初中英语阅读理解答题技巧

这是一份初中英语阅读理解答题技巧，共15页。试卷主要包含了命题特点，解题方法，推理判断题的解题方法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
初中英语阅读理解答题技巧 细节理解题阅读理解是中考的必考题型，因为它能全面快速地反映出学生的英语水平。阅读理解题型有很多种，但从命题角度来看，通常可以分为四种：即事实细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题和主旨大意题。事实理解题主要考查学生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把握能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们需要在有限的时 间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文—段落—词语的步骤来解题。一、命题特点事实细节题的考点非常明确，主要有以下几处：1、列举信息处常考。文章中first…second, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等并列关系出现的地方，常会要求考生从所列的内容中，选择符合题干要求的选项。2、举列与打比方之处常考。考生要对那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as, such as, for example, for instance等加以注意，因为这些词是作者为使自己的观点更具说服力而用来引出具体事例的，这些事例就是常考的细节处。3、指示代词出现处常考。这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系。4、引用人物论断处常考。作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。5、特殊标点符号后的内容常考。因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明，同学们注意到这些标点，也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。另 外，事实细节题的选项也很有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬的原文；干扰选项则正好相反，有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；有的符合常识，但不符合原 文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动；有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；也有的是部分正确或部分错误。二、解题方法1. 跳读查找法这 个方法的要点在于先看题干，带着问题读文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how 提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间，这是做事实细节题最 基本也是最常用的方法。一般来说，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便 可确定最佳答案。另外，运用跳读查找法解题时，同学们要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看，很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。例：I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mother in the whole world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have porridge, eggs or toast. When others had Cokes and candy for lunch, I had to eat a sandwich. But at least I wasn’t alone when I was sad. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did. 1. How many children does the writer’s mother have?     A. Four.         B. Two.        C. Three.        D. Six. 2. 排除法排序题也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读，可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时，首先要确定首或尾的答案，通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对，一旦确定，后面的排序就不用再比较了。例：A topiary gardener should make a drawing first. The drawing shows the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener then chooses a bush for the topiary. It may be one that just planted or one that is already in place.In June of the plant’s first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves grow, it’s time to shape (给……造型) the bottom of the bush. It needs about five years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole bush.2. Put the following in the right order according to the passage.    a. The gardener chooses a bush for the topiary.    b. The whole bush grows tall enough for shaping.    c. The gardener begins to shape the bottom of the bush.    d. The gardener draws the shape of a topiary.    A. d→a→b→c     B. b→c→a→d      C. a→d→c→b     D. d→a→c→b 3. 简单计算法数字计算题也是事实细节题的一种，要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。例：When we cut down the rainforests, we destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000.3. The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was ________of that in 1900.    A. half         B. one-third         C. two-fifths        D. one-fifth 细节题占阅读理解的比例很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点：第一，阅读时，利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词first （第一），least （最不），always （总是），never（永不），all（所有），none（一个也不），any（任何）和表示唯一性的词汇only（只有） , just（仅仅），往往是命题的陷阱，因此要多加注意。第二，阅读时，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。第三，文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。阅读能力的提高非一朝之功，需要一个过程。同学们应该持之以恒，进行有计划、有目的的阅读实践，提高阅读能力。推理判断题推理判断题是每年中考的必考题型之一，也是英语阅读理解中难度较大的题型，属于深层理解题。它要求学生对文章中的内容及作者的思路做出合理的判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推论出蕴含在文章中却没有明说的事实及暗示的含义，即英语中所说的“read between the lines”。因此，学生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理，在已知和未知信息之间搭起桥梁，透过字里行间，体会“弦外之音”，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。一、推理判断题常见提问方式1. The writer/author/passage implies/suggests (暗示)that __________.2. It can be inferred（推断）from the passage that __________.3. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?4. What does the author conclude about?5. The passage is intended to __________.6. The first paragraph of this passage is to __________.7. How does the author seem to feel about this issue?8. From the passage, we can learn/conclude that __________.9. Which of the following might happen later?10. The passage may be a/an __________.11. Which of the following is TRUE/ NOT true? 二、选项特点分析命题人在设置选项时，会遵循一定的特点和规律，因此学生了解了推理判断题选项的特点，对提高选项的正确率会有很大帮助。1．正确选项的特点（1）正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；（2）正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等；（3）正确答案有的时候反而是与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。2．干扰选项的特点（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；（3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；（4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；（5）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。三、推理判断题的解题方法做 推理判断题要注意两点:一是推理，二是判断，而且两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推理判断题要求学生根据原文，经过推理，进行判断，从而 得出结论，所以推理判断题的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理时务必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观 点。下面结合2011年各省市的中考题，就考试中常用的四种推理方法进行一一说明。 1. 抓住特定关键信息进行正向或逆向推理做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。例：Mark Wellman showed that if you set your heart and mind on something, no wall is too high, no dream impossible.1. What can we learn from the passage?A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.B. Dreams will come true in the end.C. Each step is important to success.D. Nothing can stop a strong will. 2. 利用作者的思想感情进行推断作者在写作时，自然而然会渗透自己的喜怒哀乐。通过一些表达感情色彩或思想倾向的措辞，领会作者的思想感情，一些考查观点态度的题目就迎刃而解了。例：My whole life I have depended on the kindness of many strangers, I feel regretful that I cannot find them and say thank you. I do not even remember what the man’s face looked like, but he taught me a lesson — people are more important than things.2. According to the passage, which word can best describe the man?A. Rude.          B. Funny.          C. Silly.               D. Kind.例：I had to arrive in Vienna at 7:15 in time to catch the 7:25 train to Paris, but there was no hope of that now. …It was almost 7:25 when we stopped outside the station. I paid the driver quickly, took hold of my bags quickly and hurried inside. “Paris train” was all I had time to say to the official (铁路职工) I saw. You can guess how I feel when he pointed to a train that was just moving out of the station.3. How did the writer feel at Vienna station?A. He felt lonely.    B He felt angry.     C. He felt surprised     D. He felt sad. 3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论不同的文章有不同的写作方法和文章结构。但是，在任何一篇文章中，段与段之间、句与句之间都存在着某种逻辑关系。抓住了这种逻辑关系，也就把握住了作者的写作思路和写作意图。例：2011年北京卷My summer hols wr CWOT. B4, we usd 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his CF & thr 3:-@ kids FTF, ILNY, its gr8.Can you understand this sentence? If you can’t, don’t feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is Netspeak: …4. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?A. To give an example of a foreign language.B. To show an example of creative methods.C. To express worries about using Netspeak.D. To lead in the topic of Netspeak. 4. 结合常识进行推断有些文章，如科普类说明文、记叙类时政要闻等文体具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。例：BEIJING (Xinhua) — Chinese have started to enjoy cars at low prices after the country became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the same time, competition between people has become stronger. According to the China’s Ministry of Personnel (人事部), about 170 million people will lose their jobs after the country has joined the WTO.5. This passage is probably _____.A. a story        B. a note        C. a letter        D. a news report以 上分别从四个方面讲解了如何对文章隐含信息进行推理判断，但有时候题目的设计不一定这么层次分明，需要同时从不同角度对文章的信息进行综合分析、推理和判 断。例如方法三中的例子，需要综合考虑上下文逻辑关系以及文章的感情色彩，才能做出正确的判断。因此，在阅读的过程中，需要考生在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运 用这些方法。中考英语阅读主旨大意题解题技巧命题形式主要有：常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：The text is mainly about ____.The main idea/The general idea/The main purpose is ______.What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last/xx paragraph?What would be the best title /headline for the text?This article mainly tells about the story of ____.What is the topic of the text?The subject discussed in this text is ____.What does the second paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.What is mainly discussed in the text?解题技巧。1.先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。2.再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其他深层次问题。4、这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做一、     文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。主题呈现的方式：1．  开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.题目：What does this passage mainly talk about？A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.2．  藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.
题目：What’s the main idea of the passage？
A. Keep away from the Internet.
B. Surf the net.
C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.3.首尾呼应式：在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is…There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.题目：The passage is mainly about      . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada4.抛砖引玉式：文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful？Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (栖息地). …Zoos claim (声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty….…Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.题目： What does the author try to argue in the passage？A.Zoos are not worth the public support.B.Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.C.Zoos should treat animals as human beings.D.Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.5．藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.题目：The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则：像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning？”Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)…题：What would be the best title for the passage？ A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive？ C．A Christmas Story D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children？ Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知） of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.56. According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.A. the visitors to his office   B. the psychology lessons he hasC. his physical feeling of coldness  D. the things he has bought online57. The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.A. adults should develop social skills B. babies need warm physical contactC. caregivers should be healthy adults D. monkeys have social relationships58. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to ______.A. evaluate someone’s personalityB. write down their hypothesesC. fill out a personal information formD. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively59. We can infer from the passage that ______.A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiencesB. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwideC. physical temperature affects how we see othersD. capable persons are often cold to others60. What would be the best title for the passage?A. Drinking for Better Social RelationshipsB. Experiments of Personality EvaluationC. Developing Better Drinking HabitsD. Physical Sensations and Emotions主旨题不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题，要注意1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。 因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。