【备考2023】中考英语重难点专题特训学案（全国通用）—— 25 完形填空之说明文 （原卷版+解析版）

这是一份【备考2023】中考英语重难点专题特训学案（全国通用）—— 25 完形填空之说明文 （原卷版+解析版），文件包含备考2023中考英语重难点专题特训学案全国通用25完形填空之说明文解析版docx、备考2023中考英语重难点专题特训学案全国通用25完形填空之说明文原卷版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共29页， 欢迎下载使用。
专项五 中考题型
重难点25 完形填空之说明文

1.命题特点分析：
1.1. 开头点题。说明文类完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
1.2. 结构清晰。说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。
1.3. 难度较大。说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
1.4. 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
1.5. 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。
2.解题方法：
2.1. 快速弄清文章大意。
对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2.2. 弄清楚说明的顺序。
把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。
2.3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节。
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
2.4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
2.5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：
（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。
（2）语法正确。从语法的角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。
（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。
（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。


1. 试题难度保持基本稳定。
2. 强调考生的通篇理解能力。大部分题需从全文出发，根据前后语境或行文逻辑做出判断，体现出了 ＂突出语篇＂的命题风格。 
3. 考查内容主要以实词为主，其中各词考查比例稍微有变动。纵观近三年的中考题，动词、名词、形容词、副词和代词等实词的比例始终稳定占据80%左右。 　　
4.有少量题目对初中学生提出了新的要求，即在掌握了双基的基础上对英语知识有一定的扩展。要求初中学生在掌握双基的基础上必须扩展知识面，特别是要注重开发大纲内动词的用法。
典例解析
（2020·四川眉山·统考中考真题）In the US, lots of people have waimai, or food delivered to their home. Pizza and Chinese food are popular. The delivery ____73____ can usually get the food to your door in half an hour.
But wanmai for other things is not so quick in the US. For example, if you order toothpaste or cooking oil, it will usually ____74____ at least one day to arrive.
Here in China. I can order nearly anything and get it ____75____ just 30 to 45 minutes. Did I forget to buy onions and cabbages for making dinner? No problem -- waimai will deliver it soon. There is even waimai for things ____76____medicine and snacks.
Some people say this makes people lazier. I guess they’re not wrong. But I really love the ____77____ life.
73．A．drivers B．postmen C．policemen D．cleaners
74．A．spend B．cost C．take D．pay
75．A．at B．for C．after D．in
76．A．as for B．such as C．rather than D．instead of
77．A．comfortable B．convenient C．careful D．common

【短文大意】
这是一篇说明文，文章介绍美国的外卖和中国的外卖的不同之处，中国的外卖可以预订更多的事物而且有些东西送到的时间也更短。作者喜欢这种便利的生活方式。
【答案解析】
73．句意：送外卖的司机通常可以在半个小时内将食物送到你门口。
drivers司机；postmen邮递员；policemen警察；cleaners清洁工。根据前文“food delivered to their home”可知外卖需要司机送到你门口，用名词drivers。故选A。
74．句意：例如，如果你预订牙膏或者食用油，通常要花至少一天的时间才能到达。
spend某人花费时间在某物上或做某事；cost某物花某人多少钱；take做某事花某人多长时间；pay某人为某物付款。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to arrive，此处表达“到达要花多长时间”用动词take，故选C。
75．句意：我可以预订几乎任何的东西而且可以在30到45 分钟内就能得到它。
at表示具体的某一时刻；for为了；after在……之后；in一段时间以内或者以后。“ just 30 to 45 minutes”是一段时间，此处用in表示30到45 分钟以内或者以后。故选D。
76．句意：甚至有外卖比如药品和小吃这样的东西。
as for对于；such as例如；rather than而不是；instead of而不是。根据“medicine and snacks”可知是在举例说明，用短语such as。故选B。
77．句意：但是我真的喜欢这种便利的生活。
comfortable舒服的；convenient便利的；careful小心的；common平常的。根据前文讲述的外卖可以在很短时间送任何东西，可以此处用形容词convenient表达“便利的”。故选B。


（2022·安徽淮南·统考二模）Chinese people are well-known for being hospitable (好客的). Many even feel that they will lose face if their ____1____ eat up all the food on the table. As we all know, food waste becomes a ____2____ problem in China. Luckily, this situation can be ____3____ with the help of a rule.
According to the rule, food providers who encourage or force people to ____4____ too much food may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan. And they should remind people to order the ____5____ amount of food.
Besides, people are encouraged to finish all the food on the dining table. Now many people show their support for the rule by sharing photos and videos of empty ____6____ online. And many Chinese people have ____7____ the habit of taking leftovers (吃剩的食物) home.
The purpose of introducing the rule is not to ____8____ anybody, but to avoid food waste. Wasting food is not just a waste of money, but more. ____9____, it is a waste of resources (资源). It’s necessary to create an environmentally friendly _____10_____. In a word, there is no excuse for wasting food.
1．A．leaders B．winners C．guests D．officers
2．A．simple B．serious C．possible D．different
3．A．changed B．accepted C．created D．returned
4．A．sell B．order C．cook D．taste
5．A．same B．total C．large D．proper
6．A．chairs B．bowls C．buses D．rooms
7．A．expected B．broken C．discovered D．developed
8．A．punish B．allow C．invite D．understand
9．A．naturally B．similarly C．importantly D．interestingly
10．A．society B．family C．school D．company

【短文大意】
本文主要介绍了一项反对食物浪费的规定。
【答案解析】
1．句意：许多人甚至觉得，如果客人把桌上的食物都吃光了，他们会很丢脸。
leaders领导者；winners赢家；guests客人；officers官员。根据空前的“Chinese people are well-known for being hospitable (好客的).”可知，此处是说，如果自己的“客人们”吃光了桌子上的食物，很多人甚至会觉得丢脸。故选C。
2．句意：众所周知，食物浪费成了中国的一个严重问题。
simple简单的；serious严重的；possible可能的；different不同的。根据“food waste becomes a…problem”可知，此处是说食物浪费成为一个“严重”问题。故选B。
3．句意：幸运的是，这种情况可以在规则的帮助下改变。
change改变；accept接受；create创造；return归还。根据空后的“with the help of a rule”及下文内容可知，此处表示这种情况会有所“改变”。故选A。
4．句意：根据该规定，食品供应商鼓励或强迫人们点太多食物的，将面临最高1万元的罚款。
sell卖；order点菜；cook烹饪；taste品尝。结合下文中的“they should remind people to order the…amount of food.”可知，此处是说，鼓励或者强迫人们“点太多食物”的供应商可能会面临高达一万元的罚款。故选B。
5．句意：他们应该提醒人们点适量的食物。  
same同样的；total全部的；large大的；proper恰当的。根据上文“who encourage or force people to…too much food may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan.”可知，此处说强迫人们点太多食物的供应商会面临罚款。因此这里是说应该提醒人们点“适量的”食物。故选D。
6．句意：现在很多人通过在网上分享空碗的照片和视频来支持这项规定。
chairs椅子；bowls碗；buses公共汽车；rooms房间。根据上文中的“people are encouraged to finish all the food on the dining table.”可知，此处是说，现在很多人通过在网上分享“空碗”的照片和视频的方式来表示自己对该规定的支持。故选B。
7．句意：许多中国人已经养成了把剩菜带回家的习惯。  
expected期望；broken违反；discovered发现；developed发展。根据空后“the habit of taking leftovers (吃剩的食物) home.”可知，此处是固定搭配，develop the habit of...意为“养成……的习惯”。故选D。
8．句意：引入这项规定的目的不是为了惩罚任何人，而是为了避免食物浪费。  
punish惩罚；allow允许；invite邀请；understand理解。根据上文中的“may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan.”可知，此处说推行这项规定不是为了“惩罚”任何人，而是为了避免食物浪费。故选A。
9．句意：重要的是，它是一种资源浪费。
naturally自然地；similarly相似地；importantly重要地；interestingly有趣地。根据“it is a waste of resources (资源).”可知，浪费食物不仅仅浪费钱，“更重要的是”它浪费资源。故选C。
10．句意：创建一个环境友好型社会是必要的。  
society社会；family家庭；school学校；company公司。根据“It’s necessary to create an environmentally friendly...”可知，此处是说创建一个环境友好型“社会”是必要的。故选A。

（2021·广东广州·校考二模）It is a cold and dry winter morning. When you ___11___, you suddenly feel that your throat hurts. You begin to sneeze and later you may cough. You must have a cold! Wait a second. Could it just be a ___12___cold or the flu that's been going around?
A cold gives you a runny nose and cough. But it's usually easy to___13___with. Some take medicine such as aspirin (阿司匹林)___14___others try home treatments like herbal tea or chicken soup. Usually you feel better after a week.
The flu on the other hand can be much more___15___. It usually gives you fever. Sometimes it can be deadly. The worst flu, the so-called Spanish Flu of 1918 to 1919, killed about 50 million people, according to The Atlantic.
Don't worry. Getting a flu vaccine (流感疫苗) can___16___you from the virus. Flu vaccines work by giving the body a small amount of flu viruses. This causes our body to develop antibodies （抗体). ___17___next time you get the flu, the antibodies can help protect you.
Unfortunately, the flu virus___18___every few years. Therefore, there are so many types of flu, such as H1N1 and H5N1. The antibodies for one type of flu can't protect us against all types of flu. That's___19___we need to get the vaccine every year.
However, good health____20____may also help to prevent a cold or flu. Washing your hands often helps protect you from viruses. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy food is also important. All these can help you strengthen your immune system (免疫系统).
11．A．stand up B．turn up C．give up D．wake up
12．A．common B．little C．popular D．strange
13．A．agree B．deal C．meet D．start
14．A．because B．after C．until D．while
15．A．interesting B．familiar C．dangerous D．smooth
16．A．protect B．leave C．recover D．draw
17．A．So B．Unless C．Since D．As
18．A．stops B．changes C．spreads D．kills
19．A．how B．when C．whether D．why
20．A．clubs B．customs C．habits D．hobbies

【短文大意】
这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述了流感的危害以及预防流感的方法。
【答案解析】
11．句意：当你醒来时，你突然感到你的喉咙疼。
stand up站起来;turn up出现;give up放弃;wake up醒来。根据前文的“It is a cold and dry winter morning.”可知是在早上，因此判断是醒来的时候，用动词短语wake up。故选D。
12．句意：是普通的感冒还是流行的流感？
common普通的,常见的;little 小的;popular受欢迎的;strange奇怪的。根据“A cold gives you a runny nose and cough. But it’s usually easy to … with.”可知，感冒很容易处理，因此是常见的，用形容词common。故选A。
13．句意：但是它经常很容易处理。
agree同意;deal处理;meet  遇见;start开始。根据后文的“Some take medicine such as aspirin（阿司匹林）… others try home treatments like herb tea or chicken soup”可知，此处表示处理感冒,用deal with。故选B。
14．句意：一些人服用阿司匹林等药物，而另一些人则尝试草药茶或鸡汤等家庭疗法。
because因为，after在……之后，until直到，while然而。根据some和others可知，此处是两种人进行比较，用连词while。故选D。
15．句意：另一方面，流感可能更危险。
interesting有趣的；familiar熟悉的；dangerous危险的；smooth光滑的。根据后文 “The worst flu, the so-called Spain Flu of 1918 to 1919, killed about 50 million people, according to The Atlantic.”可知，流感可能会导致人死亡，因此更危险。故选C。
16．句意：接种流感疫苗可以保护你免受病毒感染。
protect  保护；leave离开；recover恢复；draw拉，画画。此处用动词短语protect sb. from sth.表达“保护某人不受某物的伤害”，故选A。
17．句意：所以下次你得流感时，抗体可以帮助保护你。
so所以；unless除非；since自从；as作为。前句表示接种流感疫苗可以让你的身体产生抗体，后一句表示抗体可以帮助保护你，前后表示因果关系，此处用so表示“因此”。故选A。
18．句意：不幸的是，流感病毒每隔几年就会发生变化。
stops停止；changes变化，改变；spreads传播；kills杀死。根据后文的“Therefore, there are so many types of flu”可知，流感有很多种类，每隔几年就会发生变化。故选B。
19．句意：那是为什么我们每年需要接种疫苗的原因。
how怎样；when什么时候；whether是否；why为什么。that’s后面用why引导表语从句表示“那是为什么我们每年需要接种疫苗的原因”。故选D。
20．句意：然而，良好的健康习惯也可能会帮助你预防感冒或流感。
clubs俱乐部；customs风俗；habits习惯; hobbies爱好。根据后文“Washing your hands…Getting regular exercise and eating healthy food”可知，洗手，规律地锻炼，吃健康的食物，这些都是良好的习惯，所以空格处填habits。故选C。
（2022·河北石家庄·统考三模）If a friend helps you a lot, what do you do in return? You could just say “thanks”, or you could write a(an) ___21___ note which is more polite. But most people don’t do this. Why don’t people like ___22___ thank-you notes? And how do most people react (反应) when they ___23___ one? Kumar from University of Texas made a study of it. He asked each student to write a thank-you note to another person ___24___ email. Then, they questioned both the writer and the recipient (接受者) about the note and how it made them feel. They found there were several ___25___ for people not to write thank-you notes. They feel like they have to think too much about it. They ___26___ what to say and how to say it. They also overthink the “correctness” of what they are writing. But people ___27___ like receiving thank-you notes. “As recipients, they pay attention to the ___28___ of the thank,” Kumar says. “Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的) ___29___ they were receiving these expressions.” If people knew that writing a thank-you note can have such a big influence on the recipient, they would do it more ___30___. Kumar adds.
Kumar says this study told us that “simple, small changes in our everyday lives can make a big difference in how we treat other people and how we feel.”
21．A．advice B．thank-you C．instructions D．sale
22．A．reading B．copying C．finding D．sending
23．A．write B．hear C．receive D．offer
24．A．by B．in C．at D．for
25．A．forms B．reasons C．skills D．uses
26．A．care for B．take down C．worry about D．make up
27．A．easily B．recently C．finally D．really
28．A．warmth B．time C．result D．spirit
29．A．before B．when C．if D．though
30．A．seldom B．hardly C．often D．usually

【短文大意】
本文介绍了人们不喜欢写感谢信的原因以及收到感谢信的人的感受。从中我们知道在日常生活中，一些简单、微小的改变能在如何对待他人和我们的感受上，产生很大的影响。
【答案解析】
21．考查名词及语境的理解。A. advice建议，B. thank-you感谢，C. instructions指令，说明；D. sale销售。句意：你可以只说“谢谢”，或者你可以写一封更礼貌的感谢信。根据You could just say “thanks”,可知此处表示感谢，故选B。
22．考查动词及语境的理解。A. reading    读，B. copying复制，C. finding    找到，D. sending发送。句意：人们为什么不喜欢发送感谢信呢？根据宾语thank-you notes可知此处表示发送感谢信，故选D。
23．考查动词及语境的理解。A. write写，B. hear    听，C. receive收到，D. offer提供。句意：当他们收到一封感谢信时，大多数人如何反应呢？根据前文的Why don’t people like 　　2　　 thank-you notes?可知，有人发送了感谢信，故此处表示收到感谢信，故选C。
24．考查介词及语境的理解。A. by通过，B. in在…..里，C. at在，    D. for为了。句意：他要求每一名学生通过电子邮件写一封感谢信给另一个人。by email通过电子邮件，故选A。
25．考查名词及语境的理解。A. forms形式，B. reasons    原因，C. skills技术，D. uses用途。句意：他们发现人们有几个不写感谢信的原因。根据后文的They feel like they have to think too much about it.可知，此处表示不写感谢信的原因，故选B。
26．考查动词短语及语境的理解。A. care for    关心，B. take down记下，拿下；C. worry about担心，D. make up编造。句意：他们担心要说的内容和如何说它。根据They found there were several 　　5　　 for people not to write thank-you notes.可知，此处表示不写感谢信的原因，因此是担心要说的内容，故选C。
27．考查副词及语境的理解。A. easily容易地，B. recently    最近地，C. finally    最后地，D. really真地。句意：但是人们非常喜欢收到感谢信。根据后文的Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的)可知，此处表示收到感谢信的人非常喜欢收到它，故选D。
28．考查名词及语境的理解。A. warmth温暖，B. time时间，    C. result    结果，D. spirit精神。句意：作为接受者，他们关注感谢信的温暖。根据Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的)可知，感谢信给接受者带来积极的感受，因此是温暖，故选A。
29．考查连词及语境的理解。A. before在……之前，B. when当……时候，C. if如果，D. though尽管。句意：此外，当他们（接受者）收到这些感谢的表达，他们感到积极。此处表示收到感谢信的时候，故用连词when，故选B。
30．考查副词及语境的理解。A. seldom    很少，B. hardly几乎不，C. often经常，D. usually经常。句意：如果人们知道写一封感谢信能对收信人产生如此大的影响，他们会做得更频繁。more often更多时候，更频繁，故选C。
【点睛】根据前后文的语境，认真辨析选项里的单词或短语的词义，结合词性，短语，句型，时态，语态和主谓一致，选出正确的选项。例如小题1，句意：你可以只说“谢谢”，或者你可以写一封更礼貌的感谢信。根据You could just say “thanks”,可知此处表示感谢，故选B。
（2022·山东淄博·统考一模）COVID - 19 outbreak drives the general public to take measures to protect themselves. In many Asian countries it’s ___31___ to see people wearing masks (口罩) in public.
However, this practice is almost unheard-of in many Western countries.
In many Asian countries, people with colds are ___32___ to wear masks to prevent others from getting sick. Some people with allergies (过敏症) feel that wearing masks helps them breathe better. Masks have ___33___ become a fashion accessory (配饰). Some people like the mysterious ___34___ masks give them, while others enjoy the feeling of privacy they provide in public.
However, in most Western countries, masks are only worn by hospital workers and ___35___. If you wear one in public, people might find it unusual or may worry that you have a terrible disease. What’s more, masks aren’t usually thought as a way to ___36___ illness. Instead, more attention is paid on hand washing, and people who are sick are encouraged to stay home.
In addition in ___37___ like France, Italy, and Austria, it is actually against laws to wear a mask in public. The laws try to stop people from hiding their faces for public safety. This is ___38___ wearing a mask would make it more difficult for the police to find a criminal. Some countries ___39___ wearing masks only in high-rick situations, such as public events or protests. In others, wearing a mask anywhere in public could very well result in a fine (罚款).
As you can see, masks are treated very ____40____ in Asia and the West. While cultural differences like these are important to avoid, we should all try to understand and respect each other no matter what.
31．A．common B．difficult C．special D．comfortable
32．A．refused B．remembered C．encouraged D．disagreed
33．A．still B．also C．instead D．yet
34．A．sound B．taste C．smell D．look
35．A．patients B．students C．teachers D．players
36．A．develop B．reach C．prevent D．find
37．A．villages B．towns C．cities D．countries
38．A．although B．because C．unless D．until
39．A．allow B．accept C．study D．believe
40．A．easily B．importantly C．differently D．carefully

【短文大意】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了中西方国家对待口罩态度的不同及原因。
【答案解析】
31．句意：在许多亚洲国家看到人们在公众场合戴着口罩是常见的。
common常见的；difficult困难的；special特殊的；comfortable舒服的。根据下句“However, this practice is almost unheard-of in many Western countries.”可知，这种做法在许多西方国家几乎闻所未闻，前后句是转折的关系，可见戴口罩在亚洲国家是常见的。故选A。
32．句意：在许多亚洲国家，感冒的人被鼓励戴口罩，以防止其他人生病。
refused拒绝；remembered记忆；encouraged鼓励；disagreed不同意。根据“to prevent others from getting sick.”可知，以防止其他人生病，可见感冒患者被鼓励戴口罩。故选C。
33．句意：口罩也已经成为时尚配饰。
still仍然；also也；instead相反；yet还。根据上文“people with colds are…to wear masks to prevent others from getting sick.Some people with allergies (过敏症) feel that wearing masks helps them breathe better.”可知，感冒患者与过敏症患者戴口罩，本句also表示递进：口罩也成为时尚配饰，故选B。
34．句意：有些人喜欢口罩给他们带来的神秘外观，而另一些人则喜欢在公共场合带来的隐私感。
sound听起来；taste尝起来；smell闻起来；look外观。根据“while others enjoy the feeling of privacy they provide in public.”可知，一些人喜欢口罩带来的隐私感，本句则对应是的是一些人喜欢口罩带来的神秘外观。故选D。
35．句意：然而，在大多数西方国家，只有医院工作人员和病人才戴口罩。
patients病人；students学生；teachers老师；players选手。根据“masks are only worn by hospital workers and…”可知，和医院工作人员并列的应是病人。故选A。
36．句意：更重要的是，人们通常不认为口罩是阻止疾病的一种方式。
develop发展；reach到达；prevent阻止；find发现。根据“Instead, more attention is paid on hand washing, and people who are sick are encouraged to stay home.”可知，他们认为生病了应是洗手、呆在家里，也就是不认为戴口罩可以阻止疾病。故选C。
37．句意：此外，在一些国家像法国、意大利和奥地利，在公共场合戴口罩实际上是违法的。
villages村庄；towns城镇；cities城市；countries国家。根据“In addition in…like France, Italy, and Austria,”以及常识可知，法国、意大利和奥地利是国家名称。故选D。
38．句意：这是因为戴着口罩会使警察更难找到罪犯。
although尽管；because因为；unless除非；until知道。根据“The laws try to stop people from hiding their faces for public safety. This is…wearing a mask would make it more difficult for the police to find a criminal.”可知，“法律试图阻止人们掩面”和“戴着口罩会使警察更难找到罪犯”是因果关系，需用because引到原因状语从句。故选B。
39．句意：一些国家只在公共活动或抗议等高风险情况下才允许戴口罩。
allow允许；accept接受；study学习；believe相信。根据下句“In others, wearing a mask anywhere in public could very well result in a fine (罚款).”可知，戴着口罩在公共地方很可能导致罚款，可见，只有在高风险情况下才允许戴口罩。故选A。
40．句意：如你所见，口罩在亚洲和西方的待遇非常不同。
easily容易地；importantly重要地；differently不同地；carefully认真地。根据“While cultural differences like these are important to avoid,”可知，这样的文化差异无法避免，可见亚洲和西方的对待口罩的方式截然不同。故选C。
（2022·河北·模拟预测）Customers in the US spend less money on Black Friday than previous (以前的) years.
Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving in the US. Thanksgiving is always the fourth ____41____ in November.
Black Friday is traditionally the day when the Christmas shopping period begins. It is usually one of the ____42____ days of the year for sellers.
Many sellers ____43____ their prices to encourage shoppers to spend their money. Some customers arrive at stores before they open, and wait in line for a chance to buy ____44____ things.
Last year, Americans ____45____ a total of $57.4 billion over the four days (from Thursday to Sunday). However, this year, experts think that the amount will ____46____ to around $ 50.9 billion.
Black Friday started in the US, but has become more popular in other ____47____ recently.
Many customers from the UK have started spending more money on Black Friday, even though British people don't celebrate Thanksgiving.
Online seller Amazon UK said that Friday was its busiest day ever. According to the ____48____, customers bought 5.5 million products on Friday, which was around 64 things per second.
Many stores in the UK also offered cheap ____49____, such as TVs, coffee machines and other electronic products.
In some stores shoppers _____50_____ to leave the store, even though all of the products had already been sold out.
41．A．Monday B．Tuesday C．Wednesday D．Thursday
42．A．busiest B．coldest C．quietest D．longest
43．A．raise B．rise C．reduce D．change
44．A．heavy B．big C．cheap D．special
45．A．made B．spent C．took D．paid
46．A．increase B．add C．drop D．get
47．A．cities B．mountains C．towns D．countries
48．A．website B．study C．story D．diary
49．A．vegetables B．products C．fruits D．snacks
50．A．hoped B．decided C．refused D．tried

【短文大意】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的黑色星期五以及美国消费者在黑色星期五的消费比往年要少。
【答案解析】
41．句意：感恩节总是十一月的第四个星期四。
Monday星期一；Tuesday星期二；Wednesday星期三；Thursday星期四。根据“Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving in the US.”可知，感恩节的第二天是星期五，那么，感恩节应该是星期四，故选D。
42．句意：对于卖家来说，这通常是一年中最繁忙的日子之一。
busiest最繁忙的；coldest最寒冷的；quietest最安静的；longest最长的。根据“Black Friday is traditionally the day when the Christmas shopping period begins.”可知，圣诞节购物期开始，对卖家来说是最繁忙的，故选A。
43．句意：许多卖家降低价格以鼓励购物者花钱。
raise举起；rise升起；reduce降低；change改变。根据后文“Many stores in the UK also offered cheap”可知，这里指降价销售，故选C。
44．句意：一些顾客在开店前就到了商店，排队等着有机会买便宜的东西。
heavy重的；big大的；cheap便宜的；special特别的。根据前文卖家降价销售可知，这里指买便宜的东西，故选C。
45．句意：去年，美国人在这四天里总共花费了574亿美元。
made制造；spent花费；took花费；paid支付。“somebody spend some money”是固定搭配，意为“某人花钱”，故选B。
46．句意：然而，专家们认为，今年这一数额将降至509亿美元左右。
increase增加；add加上；drop下降；get得到。根据前文可知，去年花费了574亿，而今年是509亿，因此今年同去年相比，下降了。故选C。
47．句意：黑色星期五开始于美国，但最近在其他国家变得更加流行。
cities城市；mountains山；towns城镇；countries国家。根据前文“Black Friday started in the US”以及后文“Many customers from the UK”可知，黑色星期五虽然起源于美国，但在其他国家也流行起来了，故选D。
48．句意：根据该网站的数据，顾客在周五购买了550万件产品，约为每秒64件。
website网站；study研究；story故事；diary日记。根据前文“Online seller Amazon UK”可知，此处是从亚马逊网站上得到的数据，故选A。
49．句意：英国的许多商店也提供廉价产品，如电视、咖啡机和其他电子产品。
vegetables蔬菜；products产品；fruits水果；snacks小吃。根据后文的电视、咖啡机和其他电子产品可知，这里指产品，故选B。
50．句意：在一些商店里，购物者拒绝离开商店，尽管所有的产品都已经卖完了。
hoped希望；decided决定；refused拒绝；tried尝试。根据后文“even though all of the products had already been sold out.”可知，即使商店的产品卖光了，消费者还是舍不得离开，“refuse to do”是固定搭配，意为“拒绝”，故选C。
（2020·江苏苏州·统考一模）When I got home the other day, I found a lovely red envelope(信封) waiting for me. It was a note from a friend of mine, congratulating(祝贺) me on my new book. It was ___51___ unexpected and joyful.
In a ___52___ world where everyone is too rushed for everything, here are some ways that you can be a more wonderful human:
Rediscover snail mail
And not just for life’s big events. Consider ___53___ ones you can stick a stamp on and send love toward. Maybe someone lost their dog, and you want to express your ___54___. Maybe a classmate did something brave, and you want to show gratefulness or thanks.
Smile and dial
When was the last time you ___55___ someone to wish them a happy birthday, to get well or to say thank you? Text messages are great. But when someone picks up the phone, you hear their voice and can share a laugh (or even a cry) together, and it ___56___ an emoji(表情符号) any day of the week.
Ask someone their goals + give a little something
Ask someone about their goals for the year is a very generous act. This kind of question goes ___57___surface(表面的) conversation and leads you to really get to know a person. Ask just out of curiosity.
Besides, give them something that might help them: a book, a connection, or even just a few words of ___58___.
Share your blessings
I made a promise earlier this year to give a little money every month to charity. I ___59___ myself often of something that Anne Frank wrote: “How wonderful it is that ____60____ need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.” The power’s always ours.
51．A．completely B．carefully C．correctly D．peacefully
52．A．lazy B．busy C．crazy D．silly
53．A．luckier B．better C．smaller D．stranger
54．A．sadness B．carelessness C．happiness D．illness
55．A．asked B．told C．mistake D．called
56．A．loses B．shuts C．steals D．beats
57．A．through B．beyond C．across D．for
58．A．encouragement B．development C．government D．instrument
59．A．reach B．record C．remind D．remember
60．A．everybody B．nobody C．anybody D．somebody

【短文大意】
这是一篇说明文，作者给读者介绍几种然自己更完美人类的方式：重新发现普通邮件的美妙；微笑和打电话；问某个人他们的目标和给一些对他们有益的东西以及分享你的祝福。
【答案解析】
51．句意：它完全是出人意料的和令人愉快的。
completely完全地；carefully仔细地；correctly正确地；peacefully和平地。此处用副词completely修饰形容词unexpected和joyful，表示“完全地”。故选A。
52．句意：在一个忙碌的世界里每个人都为了每件事太匆忙。
lazy懒的；busy忙的；crazy疯狂的；silly愚蠢的。根据“too rushed for everything”可知此处用形容词busy,表示“忙碌的”。故选B。
53．句意：考虑到更小的事件，你能贴邮票或者发出你的爱来进行普通邮寄。
luckier更幸运的；better更好的；smaller更小的；stranger更奇怪的。根据“not just for life’s big events”不要只是考虑到生活中的大事件，可知此处用smaller表示“小一点的”。故选C。
54．句意：可能是某人失去了狗，你想表达你的伤心。
sadness悲伤；carelessness不小心；happiness幸福；illness疾病。根据“someone lost their dog”可知此处用名词sadness表示“伤心”。故选A。
55．句意：什么时候是你最后一次打电话给某人祝他生日快乐，祝他康复或者说谢谢他？
asked问；told告诉；mistake犯错；called打电话。根据“dial”可知此处表达“打电话”。故选D。
56．句意：但是当某人拿起电话，你听到他们的声音，能一起分享笑声或者哭泣，它能打败一周任何一天的表情符号。
loses失去；shuts关闭；steals偷；beats打败。根据“Text messages are great”以及“when someone picks up the phone”可知此处表达打电话比发信息更好，此处it指代的是打电话，emoji指代的是发信息，用动词beat。故选D。
57．句意：这种问题超过表面的谈话，引导你真的开始了解一个人。
through通过；beyond超过；across通过；for为了。此处用动词短语go beyond表示“超过”。故选B。
58．句意：除此以外，给他们一些可能帮助他们的东西：一本书，一个连接，或者甚至只是几句鼓励的言语。
encouragement鼓励；development发展；government政府；instrument器具。根据“might help them”可知此处表达“鼓励的话”。故选A。
59．句意：我经常提醒我自己安妮弗兰克所说的话：“人们不需要等待就可以改善这个世界，这是多么美好。”
reach达到；record记录；remind提醒；remember记住。此处用的是动词短语remind sb. of sth.表示“提醒某人某事”。故选C。
60．句意：我经常提醒我自己安妮弗兰克所说的话：“人们不需要等待就可以改善这个世界，这是多么美好。”
everybody每个人；nobody没有人；anybody某个人；somebody某个人。根据“wonderful”可知此处表达的是“没有人需要等待”，用不定代词nobody。故选B。
（2022·江苏常州·统考一模）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Researchers at China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp have developed and made the world’s first robot whale shark,which has been __61__in an aquarium(水族馆)at Shanghai Haichang Ocean Park in the city’s Pudong New Area since January.
The whale shark is a slow-moving carpet shark and the largest known living fish. __62__and built by engineers at the Shenyang-based No. 111 Factory, the underwater robot is4.7 meters long, ___63___350 kilograms and can move___64___the speed of 42 meters a minute.
Powered by a lithium(锂) battery, it can swim, turn,___65___ and dive like a real shark by moving its mechanical fins. The mouth and gills(鲐) can also open and close like a shark’s.
The robot can reach the __66__of 10 meters and operate for ___67___ 10 hours, said FangXuelin, a senior researcher at the factory’s Underwater Propulsion Technology Laboratory who is incharge of the robot shark program.The shark can be remotely _68_and can also swim based on preset(预设的) programs or its own sensors(传感器), he said.
“Our robots are to serve three purposes--to perform in aquariums ___69___entertainment, spread knowledge about the sea and aquatic animals __70__ youngsters, and __71__ scientific tasks such as hydro logical surveys, underwater photography and environmental inspection.”
The factory now plans to develop more types of aquatic robots,___72___ some extinct(灭绝的) mammals, for display in parks and schools. It will also promote(推进)the products to business engaged in fields such as underwater salvage(打捞) and mineral prospecting.
61．A．on display B．in show C．on duty D．in place
62．A．Made B．Performed C．Designed D．Solved
63．A．weighs B．measures C．reaches D．deepens
64．A．on B．with C．in D．at
65．A．land B．float C．raise D．breathe
66．A．depth B．length C．weight D．height
67．A．as far as B．as long as C．as wide as D．the same as
68．A．controlled B．replied C．passed D．received
69．A．for B．to C．on D．of
70．A．of B．with C．among D．beyond
71．A．break out B．carry out C．carry on D．break in
72．A．except B．including C．within D．unlike

【短文大意】
本文详细地介绍了中国航天科工集团的研究人员研发并制造了世界上第一条机器鲸鲨。
【答案解析】
61．句意：中国航天科工集团的研究人员研发并制造了世界上第一条机器鲸鲨，并于今年1月在浦东新区上海海昌海洋公园的水族馆展出。
on display展出；in show表面上；on duty值班；in place在场。根据下文“in an aquarium at Shanghai Haichang Ocean Park in the city’s Pudong New Area since January.”可知，机器鲸鱼是在水族馆进行展出的。故选A。
62．句意：该水下机器人由沉阳111厂的工程师设计和制造。
made制作；performed表演；designed设计；solved解决。根据“and built by engineers ”可知，机器人是由工程师设计和制造的。故选C。
63．句意：长4.7米，重350公斤，可以移动。
weighs重达；measures测量；reaches到达；deepens加深。根据下文“350 kilograms”可知，鲨鱼机器人的是重量是350公斤。故选A。
64．句意：可以以每分钟42米的速度移动。
on在……上面；with和……在一起；in在……里面；at以。根据“at the speed of”表示“以……的速度”，固定用法。此处用at。故选D。
65．句意：由锂电池供电，它可以通过移动其机械鳍像真正的鲨鱼一样游泳、转动、漂浮和潜水。
land登陆；float漂浮；raise举起；breathe呼吸。根据文中“ it can swim, turn...and dive like a real shark”可知，它可以像鲸鱼一样漂浮。故选B。
66．句意：该机器人可以到达10米的深度。
depth深度；length长度；weight重量；height高度。根据空前“reach”可知，鲨鱼机器人可以到达的10米的深度。故选A。
67．句意：可以运行长达10个小时。
as far as和……一样远；as long as和……一样长；as wide as和……一样宽；the same as和……一样。根据“10 hours” 可知是长达10个小时。故选B。
68．句意：他说，鲨鱼可以远程控制，也可以根据预设的程序或自己的传感器游泳。
controlled控制；replied 回复；passed通过；received接收。根据“swim based on preset programs or its own sensors”可知，机器人可以进行远程的控制。故选A。
69．句意：我们的机器人将服务于三个目的——在水族馆里表演娱乐。
for为了；to朝向；on在……上面；of属于……的。根据上文中“ three purposes”以及“to perform in aquariums ”可知，机器人在水族馆表演是为了娱乐，for表示为了。故选A。
70．句意：在青少年之间传播海洋和水生动物的知识。
of属于……的；with和……一起；among在……之间，beyond在……的那一边。根据“spread knowledge about the sea and aquatic animals ”以及“ youngsters”可知，是在三者及三者以上之间进行传播。故选C。
71．句意：执行水文调查、水下摄影和环境检查等科学任务。
break out爆发；carry out执行；carry on继续；break in强行闯入。根据后文中“scientific tasks”可知，是执行任务。故选B。
72．句意：工厂现在计划开发更多种类的水上机器人，包括一些已灭绝的哺乳动物，用于公园和学校的展示。
except除……以外；including包括；within在……里面；unlike不像。根据空前半句“The factory now plans to develop more types of aquatic robots”以及空后“some extinct mammals”可知，工厂正在开发更多类型的机器人，包括一些已经灭绝的哺乳动物。故选B。