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高中英语外研版 (2019)必修 第三册Unit 2 Making a difference导学案及答案
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这是一份高中英语外研版 (2019)必修 第三册Unit 2 Making a difference导学案及答案，共14页。
Unit 2 ——Making a difference
第一部分
Ⅰ.词汇拓展
1．contribution n．贡献 →contribute
v．贡献
2．relief n．减轻，缓解→relieve v．使减轻；使解除(痛苦、忧愁等)
3．effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的→effect n．效果
4．donate v．捐赠，捐献→donation
n．捐献，捐赠→donor n．捐献者；赠送人
5．reality n．真实，现实→real adj.真的→really adv.真正地；实际上
6．extend v．持续；延伸→extension n．延伸；扩大→extensive adj. 广阔的; 广大的; 大量的; 广泛的
7．hesitate v．迟疑，犹豫→ hesitation n．犹豫；踌躇
8．assistance n．帮助，协助，援助→ assist v．帮助，协助，援助→ assistant n．助手，助理；售货员
9．confirmation n．证实，证明→ confirm v．证实；肯定；确定
10. achievement n．成绩，成就→ achieve v．完成；达到
11.tangle v. 缠结；纠缠；使混乱；使陷入 n. 缠结；混乱；纠纷→ tangled adj. 纠结的；纠缠的；混乱的
12. ability能力→ able 能够的,有能力的→ unable不能的,不会的→ disable 使 ... 失去能力→ disabled残废的,有缺陷的→ disability残疾→ enable使能够→ enable sb. to do使某人能做某事
13．major adj.重要的，主要的； n. 主修（科目）；v. 主修 → majority n．大部分，大多数
14．treatment n．治疗；疗法→ treat v．治疗；对待；款待 n．款待；招待
15. internal adj. 国内的；内部的；内心的→external adj. 外来的；外部的；外面的；表面的
16. registration n. 注册；登记；挂号→register v. 登记；记录；注册；挂号
17. generous adj. 慷慨的；大方→ generosity n. 慷慨；大方
Ⅱ.核心短语
1．under control 受支配；受控制
2．look across 眺望
3．earn/make money 挣钱
4．give up 放弃
5．be determined to do sth 下决心做某事
6．persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事
7．make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用
8．burst into a smile 突然笑起来
9．set up 建立
10．benefit from 从……中获益
11．make one's dream a reality 使某人梦想成真
12．come up with 想出；提出
13．cheer up 振作起来
14．come across 偶然遇到
15．in danger 处于危险中
16．keep records of 把……记录下来
17．serve as 担任，充当
18．for the most part 在很大程度上
19．take in 收留，收容
20．at one point 曾经，在某一时刻
21．rise to one's feet 站起身来
22．bring...to public attention 让公众注意到……
23．pass away 去世
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．have trouble (in) doing sth“做某事有困难”
As a six-year-old Canadian schoolboy, Ryan had trouble _________ (believe) the words _______ (speak) by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldn't get enough clean water.
2. so...that... “如此……以至于……”
And why is the water _______ dirty _______ it makes them sick?
为什么他们会因为喝了不卫生的水而生病？
3. 不定式作表语
At first, his plan was _________ (earn) money to build a single well somewhere in Africa.
起初，他的计划是挣些钱在非洲挖一口井。
4. “介词＋which”引导定语从句
After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with ________ a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
几个月后，瑞安筹到了2,000美元。有了这笔钱，乌干达的一所小学旁边建起了一口井。
5. not...but... “不是……而是……”
Now, as an adult, Ryan says that the question to ask is ______ “Why don't I help？”， _____“How can I help today？”．
如今，瑞安已长大成人，他说现在的问题不是“我为什么不去帮助他们”，而是“如今我该如何去帮助他们”。
1. New research shows that intelligence is not fixed _________ can be boosted throughout adulthood.
6．if necessary“如果有必要”
Take notes______________.
如果有必要，就记笔记。
7．on＋n./doing...“刚一做某事(就)……”
On _________(leave) school，Winton worked in banks in Germany and France.
从学校毕业后，温顿先后在德国和法国的银行工作。
8．where引导非限制性定语从句
He returned to Britain in 1931, ______ he worked in business.
1931年，他回到英国，从事商业工作。
9. as引导非限制性定语从句
__________ the Chinese saying goes，“A kind－hearted person lives a long life.”
这恰恰印证了中国的一句古话：仁者寿。
第2部分 核心词汇精研
1. contribution n．贡献，促成作用；捐赠
①He has made great contributions to the space development programme.
他对太空发展计划作出了巨大贡献。
②It was generous of her to contribute such a large sum of money to the charity.
她很大方，向慈善机构捐助了这么一大笔钱。
③Eating too much fat can contribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
摄入太多的脂肪会导致心脏病和高血压的发生。
[归纳拓展]
(1)make a contribution/contributions
to 对……作出贡献
(2)contribute v. 捐赠，捐献；贡献；促成；导致；投稿
contribute...to... 把……捐献给……；给……投稿
contribute to 作出贡献,有助于,导致
【名师点津】
contribute to和make a contribution/ contributions to中的to都为介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词。
(1)单句语法填空
①Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some _______________(contribute) to the class.
②Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes ________ the homeless people.
③These contribute to _________(build) up our confidence and ____________ (help) us meet bigger challenges in the future.
(2)单句写作
④一个好的目标使你感觉良好并有助于增强你的信心。
A good goal makes you feel good and _______________________________
_______________________________.
⑤每个人都应当为保护环境作贡献。
Everyone should ___________________
_________________________________ the environment.
2. relief n．减轻，缓解
① Much to the mother's relief, her son was eventually admitted to a key university.
使这个母亲非常欣慰的是，她儿子最终被一所重点大学录取了。
②Knowing that he passed the driving test，the man sighed in relief.
知道自己通过了驾照考试，这个男人如释重负地叹了口气。
③It's a relief to know that the doctor has relieved you of the pain.
知道医生已经减轻了你的痛苦是很欣慰的事情。
[归纳拓展]
(1) in/with relief 如释重负；松了口气
to one's relief 令人感到欣慰的是
It's a relief to do sth 做某事是令人欣慰的
(2) relieve v. 使轻松，宽慰；使解除(痛苦、忧愁等)
relieve sb of ... 解除某人……方面的负担
(1)单句语法填空
①It was ________ relief to see my support team at the end of the road.
②My assistant relieved me ________ all the paperwork.
③The passengers all sighed ________ relief when the plane finally landed safely.
(2)完成句子
④__________________(令我们十分宽慰的是), with the help of her teacher, she was able to put her heart into her study.
3. effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的
① Watermelon is effective in reducing both your body temperature and blood pressure.
西瓜对降低体温和血压都有效。
②Modern farming methods can have an effect on the environment.
现代农业耕作方法会对环境造成影响。
③Your opinion will not affect my decision.
你的意见不会影响我的决定。
[归纳拓展]
(1) take effective measures to do sth 采取有效措施做某事
(2) effect n. 效果，作用；影响
have an/no effect on...对……有(没有)影响
come into effect 开始生效；开始实施
(3) effectively adv. 有效地
(4) affect v. 影响
(1)单句语法填空
①Every employee of the company is required to solve the problems ____________(effect)．
②Sometimes, the adults could also _________________ (effect) by the violent content of the video games.
③Before the new law comes into ________， I hope we can take some __________ measures to protect the Tibetan antelopes. Then we should work ___________ at once.(effect)
(2)单句写作
④大量吸烟对他的健康有坏的影响。
Heavy smoking ____________________ his health.
4. earn (挣)钱
① My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
我爷爷说他们去年夏天靠卖鱼挣了不少钱。
②The famous singer once earned a living by singing in a nightclub.
这位著名的歌手曾在一家夜总会唱歌谋生。
③Einstein's achievements earned him the praise of the entire scientific community.
爱因斯坦的成就为他赢得了整个科学界的赞誉。
[归纳拓展]
earn money (＝make money) 赚钱，挣钱
earn one's/a living(＝make one's/a living)谋生
earn fame/a reputation 赢得名声
earn sb. sth. 为某人赢得某物
片段填空
After graduating from college, he decided to be a doctor in a small mountain village. Although he didn't ______________________(挣钱不多)， he ________________________________ (声誉很好)among the villagers . At first, his parents wondered how he ______________________(谋生) on such little money but gradually they understood him.
5. donate v．捐赠，捐献
①It is so generous of you to have donated so much money to the earthquake victims.
你把那么多钱捐给地震的灾民，你真慷慨！
②Employees make regular donations to the charity.
员工定期向慈善机构捐赠。
③This will make him the biggest donor to the charity in the US history.
这将使他成为美国历史上给慈善机构捐钱的最大捐赠者。[归纳拓展]
(1) donate sth to... 向……捐赠某物
(2) donation n. [C]捐赠物；[U]捐赠，赠送
make a donation(donations) to 捐赠
(3) donor n. 捐赠者
【名师点津】
donate虽然是及物动词，但不能接双宾语，常与介词to搭配。类似用法的还有say, explain, introduce等。
(1)单句语法填空
①After the earthquake happened，many actors donated much money ________ Jiuzhaigou Valley.
②To help more people in India，the IMA Blood Bank has also developed a team to educate the public about blood __________ (donate)．
③Doctors are searching a blood ________ (donate) to the patient whose blood type is rare.
(2)一句多译
④他向该村捐赠现金五万美元。
He______________________________ the village.
→He ____________________________
______________________ the village.
6. make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用
①I know I can't change the whole world, but I'm proud that I can help here and there, and make a difference to people's lives.
我知道我无法改变整个世界，但我很自豪，因为我能处处给人们提供帮助，对他们的生活产生影响。
②It evidently made no difference whether I was there to look after things or not.
我在不在那儿照看东西显然无关紧要。
[归纳拓展]
make a difference to 对……有影响/起作用
make a great difference 起很大的作用
make no/little difference (几乎)没有关系，(几乎)没有影响
It makes no difference whether...是否…… 没有影响。(It 作形式主语)
(1)单句语法填空
①Eating a balanced diet can really make a ____________ (different).
②As a result, the sea air has made a difference ________ her health.
(2)单句写作
③只有言行一致我们才能对希望完成的任何事情有所帮助。
Only when we match our words with actions can we ___________________ to whatever we hope to accomplish.
④他来不来这里对我来说没有什么影响。
_______________________________
_____________ he comes here or not.
7. break into a smile 突然笑起来
① He is always serious and it is very hard to make him break into a smile.
他总是很严肃，很难让他突然笑起来。
②When the famous singer appeared, the fans broke into cheers.
当这个著名的歌手出现时，歌迷们爆发出欢呼声。
③We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
早上我们到达工作地点时发现有人在(前一天)晚上闯进了办公室。
[归纳拓展]
(1) break into tears/cheers 突然哭/欢呼起来
break into a run 突然飞奔起来
break into the house 强行闯入屋子
break into the movie 打入电影界(2) break away from 脱离；逃脱
break down 出故障；垮掉；失败
break up 解散；破裂
break in (强行进入)打断，搅扰
break through 突破
break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发
break off 折断,停止
【名师点津】
break in和break into都有“闯入”的意思。break in为不及物动词短语，后不跟宾语；break into为及物动词短语，后可以跟宾语。
用break的相关短语填空
①No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience ____________ thunderous applause.
②When the news came that the war __________， he decided to serve in the army.
③Our car _____________ on the way and what's worse，it was getting dark.
④The police came and ____________ the crowds.
8. reality n．真实，现实
①As I look back on that day now, it surely lacks any sense of reality.
当我现在回首那天发生的事情时，我觉得它依然缺少现实感。
②She seemed confident but in reality she felt extremely nervous.
她显得信心十足，实际上她紧张得要命。
③I'll try my best to turn my dream into reality.
我将尽最大的努力让自己梦想成真。
[归纳拓展]
(1) in reality＝in fact＝as a matter of fact 事实上
turn...into reality 使……成为现实
bring sb back to reality 使某人回到现实
(2) real adj. 真的
really adv. 真正地
(1)单句语法填空
①It's known that there is a very ______ difference between a dream and ________.(real)
②I haven't got much sleep this past week, and I feel ________(real) tired.
(2)单句写作
③考试时他看上去自信且冷静，事实上他非常地紧张。
He looked very confident and calm during the test，but ___________
_________________________ he was extremely nervous.
④年轻时我们应该努力工作，把“中国梦”变为现实。
We ought to work hard to _______________________________ when we are young.
第3部分 核心词汇精研
1. sensitive adj.容易生气的，敏感的
①For a sensitive child, parents need to use a quiet but firm discipline.
对敏感的孩子，父母要用冷静而坚定的态度管教。
②She was sensitive to music and liked to hear the violin played.
她对音乐很敏感，喜欢听小提琴演奏。
③Young people are very sensitive about their appearance.
年轻人很在乎自己的外貌。
[归纳拓展]
be sensitive to 对……敏感
be sensitive about 介意，在乎
a highly sensitive electronic camera高度灵敏的电子摄像机
【词语辨析】
sensitive与 sensible
●sensitive意为“敏感的，灵敏的”，指人反应力强，可简单理解为敏感、易受影响。
●sensible意为“明智的；明显的；意识到的”，指人能做出正确判断，且行为理智、切合实际。
(1)单句语法填空
①He's very sensitive ________ his pupils' need for encouragement and knows when to praise them.
②Some students are especially sensitive ________ making mistakes.
(2)选词填空(sensible/sensitive)
③Some plants are__________ to light and they prefer shade.
④I think it is a___________ idea.
⑤She is__________ about the topic and we'd better not discuss it before her.
⑥It is______________ to buy the most uptodate version.
2. generous adj.慷慨的，大方的
①I'd like to thank Mary, who's been very generous with her time.
我想感谢玛丽，她非常慷慨地投入了大量的时间。
②Although he was poor, he was quite generous to his needy friends.
他虽穷，但对贫苦的朋友很慷慨。
③It is generous of you to lend your portable computer to me.
你把便携式电脑借给我，你真是太大方了。
[归纳拓展]
(1) be generous to sb 对某人慷慨
be generous with sth 在某方面大方；不吝啬某物
It's generous of sb to do sth某人做某事真是慷慨
(2) generously adv. 慷慨地，大方地
generosity n. 慷慨，大方，大度
【名师点津】
generous常与of连用构成不定式的复合结构：It is generous of sb to do sth。可用于这一句型的表示人的品质的形容词还有nice, silly, clever, foolish, kind, wise等。
(1)单句语法填空
①As a manager, he is very generous ________ the workers in the company.
②He __________________(generous) contributed a lot of money to the village primary school last week.
③It is agreed that his ______________ (generous) is worth admiring.
(2)完成句子
④____________________(你真慷慨)to donate so much money to the Hope Project.
3. hesitate v．迟疑，犹豫
①She hesitated about/over the choice between the two dresses.
她对到底选择这两件连衣裙中的哪一件犹豫不决。
②We are at your service. Don't hesitate to turn to us if you have any further problems.
我们随时为您服务，如果您还有问题的话，请尽管来找我们。
③The Mullers gave their phone number to the street people without hesitation and told them to phone anytime.
穆勒夫妇毫不犹豫地把电话号码给那些街上(需要帮助)的人，并告诉他们可以随时打电话。
[归纳拓展]
(1) hesitate to do sth 迟疑做某事；不愿做某事
hesitate about/over (doing) sth(做)某事犹豫不决
(2) hesitation n. 犹豫，迟疑
without hesitation 毫不犹豫地
have no hesitation in doing sth 很乐意做某事
(1)单句语法填空
①I hesitated a lot __________ whether to tell him the bad news.
②In the event of (倘若, 万一) difficulties, please do not hesitate ___________ (contact) our Customer Service Department.
③A man immediately rushed to the girl to give her first aid and I joined in without ____________(hesitate)．
(2)单句写作
④她毫不犹豫地接受了我的提议。
She _____________________ accepting my offer.
4. assistance n．帮助，协助
①Despite his cries no one came to his assistance.
尽管他大声喊叫， 却没有人来帮助他。
②He can walk only with the assistance of crutches.
他只能在拐杖的辅助下走路。
③We will assist you to find/in finding somewhere to live.
我们将帮你找个住的地方。
④Two men are assisting the police with their enquiries.
两个人正配合警方的询问。
[归纳拓展]
(1) come/go/rush to one’s assistance 来/去/冲过来帮助某人
with the assistance of ... 在……的帮助下
(2) assist sb to do sth 帮助某人做某事
assist sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
assist sb in doing sth 帮助某人做某事
(3) assistant n. 助理，助手
(1)单句语法填空
①I often assist my mum ________ the housework.
②Don't worry. He will assist you _______________________________ (complete) the task.
③One of her fellow passengers came to her __________ (assist) when she was in trouble.
(2)单句写作
④他一直在父亲的协助下经营这家公司。
He's been running the company _______________________________.
5. aid n．& v．帮助，援助
① Tom's uncle aided him in getting a new job.
汤姆的叔叔帮他找一份新工作。
②The new test should aid in the early finding of the disease.
新的化验应该有助于早早检查出这种疾病。
③He succeeded with the aid of a completely new method he discovered.
借助于自己发现的一种全新的方法，他获得了成功。
④There are many emergencies which need prompt(迅速的) first aid treatment.
有很多紧急情况需要进行迅速的急救处理。
[归纳拓展]
(1) aid sb. to do/aid sb. with…/aid sb. in doing 帮助某人做……
(2) aid in 帮助，在……给予帮助
come (go) to one's aid 来(去)帮助某人
first aid 急救
in aid of 用来帮助……；为了帮助……
with the aid of 借助……的帮助
(1)单句语法填空
①We may travel ________ the aid of a good map，which can save much trouble.
②He collected money ________ aid of the charity，who accepted help from it.
③They all came ________ my aid when I met with difficulties.
(2)一句多译
④他们已帮助我提前完成了工作。
They've __________________ the work ahead of time.
→They've _____________________ the work ahead of time.
6. rise to one's feet 站起身来
①At the end of the celebration, we all rose to our feet, cheering wildly.
庆典结束时，我们都站了起来，热烈地欢呼。
②Hearing the good news, he jumped to his feet with great joy.
听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。
③Though he was badly wounded, he struggled to his feet and went on running.
虽然他伤得很重，但他挣扎着站起来继续跑。
[归纳拓展]
struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来
jump to one's feet 跳起
stand on one's own feet 自立；独立自主
set foot on/in 进入；踏入；涉足于
完成句子
①Now that you have grown up, you must learn to ____________________ (独立)．
②The moment he ____________(踏上) his motherland, he became excited.
③The lion____________________(跳起来) and started running at the goat. ④Beaten down on the ground, he _____________________ (挣扎着站起来) and held up his head, glaring at his enemy.
⑤At the end of the concert, the audience ___________________(站起身) to applaud and cheer.
7. achievement n．成就，成绩
①Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
即便是小小的成功也会给你一种成就感。
②Tu Youyou has made great achievements in the medical field.
屠呦呦在医学领域取得了很大的成就。
③Finally he achieved his dream of becoming a teacher.
最后他实现了当老师的梦想。
[归纳拓展]
(1)make an achievement / achievements in 在……方面取得成就
a sense of achievement 一种成就感
(2) achieve v. 实现(目标、理想等)；取得(胜利、成功等)
achieve one's goal/dream/hope实现目标/梦想/希望
achieve success 取得成功
【语境助记】
I've achieved only half of what I'd hoped, so I cannot celebrate the achievements I've made, although everyone said I should have a sense of achievement.
我只完成了原本希望的一半， 因此我不能庆祝自己所取得的成绩， 尽管每个人都说我应该有一种成就感。
(1)单句语法填空
①I felt a great sense ____ achievement when I reached the top of the mountain.
②They _______________(achieve) a lot in treating the new disease since last year.
(2)单句写作
③他在科研工作中取得了巨大的成就。
He _____________________________
_____________________________ his scientific research.
第4部分 重点句式精析
1. As a sixyearold Canadian schoolboy，Ryan had trouble believing the words spoken by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldn't get enough clean water.
年仅六岁的加拿大男孩瑞安难以相信老师说的话——在欠发达的非洲国家，许多人都喝不到足够的干净的水。
[句式分析]
have trouble (in) doing sth“做某事有困难”。
①I have great trouble remembering all these numbers in a short time.
我短时间内记住这所有的数字很费劲。
②We had trouble with our neighbours over the noise that they were making.
我们因邻居制造的噪音而与他们闹纠纷。
[归纳拓展]
have much/some/little/no difficulty /trouble/ problems (in) doing sth
做……有很大/一些/很少/没有困难
have difficulty/trouble/problems with sth
在……方面有困难；与……有纠纷
have a hard/good time (in) doing sth
做某事经历困难/愉快的时光e
have fun in doing
【名师点津】
在考查句型“have difficulty (in) doing sth”时，difficulty往往提前作为主句中的先行词，定语从句中谓语成为have doing形式。
(1)单句语法填空
①Whenever we have trouble ________ our studies，our teachers always help us patiently.
②You can't imagine the trouble we had ________ (finish) the work ahead of time.
③The children are having fun in ________ (play) hide－and－seek.
(2)单句写作
④由于有那个男孩领路，我们没费多大劲就找到了那所村庄。
With the boy leading the way，we ______________________________
______________________________.
2. And why is the water so dirty that it makes them sick?
为什么他们会因为喝了不卫生的水而生病？
[句式分析]
so...that...“如此……以至于……”。so为副词，修饰形容词dirty；that 为连词，引导结果状语从句。
①The teacher explained the English grammar so clearly that we all understood it.
②There are so many spelling mistakes in your composition that I can't understand what you are writing about.
[归纳拓展]
so/such...that引导结果状语从句的用法：
(1)so＋adj.(adv.) /adj. ＋ a(n) ＋ n. /much ,many, little, few＋that－clause
(2)such＋a(n) ＋ adj. ＋ 可数名词单数/adj. ＋ 可数名词复数/adj. ＋ 不可数名词＋that－clause
_______ nice weather
_______ sweet music
_______ kind villagers
_______ attractive places
_______ much work
_______ many books
_______ little time
_______ few tickets
【名师点津】
当“so＋形容词/副词”及“such...”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
→So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
(1)单句语法填空
①He spoke ________ quickly that no one could hear him clearly.
②It was ________ good an exhibition that I went to see it several times.
→It was ________ a good exhibition that I went to see it several times.
③There was ________ much work to do that everybody got bored.
(2)同义句转换
④The girl was so beautiful that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
→So _____________________ that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
⑤She is such a kind teacher that we all like her.
→She is ________________ that we all like her.
(3)一句多译
⑥杭州是一个如此吸引人的地方以至于每年都有很多游客来观光旅游。
Hangzhou is ____________________ lots of tourists visit the city every year.
→Hangzhou is ____________________ lots of tourists visit the city every year.
3. On leaving school，Winton worked in banks in Germany and France.
从学校毕业后，温顿先后在德国和法国的银行工作。
[句式分析]
upon/on＋n./doing...表示“一……就……”，相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。
①Upon finishing his studies, he started travelling in China.
一完成学业，他就开始了中国之旅。
②On his return from his vacation, he began writing his first novel.
他休假一回来，就开始写他的第一部小说。
③The movie began as soon as (＝immediately/directly/instantly/the moment/the minute/the instant/the second) we got there.
④I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain.
＝No sooner had I gone out than it began to rain.
[归纳拓展]
表示“一……就……”还有以下几种表达：
(1) immediately/directly/instantly＋从句
(2) the moment/minute/second/instant＋从句
(3) no sooner...than.../hardly /barely (scarcely) ...when...(主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，如果no sooner或hardly位于句首，主句需部分倒装)
同义句转换
①As soon as she returned to her hometown，she successfully set up her business.
→____________________________ her hometown, she successfully set up her business.
→Upon _____________ her hometown，she successfully set up her business.
②They went to help as soon as they heard of the accident.
→____________________ heard of the accident ________ they offered help.
→____________________ heard of the accident ________ they went to help.
→They went to help _______________
_________________________________ they heard of the accident.
Grammar
过去分词作定语
[语法感知]
①But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera(霍乱).
②He huddled(挤作一团) in the corner like a terrified( 恐惧的,受惊吓的) child.
③From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
④He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.
⑤He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump(泵；抽水机) so that it could not be used.
⑥With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.
[我的发现]
(1)例句①～⑥中的过去分词(短语)作________。
(2)例句②、③、⑤、⑥中为单个的过去分词作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的________；例句①、④中过去分词短语作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的________。
过去分词作定语
规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加词尾ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。过去分词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独用作谓语。
一、过去分词作定语的位置
1．单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前。
The ground was covered with _______ (fall) leaves.
People shouldn't be exposed to_______ (pollute) water.
2．过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
I was instructed to carry out a plan __________(support) by most people.
＝I was instructed to carry out a plan which was supported by most people.
我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。
【名师点津】
①有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上往往放在被修饰词之后。
There is little time ________(leave). Let's hurry up.
②过去分词修饰代词时，应放在被修饰词之后。
He is one of those _________(invite).
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同。试比较：
This is a _______(use) car.
这是一辆二手车。
The method _________(use) is very efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
二、过去分词作定语的意义
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动；及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成。
1．不及物动词：只表示完成，不表示被动。
a ________(retire) teacher 退休教师
_________(fall) leaves 落叶
the _______(rise) sun 升起的太阳
2．及物动词：表示被动或完成。
an ___________(honour) guest
一位受尊敬的客人
deeply ________(move) people
深受感动的人们
the ________(break) glass
碎了的杯子
the question __________(discuss) yesterday 昨天讨论的问题
三、现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
1．语态上不同：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词多表示被动意义。
The woman __________(stand) beside him is his secretary. (the woman与stand之间是主动关系)
站在他旁边的那个女人是他的秘书。
She showed me the book ______________ (recommend) by the professor.(the book与recommend之间是被动关系)
她把教授推荐的书给我看了看。
2．时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the changing world 正在发生变化的世界
the changed world 已经变化了的世界
3．英语中有很多与感觉有关的动词其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人……的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词表示被动意义，即“感到……的”，多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情等。常用的这类词有：
exciting令人激动的
excited激动的，兴奋的
astonishing令人惊讶的
astonished 感到惊讶的
inspiring令人鼓舞的
inspired 受鼓舞的
disappointing令人失望的
disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的
encouraged 受到鼓舞的
interesting令人感兴趣的
interested感兴趣的
moving感人的
moved受感动的
frightening令人害怕的
frightened 吓坏了的
pleasing令人高兴的
pleased感到满意的
tiring令人劳累的
tired感到劳累的
satisfying令人满意的
satisfied感到满意的
shocking令人震惊的
shocked感到震惊的
worrying令人担心的
worried 感到担心的
puzzling令人迷惑的
puzzled感到迷惑的
The children were all inspired after they heard the inspiring news that they would be sent to Australia as international exchange students.
这些孩子在听到他们将作为国际交换生被送到澳大利亚去这个令人鼓舞的消息后，都深受鼓舞。
【名师点津】
有些使令动词，如dress, seat, absorb等，其过去分词无论作定语还是表语，都无被动的意味。因为dress oneself in等于be dressed in; seat oneself on等于be seated on; absorb oneself in等于be absorbed in。这种现象缘于反身代词的用法：主语和宾语同为一人，主语是动作的发出者，又是动作的承受者。这就出现了被动语态或过去分词不表示“被动”的语言现象。
四、过去分词、现在分词的被动形式与动词不定式的被动形式作定语的区别
done, being done, to be done三者均表被动含义，过去分词表示已完成的动作，现在分词一般被动式表示正在进行的动作，而不定式的被动式表示动作尚未发生。
The building _________(build) last year is our teaching building.
The building __________ (build) now is our teaching building.
The building ___________(build) next month is our teaching building.
随堂训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.
2.The salesgirl at last handled the difficult customer and gave a ________ (satisfy) smile.
3．In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ (hide) within the work.
4．Don't drink ________(pollute) water because it can cause many diseases.
5．Look! The student ________(seat) at the back of the classroom is absorbed in a novel while the teacher is giving a lesson.
6．To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study __________(conduct) in Australia in 2012.
7．The chairman announced the ________ news in an ________ voice. (excite)
8．Please get the ________(break) clock repaired as soon as possible.
9．They might just have a place ________(leave) on the writing course—why don't you give it a try?
10．After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ___________(provide)．
Ⅱ. 改写句子
1．The girl who is dressed in white is my daughter.
= The girl ___________(dress) in white is my daughter.
2．We decided to call on a professor. He had retired.
=We decided to call on a _________ (retire) professor.
3．There is nothing that has changed since I left this town.
= There is nothing __________(change) since I left this town.
4．I found a candle in the room. It was lighted.
= I found a ________(light) candle in the room.
5．The police have found your wallet. You lost it on a bus.
= The police have found your wallet ____ (lose) on a bus.
6．Do you want to see the doctor? He was sent from the city hospital.
= Do you want to see the doctor ______ (send) from the city hospital?
7．I have interviewed the passengers who were seriously injured in the accident.
= I have interviewed the passengers seriously _______(injure) in the accident.
8．Some people from the countries that have developed seem to look down upon poor Africans.
= Some people from the _____________ (develop) countries seem to look down upon poor Africans.
随堂练习（二）
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．With ________(fall) leaves buried in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer.
2．His book _______________(publish) next month is based on a true story.
3．The ________(puzzle) look on his face suggested that he didn't grasp what I said.
4．The police have warned the villagers not to swim in the ________(pollute) river.
5．China Daily, first _________(publish) in 1980, is very popular with students of English in China.
6．There was an ________(excite) look on his face when the actress appeared.
7．________(clean) women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
8．The suggestion __________(discuss) just now is of great value.
9．The computer centre, ________ (open) last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
10．The movie ________(call) Ne Zha was famous for its special techniques.
Ⅱ.句型转换(用非谓语动词改写下列句子)
1．We must adapt our thinking to the conditions that changed.
→We must adapt our thinking to the ____________(change) conditions.
2．The story which/that was written by a little boy is popular in schools.
→The story __________(write) by a little boy is popular in schools.
3．The man who had retired was much interested in painting.
→The ________(retire) man was much interested in painting.
4．Nothing that was reported interested him.
→Nothing _________(report) interested him.
5．The student who is dressed in blue is my son.
→The student __________(dress) in blue is my son.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1. Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly anything ________ (leave) in the house.
2．The problem ___________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday was very difficult to solve.
3．Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a __________ (satisfy) smile at last.
4．They're having a meeting to discuss the serious problem ________ (know) to everybody．
5．Most of the artists ________ (invite) to the party were from South Africa.
6．The students __________(inspire) by the teacher worked harder than ever before.
Unit 2 ——Making a difference
第一部分
Ⅰ.词汇拓展
1．contribution n．贡献 →contribute
v．贡献
2．relief n．减轻，缓解→relieve v．使减轻；使解除(痛苦、忧愁等)
3．effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的→effect n．效果
4．donate v．捐赠，捐献→donation
n．捐献，捐赠→donor n．捐献者；赠送人
5．reality n．真实，现实→real adj.真的→really adv.真正地；实际上
6．extend v．持续；延伸→extension n．延伸；扩大→extensive adj. 广阔的; 广大的; 大量的; 广泛的
7．hesitate v．迟疑，犹豫→ hesitation n．犹豫；踌躇
8．assistance n．帮助，协助，援助→ assist v．帮助，协助，援助→ assistant n．助手，助理；售货员
9．confirmation n．证实，证明→ confirm v．证实；肯定；确定
10. achievement n．成绩，成就→ achieve v．完成；达到
11.tangle v. 缠结；纠缠；使混乱；使陷入 n. 缠结；混乱；纠纷→ tangled adj. 纠结的；纠缠的；混乱的
12. ability能力→ able 能够的,有能力的→ unable不能的,不会的→ disable 使 ... 失去能力→ disabled残废的,有缺陷的→ disability残疾→ enable使能够→ enable sb. to do使某人能做某事
13．major adj.重要的，主要的； n. 主修（科目）；v. 主修 → majority n．大部分，大多数
14．treatment n．治疗；疗法→ treat v．治疗；对待；款待 n．款待；招待
15. internal adj. 国内的；内部的；内心的→external adj. 外来的；外部的；外面的；表面的
16. registration n. 注册；登记；挂号→register v. 登记；记录；注册；挂号
17. generous adj. 慷慨的；大方→ generosity n. 慷慨；大方
Ⅱ.核心短语
1．under control 受支配；受控制
2．look across 眺望
3．earn/make money 挣钱
4．give up 放弃
5．be determined to do sth 下决心做某事
6．persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事
7．make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用
8．burst into a smile 突然笑起来
9．set up 建立
10．benefit from 从……中获益
11．make one's dream a reality 使某人梦想成真
12．come up with 想出；提出
13．cheer up 振作起来
14．come across 偶然遇到
15．in danger 处于危险中
16．keep records of 把……记录下来
17．serve as 担任，充当
18．for the most part 在很大程度上
19．take in 收留，收容
20．at one point 曾经，在某一时刻
21．rise to one's feet 站起身来
22．bring...to public attention 让公众注意到……
23．pass away 去世
Ⅲ.经典句式
1．have trouble (in) doing sth“做某事有困难”
As a six-year-old Canadian schoolboy, Ryan had trouble _________ (believe) the words _______ (speak) by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldn't get enough clean water.
2. so...that... “如此……以至于……”
And why is the water _______ dirty _______ it makes them sick?
为什么他们会因为喝了不卫生的水而生病？
3. 不定式作表语
At first, his plan was _________ (earn) money to build a single well somewhere in Africa.
起初，他的计划是挣些钱在非洲挖一口井。
4. “介词＋which”引导定语从句
After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with ________ a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
几个月后，瑞安筹到了2,000美元。有了这笔钱，乌干达的一所小学旁边建起了一口井。
5. not...but... “不是……而是……”
Now, as an adult, Ryan says that the question to ask is ______ “Why don't I help？”， _____“How can I help today？”．
如今，瑞安已长大成人，他说现在的问题不是“我为什么不去帮助他们”，而是“如今我该如何去帮助他们”。
1. New research shows that intelligence is not fixed _________ can be boosted throughout adulthood.
6．if necessary“如果有必要”
Take notes______________.
如果有必要，就记笔记。
7．on＋n./doing...“刚一做某事(就)……”
On _________(leave) school，Winton worked in banks in Germany and France.
从学校毕业后，温顿先后在德国和法国的银行工作。
8．where引导非限制性定语从句
He returned to Britain in 1931, ______ he worked in business.
1931年，他回到英国，从事商业工作。
9. as引导非限制性定语从句
__________ the Chinese saying goes，“A kind－hearted person lives a long life.”
这恰恰印证了中国的一句古话：仁者寿。
第2部分 核心词汇精研
1. contribution n．贡献，促成作用；捐赠
①He has made great contributions to the space development programme.
他对太空发展计划作出了巨大贡献。
②It was generous of her to contribute such a large sum of money to the charity.
她很大方，向慈善机构捐助了这么一大笔钱。
③Eating too much fat can contribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
摄入太多的脂肪会导致心脏病和高血压的发生。
[归纳拓展]
(1)make a contribution/contributions
to 对……作出贡献
(2)contribute v. 捐赠，捐献；贡献；促成；导致；投稿
contribute...to... 把……捐献给……；给……投稿
contribute to 作出贡献,有助于,导致
【名师点津】
contribute to和make a contribution/ contributions to中的to都为介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词。
(1)单句语法填空
①Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some _______________(contribute) to the class.
②Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes ________ the homeless people.
③These contribute to _________(build) up our confidence and ____________ (help) us meet bigger challenges in the future.
(2)单句写作
④一个好的目标使你感觉良好并有助于增强你的信心。
A good goal makes you feel good and _______________________________
_______________________________.
⑤每个人都应当为保护环境作贡献。
Everyone should ___________________
_________________________________ the environment.
2. relief n．减轻，缓解
① Much to the mother's relief, her son was eventually admitted to a key university.
使这个母亲非常欣慰的是，她儿子最终被一所重点大学录取了。
②Knowing that he passed the driving test，the man sighed in relief.
知道自己通过了驾照考试，这个男人如释重负地叹了口气。
③It's a relief to know that the doctor has relieved you of the pain.
知道医生已经减轻了你的痛苦是很欣慰的事情。
[归纳拓展]
(1) in/with relief 如释重负；松了口气
to one's relief 令人感到欣慰的是
It's a relief to do sth 做某事是令人欣慰的
(2) relieve v. 使轻松，宽慰；使解除(痛苦、忧愁等)
relieve sb of ... 解除某人……方面的负担
(1)单句语法填空
①It was ________ relief to see my support team at the end of the road.
②My assistant relieved me ________ all the paperwork.
③The passengers all sighed ________ relief when the plane finally landed safely.
(2)完成句子
④__________________(令我们十分宽慰的是), with the help of her teacher, she was able to put her heart into her study.
3. effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的
① Watermelon is effective in reducing both your body temperature and blood pressure.
西瓜对降低体温和血压都有效。
②Modern farming methods can have an effect on the environment.
现代农业耕作方法会对环境造成影响。
③Your opinion will not affect my decision.
你的意见不会影响我的决定。
[归纳拓展]
(1) take effective measures to do sth 采取有效措施做某事
(2) effect n. 效果，作用；影响
have an/no effect on...对……有(没有)影响
come into effect 开始生效；开始实施
(3) effectively adv. 有效地
(4) affect v. 影响
(1)单句语法填空
①Every employee of the company is required to solve the problems ____________(effect)．
②Sometimes, the adults could also _________________ (effect) by the violent content of the video games.
③Before the new law comes into ________， I hope we can take some __________ measures to protect the Tibetan antelopes. Then we should work ___________ at once.(effect)
(2)单句写作
④大量吸烟对他的健康有坏的影响。
Heavy smoking ____________________ his health.
4. earn (挣)钱
① My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
我爷爷说他们去年夏天靠卖鱼挣了不少钱。
②The famous singer once earned a living by singing in a nightclub.
这位著名的歌手曾在一家夜总会唱歌谋生。
③Einstein's achievements earned him the praise of the entire scientific community.
爱因斯坦的成就为他赢得了整个科学界的赞誉。
[归纳拓展]
earn money (＝make money) 赚钱，挣钱
earn one's/a living(＝make one's/a living)谋生
earn fame/a reputation 赢得名声
earn sb. sth. 为某人赢得某物
片段填空
After graduating from college, he decided to be a doctor in a small mountain village. Although he didn't ______________________(挣钱不多)， he ________________________________ (声誉很好)among the villagers . At first, his parents wondered how he ______________________(谋生) on such little money but gradually they understood him.
5. donate v．捐赠，捐献
①It is so generous of you to have donated so much money to the earthquake victims.
你把那么多钱捐给地震的灾民，你真慷慨！
②Employees make regular donations to the charity.
员工定期向慈善机构捐赠。
③This will make him the biggest donor to the charity in the US history.
这将使他成为美国历史上给慈善机构捐钱的最大捐赠者。[归纳拓展]
(1) donate sth to... 向……捐赠某物
(2) donation n. [C]捐赠物；[U]捐赠，赠送
make a donation(donations) to 捐赠
(3) donor n. 捐赠者
【名师点津】
donate虽然是及物动词，但不能接双宾语，常与介词to搭配。类似用法的还有say, explain, introduce等。
(1)单句语法填空
①After the earthquake happened，many actors donated much money ________ Jiuzhaigou Valley.
②To help more people in India，the IMA Blood Bank has also developed a team to educate the public about blood __________ (donate)．
③Doctors are searching a blood ________ (donate) to the patient whose blood type is rare.
(2)一句多译
④他向该村捐赠现金五万美元。
He______________________________ the village.
→He ____________________________
______________________ the village.
6. make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用
①I know I can't change the whole world, but I'm proud that I can help here and there, and make a difference to people's lives.
我知道我无法改变整个世界，但我很自豪，因为我能处处给人们提供帮助，对他们的生活产生影响。
②It evidently made no difference whether I was there to look after things or not.
我在不在那儿照看东西显然无关紧要。
[归纳拓展]
make a difference to 对……有影响/起作用
make a great difference 起很大的作用
make no/little difference (几乎)没有关系，(几乎)没有影响
It makes no difference whether...是否…… 没有影响。(It 作形式主语)
(1)单句语法填空
①Eating a balanced diet can really make a ____________ (different).
②As a result, the sea air has made a difference ________ her health.
(2)单句写作
③只有言行一致我们才能对希望完成的任何事情有所帮助。
Only when we match our words with actions can we ___________________ to whatever we hope to accomplish.
④他来不来这里对我来说没有什么影响。
_______________________________
_____________ he comes here or not.
7. break into a smile 突然笑起来
① He is always serious and it is very hard to make him break into a smile.
他总是很严肃，很难让他突然笑起来。
②When the famous singer appeared, the fans broke into cheers.
当这个著名的歌手出现时，歌迷们爆发出欢呼声。
③We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
早上我们到达工作地点时发现有人在(前一天)晚上闯进了办公室。
[归纳拓展]
(1) break into tears/cheers 突然哭/欢呼起来
break into a run 突然飞奔起来
break into the house 强行闯入屋子
break into the movie 打入电影界(2) break away from 脱离；逃脱
break down 出故障；垮掉；失败
break up 解散；破裂
break in (强行进入)打断，搅扰
break through 突破
break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发
break off 折断,停止
【名师点津】
break in和break into都有“闯入”的意思。break in为不及物动词短语，后不跟宾语；break into为及物动词短语，后可以跟宾语。
用break的相关短语填空
①No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience ____________ thunderous applause.
②When the news came that the war __________， he decided to serve in the army.
③Our car _____________ on the way and what's worse，it was getting dark.
④The police came and ____________ the crowds.
8. reality n．真实，现实
①As I look back on that day now, it surely lacks any sense of reality.
当我现在回首那天发生的事情时，我觉得它依然缺少现实感。
②She seemed confident but in reality she felt extremely nervous.
她显得信心十足，实际上她紧张得要命。
③I'll try my best to turn my dream into reality.
我将尽最大的努力让自己梦想成真。
[归纳拓展]
(1) in reality＝in fact＝as a matter of fact 事实上
turn...into reality 使……成为现实
bring sb back to reality 使某人回到现实
(2) real adj. 真的
really adv. 真正地
(1)单句语法填空
①It's known that there is a very ______ difference between a dream and ________.(real)
②I haven't got much sleep this past week, and I feel ________(real) tired.
(2)单句写作
③考试时他看上去自信且冷静，事实上他非常地紧张。
He looked very confident and calm during the test，but ___________
_________________________ he was extremely nervous.
④年轻时我们应该努力工作，把“中国梦”变为现实。
We ought to work hard to _______________________________ when we are young.
第3部分 核心词汇精研
1. sensitive adj.容易生气的，敏感的
①For a sensitive child, parents need to use a quiet but firm discipline.
对敏感的孩子，父母要用冷静而坚定的态度管教。
②She was sensitive to music and liked to hear the violin played.
她对音乐很敏感，喜欢听小提琴演奏。
③Young people are very sensitive about their appearance.
年轻人很在乎自己的外貌。
[归纳拓展]
be sensitive to 对……敏感
be sensitive about 介意，在乎
a highly sensitive electronic camera高度灵敏的电子摄像机
【词语辨析】
sensitive与 sensible
●sensitive意为“敏感的，灵敏的”，指人反应力强，可简单理解为敏感、易受影响。
●sensible意为“明智的；明显的；意识到的”，指人能做出正确判断，且行为理智、切合实际。
(1)单句语法填空
①He's very sensitive ________ his pupils' need for encouragement and knows when to praise them.
②Some students are especially sensitive ________ making mistakes.
(2)选词填空(sensible/sensitive)
③Some plants are__________ to light and they prefer shade.
④I think it is a___________ idea.
⑤She is__________ about the topic and we'd better not discuss it before her.
⑥It is______________ to buy the most uptodate version.
2. generous adj.慷慨的，大方的
①I'd like to thank Mary, who's been very generous with her time.
我想感谢玛丽，她非常慷慨地投入了大量的时间。
②Although he was poor, he was quite generous to his needy friends.
他虽穷，但对贫苦的朋友很慷慨。
③It is generous of you to lend your portable computer to me.
你把便携式电脑借给我，你真是太大方了。
[归纳拓展]
(1) be generous to sb 对某人慷慨
be generous with sth 在某方面大方；不吝啬某物
It's generous of sb to do sth某人做某事真是慷慨
(2) generously adv. 慷慨地，大方地
generosity n. 慷慨，大方，大度
【名师点津】
generous常与of连用构成不定式的复合结构：It is generous of sb to do sth。可用于这一句型的表示人的品质的形容词还有nice, silly, clever, foolish, kind, wise等。
(1)单句语法填空
①As a manager, he is very generous ________ the workers in the company.
②He __________________(generous) contributed a lot of money to the village primary school last week.
③It is agreed that his ______________ (generous) is worth admiring.
(2)完成句子
④____________________(你真慷慨)to donate so much money to the Hope Project.
3. hesitate v．迟疑，犹豫
①She hesitated about/over the choice between the two dresses.
她对到底选择这两件连衣裙中的哪一件犹豫不决。
②We are at your service. Don't hesitate to turn to us if you have any further problems.
我们随时为您服务，如果您还有问题的话，请尽管来找我们。
③The Mullers gave their phone number to the street people without hesitation and told them to phone anytime.
穆勒夫妇毫不犹豫地把电话号码给那些街上(需要帮助)的人，并告诉他们可以随时打电话。
[归纳拓展]
(1) hesitate to do sth 迟疑做某事；不愿做某事
hesitate about/over (doing) sth(做)某事犹豫不决
(2) hesitation n. 犹豫，迟疑
without hesitation 毫不犹豫地
have no hesitation in doing sth 很乐意做某事
(1)单句语法填空
①I hesitated a lot __________ whether to tell him the bad news.
②In the event of (倘若, 万一) difficulties, please do not hesitate ___________ (contact) our Customer Service Department.
③A man immediately rushed to the girl to give her first aid and I joined in without ____________(hesitate)．
(2)单句写作
④她毫不犹豫地接受了我的提议。
She _____________________ accepting my offer.
4. assistance n．帮助，协助
①Despite his cries no one came to his assistance.
尽管他大声喊叫， 却没有人来帮助他。
②He can walk only with the assistance of crutches.
他只能在拐杖的辅助下走路。
③We will assist you to find/in finding somewhere to live.
我们将帮你找个住的地方。
④Two men are assisting the police with their enquiries.
两个人正配合警方的询问。
[归纳拓展]
(1) come/go/rush to one’s assistance 来/去/冲过来帮助某人
with the assistance of ... 在……的帮助下
(2) assist sb to do sth 帮助某人做某事
assist sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
assist sb in doing sth 帮助某人做某事
(3) assistant n. 助理，助手
(1)单句语法填空
①I often assist my mum ________ the housework.
②Don't worry. He will assist you _______________________________ (complete) the task.
③One of her fellow passengers came to her __________ (assist) when she was in trouble.
(2)单句写作
④他一直在父亲的协助下经营这家公司。
He's been running the company _______________________________.
5. aid n．& v．帮助，援助
① Tom's uncle aided him in getting a new job.
汤姆的叔叔帮他找一份新工作。
②The new test should aid in the early finding of the disease.
新的化验应该有助于早早检查出这种疾病。
③He succeeded with the aid of a completely new method he discovered.
借助于自己发现的一种全新的方法，他获得了成功。
④There are many emergencies which need prompt(迅速的) first aid treatment.
有很多紧急情况需要进行迅速的急救处理。
[归纳拓展]
(1) aid sb. to do/aid sb. with…/aid sb. in doing 帮助某人做……
(2) aid in 帮助，在……给予帮助
come (go) to one's aid 来(去)帮助某人
first aid 急救
in aid of 用来帮助……；为了帮助……
with the aid of 借助……的帮助
(1)单句语法填空
①We may travel ________ the aid of a good map，which can save much trouble.
②He collected money ________ aid of the charity，who accepted help from it.
③They all came ________ my aid when I met with difficulties.
(2)一句多译
④他们已帮助我提前完成了工作。
They've __________________ the work ahead of time.
→They've _____________________ the work ahead of time.
6. rise to one's feet 站起身来
①At the end of the celebration, we all rose to our feet, cheering wildly.
庆典结束时，我们都站了起来，热烈地欢呼。
②Hearing the good news, he jumped to his feet with great joy.
听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。
③Though he was badly wounded, he struggled to his feet and went on running.
虽然他伤得很重，但他挣扎着站起来继续跑。
[归纳拓展]
struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来
jump to one's feet 跳起
stand on one's own feet 自立；独立自主
set foot on/in 进入；踏入；涉足于
完成句子
①Now that you have grown up, you must learn to ____________________ (独立)．
②The moment he ____________(踏上) his motherland, he became excited.
③The lion____________________(跳起来) and started running at the goat. ④Beaten down on the ground, he _____________________ (挣扎着站起来) and held up his head, glaring at his enemy.
⑤At the end of the concert, the audience ___________________(站起身) to applaud and cheer.
7. achievement n．成就，成绩
①Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
即便是小小的成功也会给你一种成就感。
②Tu Youyou has made great achievements in the medical field.
屠呦呦在医学领域取得了很大的成就。
③Finally he achieved his dream of becoming a teacher.
最后他实现了当老师的梦想。
[归纳拓展]
(1)make an achievement / achievements in 在……方面取得成就
a sense of achievement 一种成就感
(2) achieve v. 实现(目标、理想等)；取得(胜利、成功等)
achieve one's goal/dream/hope实现目标/梦想/希望
achieve success 取得成功
【语境助记】
I've achieved only half of what I'd hoped, so I cannot celebrate the achievements I've made, although everyone said I should have a sense of achievement.
我只完成了原本希望的一半， 因此我不能庆祝自己所取得的成绩， 尽管每个人都说我应该有一种成就感。
(1)单句语法填空
①I felt a great sense ____ achievement when I reached the top of the mountain.
②They _______________(achieve) a lot in treating the new disease since last year.
(2)单句写作
③他在科研工作中取得了巨大的成就。
He _____________________________
_____________________________ his scientific research.
第4部分 重点句式精析
1. As a sixyearold Canadian schoolboy，Ryan had trouble believing the words spoken by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldn't get enough clean water.
年仅六岁的加拿大男孩瑞安难以相信老师说的话——在欠发达的非洲国家，许多人都喝不到足够的干净的水。
[句式分析]
have trouble (in) doing sth“做某事有困难”。
①I have great trouble remembering all these numbers in a short time.
我短时间内记住这所有的数字很费劲。
②We had trouble with our neighbours over the noise that they were making.
我们因邻居制造的噪音而与他们闹纠纷。
[归纳拓展]
have much/some/little/no difficulty /trouble/ problems (in) doing sth
做……有很大/一些/很少/没有困难
have difficulty/trouble/problems with sth
在……方面有困难；与……有纠纷
have a hard/good time (in) doing sth
做某事经历困难/愉快的时光e
have fun in doing
【名师点津】
在考查句型“have difficulty (in) doing sth”时，difficulty往往提前作为主句中的先行词，定语从句中谓语成为have doing形式。
(1)单句语法填空
①Whenever we have trouble ________ our studies，our teachers always help us patiently.
②You can't imagine the trouble we had ________ (finish) the work ahead of time.
③The children are having fun in ________ (play) hide－and－seek.
(2)单句写作
④由于有那个男孩领路，我们没费多大劲就找到了那所村庄。
With the boy leading the way，we ______________________________
______________________________.
2. And why is the water so dirty that it makes them sick?
为什么他们会因为喝了不卫生的水而生病？
[句式分析]
so...that...“如此……以至于……”。so为副词，修饰形容词dirty；that 为连词，引导结果状语从句。
①The teacher explained the English grammar so clearly that we all understood it.
②There are so many spelling mistakes in your composition that I can't understand what you are writing about.
[归纳拓展]
so/such...that引导结果状语从句的用法：
(1)so＋adj.(adv.) /adj. ＋ a(n) ＋ n. /much ,many, little, few＋that－clause
(2)such＋a(n) ＋ adj. ＋ 可数名词单数/adj. ＋ 可数名词复数/adj. ＋ 不可数名词＋that－clause
_______ nice weather
_______ sweet music
_______ kind villagers
_______ attractive places
_______ much work
_______ many books
_______ little time
_______ few tickets
【名师点津】
当“so＋形容词/副词”及“such...”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
→So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
(1)单句语法填空
①He spoke ________ quickly that no one could hear him clearly.
②It was ________ good an exhibition that I went to see it several times.
→It was ________ a good exhibition that I went to see it several times.
③There was ________ much work to do that everybody got bored.
(2)同义句转换
④The girl was so beautiful that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
→So _____________________ that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
⑤She is such a kind teacher that we all like her.
→She is ________________ that we all like her.
(3)一句多译
⑥杭州是一个如此吸引人的地方以至于每年都有很多游客来观光旅游。
Hangzhou is ____________________ lots of tourists visit the city every year.
→Hangzhou is ____________________ lots of tourists visit the city every year.
3. On leaving school，Winton worked in banks in Germany and France.
从学校毕业后，温顿先后在德国和法国的银行工作。
[句式分析]
upon/on＋n./doing...表示“一……就……”，相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。
①Upon finishing his studies, he started travelling in China.
一完成学业，他就开始了中国之旅。
②On his return from his vacation, he began writing his first novel.
他休假一回来，就开始写他的第一部小说。
③The movie began as soon as (＝immediately/directly/instantly/the moment/the minute/the instant/the second) we got there.
④I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain.
＝No sooner had I gone out than it began to rain.
[归纳拓展]
表示“一……就……”还有以下几种表达：
(1) immediately/directly/instantly＋从句
(2) the moment/minute/second/instant＋从句
(3) no sooner...than.../hardly /barely (scarcely) ...when...(主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，如果no sooner或hardly位于句首，主句需部分倒装)
同义句转换
①As soon as she returned to her hometown，she successfully set up her business.
→____________________________ her hometown, she successfully set up her business.
→Upon _____________ her hometown，she successfully set up her business.
②They went to help as soon as they heard of the accident.
→____________________ heard of the accident ________ they offered help.
→____________________ heard of the accident ________ they went to help.
→They went to help _______________
_________________________________ they heard of the accident.
Grammar
过去分词作定语
[语法感知]
①But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera(霍乱).
②He huddled(挤作一团) in the corner like a terrified( 恐惧的,受惊吓的) child.
③From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
④He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.
⑤He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump(泵；抽水机) so that it could not be used.
⑥With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.
[我的发现]
(1)例句①～⑥中的过去分词(短语)作________。
(2)例句②、③、⑤、⑥中为单个的过去分词作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的________；例句①、④中过去分词短语作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的________。
过去分词作定语
规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加词尾ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。过去分词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独用作谓语。
一、过去分词作定语的位置
1．单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前。
The ground was covered with _______ (fall) leaves.
People shouldn't be exposed to_______ (pollute) water.
2．过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
I was instructed to carry out a plan __________(support) by most people.
＝I was instructed to carry out a plan which was supported by most people.
我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。
【名师点津】
①有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上往往放在被修饰词之后。
There is little time ________(leave). Let's hurry up.
②过去分词修饰代词时，应放在被修饰词之后。
He is one of those _________(invite).
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同。试比较：
This is a _______(use) car.
这是一辆二手车。
The method _________(use) is very efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
二、过去分词作定语的意义
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动；及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成。
1．不及物动词：只表示完成，不表示被动。
a ________(retire) teacher 退休教师
_________(fall) leaves 落叶
the _______(rise) sun 升起的太阳
2．及物动词：表示被动或完成。
an ___________(honour) guest
一位受尊敬的客人
deeply ________(move) people
深受感动的人们
the ________(break) glass
碎了的杯子
the question __________(discuss) yesterday 昨天讨论的问题
三、现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
1．语态上不同：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词多表示被动意义。
The woman __________(stand) beside him is his secretary. (the woman与stand之间是主动关系)
站在他旁边的那个女人是他的秘书。
She showed me the book ______________ (recommend) by the professor.(the book与recommend之间是被动关系)
她把教授推荐的书给我看了看。
2．时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the changing world 正在发生变化的世界
the changed world 已经变化了的世界
3．英语中有很多与感觉有关的动词其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人……的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词表示被动意义，即“感到……的”，多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情等。常用的这类词有：
exciting令人激动的
excited激动的，兴奋的
astonishing令人惊讶的
astonished 感到惊讶的
inspiring令人鼓舞的
inspired 受鼓舞的
disappointing令人失望的
disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的
encouraged 受到鼓舞的
interesting令人感兴趣的
interested感兴趣的
moving感人的
moved受感动的
frightening令人害怕的
frightened 吓坏了的
pleasing令人高兴的
pleased感到满意的
tiring令人劳累的
tired感到劳累的
satisfying令人满意的
satisfied感到满意的
shocking令人震惊的
shocked感到震惊的
worrying令人担心的
worried 感到担心的
puzzling令人迷惑的
puzzled感到迷惑的
The children were all inspired after they heard the inspiring news that they would be sent to Australia as international exchange students.
这些孩子在听到他们将作为国际交换生被送到澳大利亚去这个令人鼓舞的消息后，都深受鼓舞。
【名师点津】
有些使令动词，如dress, seat, absorb等，其过去分词无论作定语还是表语，都无被动的意味。因为dress oneself in等于be dressed in; seat oneself on等于be seated on; absorb oneself in等于be absorbed in。这种现象缘于反身代词的用法：主语和宾语同为一人，主语是动作的发出者，又是动作的承受者。这就出现了被动语态或过去分词不表示“被动”的语言现象。
四、过去分词、现在分词的被动形式与动词不定式的被动形式作定语的区别
done, being done, to be done三者均表被动含义，过去分词表示已完成的动作，现在分词一般被动式表示正在进行的动作，而不定式的被动式表示动作尚未发生。
The building _________(build) last year is our teaching building.
The building __________ (build) now is our teaching building.
The building ___________(build) next month is our teaching building.
随堂训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.
2.The salesgirl at last handled the difficult customer and gave a ________ (satisfy) smile.
3．In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ (hide) within the work.
4．Don't drink ________(pollute) water because it can cause many diseases.
5．Look! The student ________(seat) at the back of the classroom is absorbed in a novel while the teacher is giving a lesson.
6．To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study __________(conduct) in Australia in 2012.
7．The chairman announced the ________ news in an ________ voice. (excite)
8．Please get the ________(break) clock repaired as soon as possible.
9．They might just have a place ________(leave) on the writing course—why don't you give it a try?
10．After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ___________(provide)．
Ⅱ. 改写句子
1．The girl who is dressed in white is my daughter.
= The girl ___________(dress) in white is my daughter.
2．We decided to call on a professor. He had retired.
=We decided to call on a _________ (retire) professor.
3．There is nothing that has changed since I left this town.
= There is nothing __________(change) since I left this town.
4．I found a candle in the room. It was lighted.
= I found a ________(light) candle in the room.
5．The police have found your wallet. You lost it on a bus.
= The police have found your wallet ____ (lose) on a bus.
6．Do you want to see the doctor? He was sent from the city hospital.
= Do you want to see the doctor ______ (send) from the city hospital?
7．I have interviewed the passengers who were seriously injured in the accident.
= I have interviewed the passengers seriously _______(injure) in the accident.
8．Some people from the countries that have developed seem to look down upon poor Africans.
= Some people from the _____________ (develop) countries seem to look down upon poor Africans.
随堂练习（二）
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．With ________(fall) leaves buried in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer.
2．His book _______________(publish) next month is based on a true story.
3．The ________(puzzle) look on his face suggested that he didn't grasp what I said.
4．The police have warned the villagers not to swim in the ________(pollute) river.
5．China Daily, first _________(publish) in 1980, is very popular with students of English in China.
6．There was an ________(excite) look on his face when the actress appeared.
7．________(clean) women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
8．The suggestion __________(discuss) just now is of great value.
9．The computer centre, ________ (open) last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
10．The movie ________(call) Ne Zha was famous for its special techniques.
Ⅱ.句型转换(用非谓语动词改写下列句子)
1．We must adapt our thinking to the conditions that changed.
→We must adapt our thinking to the ____________(change) conditions.
2．The story which/that was written by a little boy is popular in schools.
→The story __________(write) by a little boy is popular in schools.
3．The man who had retired was much interested in painting.
→The ________(retire) man was much interested in painting.
4．Nothing that was reported interested him.
→Nothing _________(report) interested him.
5．The student who is dressed in blue is my son.
→The student __________(dress) in blue is my son.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1. Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly anything ________ (leave) in the house.
2．The problem ___________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday was very difficult to solve.
3．Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a __________ (satisfy) smile at last.
4．They're having a meeting to discuss the serious problem ________ (know) to everybody．
5．Most of the artists ________ (invite) to the party were from South Africa.
6．The students __________(inspire) by the teacher worked harder than ever before.
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