。He remembers the day when he joined the League. 他记得他入团那天。2.1.2. where在句中作状语，表示地点。This is the place where Lu Xun was born. 这就是鲁迅出生的地方。2.1.3. why在句中作状语，表示原因。This is the reason why he is late today. 这就是他今天迟到的原因。【易错提醒1】1. 当先行词为地点名词时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：☛This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。（定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用which/that，而不用where）2. 当position，point，case，stage，situation，atmosphere等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导。如：☛It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.把孩子们放在一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中对他们很有帮助。3. 关系副词why指原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason。☛Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help? 这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？【易错提醒2】当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：☛Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）☛Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）【速记口诀】     3.非限制性定语从句3.1、限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。3.2、引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. 彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。3.3除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. 毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。【注意】that不能引导非限制性定语从句。3.4、在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。        定语从句是中考必考考点之一，主要考查的是时态及宾语从句的语序，有时也会考查定语从句的引导词。考查的主要形式是单项填空、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也会考查到定语从句。因此学生要熟练掌握定语从句的用法。关系代词、关系副词引导的定语从句最为常见和常考。中考考查重点：   关系词的用法；在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose；关系副词有when，where，why等典例解析1.—I heard that Shao Yifu passed away.  —Yes, he is a great man _______________ donated billions of dollars to charity, schools and hospitals.  A. who           B. whom           C. which           D. /【答案】A【解析】句意：——我听说邵逸夫去世了。——是的，他是一个伟大的人，他捐赠数十亿美元给慈善机构，学校和医院。这是一个定语从句，先行词是人，故用who/whom引导，在从句中作主语时用who，故选A。2.Someone _______________ you know might really need the money.A. which     B. what      C. that      D. who【答案】C【解析】句意：你认识的某个人可能真的需要钱。you know 这里缺少的是一个宾语成分，而这是一个定语从句，someone是先行词，当先行词是不定代词的时候，关系代词用that，故选C。3.—Where is the School English Speech Contest going to be held tonight?—I’m not sure. Is it in the hall ___________ can hold 300 people?A. where   B. what     C. that     D. when【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。本题考查定语从句。先行词是hall，表示地点，所以用that。4.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,             the weather may be better.A. that     B. where     C. which      D. when【参考答案】D【试题解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。这是一个定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句缺少时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导。故选D。 一、单项选择1．（2022·辽宁阜新·中考真题）—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now? —Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes ________ I bought last week.A．that B．who C．what D．who2．（2022·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Yuan Longping is a great scientist ________ will live in our heart forever.A．which B．who C．what3．（2022·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）—Do you know the woman ________ is giving a lesson in space now? —Of course. She is Wang Yaping.A．which B．whom C．who4．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·校考一模）—What do you think of the mountain climbers?—I look up to them very much. The spirit of the climbers ________ shows us that humans can be stronger tells us not to give up.A．which B．of whom C．who5．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·校考一模）—Have you seen the movie My People, My Country（我和我的祖国）?—Sure. It is the most moving movie ________ I’ve ever seen.A．which B．what C．that6．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈尔滨市萧红中学校考一模）Though we students are going to leave middle school, we should always remember the very good old days ________ we’ve spent the unforgettable time with our classmates.A．that B．on which C．which7．（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·校考模拟预测）—Do you know Jiang Yufan, ________ designed the mascot(吉祥物) Shuey Rhon Rhon?—Yeah, she was born in Yichun, Heilongjiang and she is ________ pride of the town.A．she, a B．which, / C．who, the8．（2022·四川成都·四川省成都市七中育才学校校考二模）The 19th Asian Games ________ theme is Heart to Heart, @ Future will be held in Hangzhou.A．who B．whose C．which9．（2022·河北承德·校考模拟预测）I don’t know the girl to _________ you talked just now.A．which B．who C．whom D．what10．（2022·辽宁沈阳·统考一模）Puberty is the stage of life _______ young people leave children and head into adulthood.A．until B．whether C．because D．when11．（2022·江西上饶·统考一模）The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.A．which B．who C．when D．where12．（2022·黑龙江绥化·校联考模拟预测）The reason ________ he didn’t come was ________ he was ill.A．why; that B．that; why C．for that; that13．（2022·内蒙古兴安盟·统考二模）—Have you heard of the place ________ he visited last summer?—Yes, it is the very place ________ the great writer, Lu Xun was born.A．where; where B．where; that C．/; where D．that; that14．（2022·四川达州·统考一模）He seems not to have grasped ________ I meant, ________ greatly upsets me.A．what; who B．that; that C．what; which D．how; which15．（2022·福建厦门·福建省同安第一中学校考模拟预测）Nowadays, Gu Ailing seems to be the most popular idol in China ________ helps people develop the hobby of skiing.A．who B．where C．which16．（2022·吉林·模拟预测）This is the most exciting movie ________ I’ve ever seen.A．which B．that C．what17．（2022·辽宁抚顺·统考模拟预测）The four tools _________ people use for Chinese handwriting are called“Four Treasures of Study”.A．that B．who C．what D．whom18．（2022·湖北鄂州·统考二模）—We teenagers should look up to the people ______ have made great achievements to our country, like Yuan Longping.—I think so.A．who B．what C．which D．whose19．（2022·江苏扬州·校考二模）—Frank, look! Who are the children under the tree ___ waiting in a line?—They are the students from No. 1 Primary School.A．that are B．where are C．which is D．who is20．（2022·江苏常州·校考二模）—Do you like the weekly show, The Reader, on CCTV? —Sure. It’s a programme ________ brings the habit of reading back into the public.A．who B．that C．what D．whom 二、完成句子21．（2020·湖北襄阳·统考一模）那些擅长把学习和练习联系起来的学生应该被当做好的范例让其他人去学习。(connect)______________to make others learn.22．（2020·甘肃张掖·统考一模）自助者，天助之。God helps those _____________ help _____________.23．（2020·内蒙古鄂尔多斯·校考模拟预测）印度是世界人口第二多的国家。India is the second country________ has the________  ________ in the world.24．（2020·山东潍坊·统考一模）保护濒临灭绝的动物迫在眉睫。（can’t wait to）_____________________________________25．（2020·湖北襄阳·统考模拟预测）据说那些花更多时间和家人在一起的人通常会更健康更幸福。（spend）It’s said that ___________________________________________________.26．（2020·辽宁盘锦·统考一模）钟南山是一名被年轻人崇拜的医生。Zhong Nanshan is a doctor __________________________ by the young.27．（2021·江苏常州·统考一模）1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗成为第一个登上月球的人。On 20 July 1969, Armstrong ________________.28．（2021·甘肃平凉·统考一模）成功属于那些坚持梦想的人。Success belongs to ________ who stick to their ________.29．（2021·湖北随州·统考一模）我还了解了一些发明，它们成就了彩色电影I learned about the inventions _______ _______ to color movies, too.30．（2021·广东广州·广州市第一中学校考二模）我是那些上课不迟到的学生之一。I am one of the students ________ ________ never ________ ________ school. 三、改写句子31．（2021·新疆·模拟预测）Bob loves the gift. His mother bought it for him on his eighteenth birthday. (合并为一句话)Bob loves the gift __________ his mother __________ for him on his eighteenth birthday.32．（2021·甘肃陇南·统考一模）This is the hall. We listened to the report in it yesterday.（合并为一句）This is the hall________ we________ to the report yesterday33．（2021·甘肃平凉·校考一模）I know the boy. His mother is a doctor.(合并为一句)I know the boy ________ mother ________ a doctor.34．（2022·上海·模拟预测）The boy came to see me yesterday. He is Tom’s brother. (把下列句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句)_____________________________________________35．（2022·上海·模拟预测）The man is our math teacher. He is playing ping-pong over there.(合并为一句）The man ________ ________ playing ping-pong over there is our math teacher.