2022-2023学年北京市昌平区高三第一学期期末质量抽测英语试题含解析

 昌平区2022-2023学年第一学期高三年级期末质量抽测
英语试卷
笔试部分
本试卷共12页，共100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将答题卡交回。
第一部分 知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Recently my wife and I were flying across the country. We were about to board our ___1___ when a woman sitting next to us had a medical episode.
I came back from the restroom and sat down next to my wife, who leaned in to me and whispered “Something’s ___2___ . ” A woman was collapsing and quickly lost control of her body. I ___3___ and bent in front of her, asking if she was okay.
She ___4___ herself as Miss Jackie. I told her that I was not a ___5___ , but I was there for her to help in any way she needed.
In one hand I held hers and with my other hand I supported her head, carefully asking what was happening. She ___6___ that she had a condition. When her body is exposed to a lot of stress, her body goes into a nervous breakdown.
She explained that she had suffered from this ___7___ condition for thirty years and would be “perfectly fine in just a while”. Just like Jackie said, she was completely fine within about twenty minutes. As I was still concerned about her, Jackie agreed to board with my ___8___ . I stayed behind to ensure she boarded the plane safe and sound.
___9___ , what Jackie needed was someone to listen to her. Don’t be afraid to listen to strangers and help them out. Everyone has their own battles and ____10____ and sometimes they just need someone to care.
1. A. ship B. train C. bus D. flight
2. A. extraordinary B. different C. wrong D. unfamiliar
3. A. jumped up B. pulled up C. made up D. woke up
4. A. explained B. introduced C. claimed D. described
5. A. judge B. policeman C. journalist D. doctor
6. A. revealed B. insisted C. denied D. expected
7. A. normal B. casual C. terrible D. necessary
8. A. control B. accompany C. agreement D. appointment
9 A. Strangely B. Certainly C. Naturally D. Actually
10. A. conflicts B. struggles C. competitions D. campaigns
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者和他的妻子在旅行时帮助了一位患病的妇女登上飞机的故事，同时作者也呼吁人们要勇于倾听和帮助别人。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们正准备登机时坐在我们旁边的一位女士突然发病了。A. ship船；B. train火车；C. bus汽车；D. flight航班。根据前文“Recently my wife and I were flying across the country.”可知，最近作者和他的妻子将要坐飞机穿越这个国家，推断出他们正准备登机。故选D项。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我从洗手间回来，坐在我妻子的旁边，她靠过来低声说：“有点不对劲儿。”。A. extraordinary不同寻常的；B. different不同的；C. wrong（身体）有毛病的；D. unfamiliar不熟悉的。根据后文“A woman was collapsing and quickly lost control of her body.”可知，一位妇女倒下了并且身体快速地失去控制，推断出作者的妻子发现旁边的妇女身体出了问题。故选C项。
【3题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我跳起来在她面前俯下身，问她是否还好。A. jumped up跳起来；B. pulled up阻止；C. made up弥补；D. woke up醒来。根据前文“sat down next to my wife”可知，作者当时是坐在椅子上的，由于突发的情况，推断出他是从椅子上跳起来帮助这个妇女。故选A项。
【4题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她介绍说她是Miss Jackie。A. explained解释；B. introduced介绍；C. claimed声明；D. described描述。根据前文“I ___3___ and bent in front of her, asking if she was okay.”可知，作者在询问这位妇女的情况，推断出妇女是在回答作者的问题，所以介绍了自己的名字。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我告诉她我不是医生，但是如果她有任何需要我都会尽力帮助她。A. judge裁判，法官；B. policeman警察；C. journalist记者；D. doctor医生。根据后文“In one hand I held hers and with my other hand I supported her head, carefully asking what was happening.”可知，作者一手扶着她的手而另一只手托着她的头，仔细询问她发生了什么情况，说明作者看不出妇女的病情，推断出他并不是医生。故选D项。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她透露说她有疾病。A. revealed透露；B. insisted坚持；C. denied否认；D. expected期盼。根据前文“carefully asking what was happening”可知作者询问了她的情况，所以她告诉作者她的疾病。故选A项。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他只是说他患有这种糟糕的症状已经有三十年了，过一会儿就会完全好起来。A. normal正常的；B. casual随意的；C. terrible糟糕的；D. necessary必要的。根据前文“A woman was collapsing and quickly lost control of her body.”可知，妇女发病的时候很痛苦，不能控制自己的身体，推断出她认为这个疾病很糟糕。故选C项。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为我仍旧担心她，Jackie同意在我的陪伴下登机。A. control控制；B. accompany陪伴；C. agreement同意；D. appointment约会。根据后文“I stayed behind to ensure she boarded the plane safe and sound.”可知，作者站在妇女的身后确保她平安健康地登上飞机，推断出作者是陪伴着Jackie登上飞机的。故选B项。
【9题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上，Jack真正需要的是有个人听她说话。A. Strangely奇怪地；B. Certainly确定；C. Naturally自然地；D. Actually事实上。根据后文“what Jackie needed was someone to listen to her”可知，Jackie只是需要有人听她说话这是一个客观事实，“事实上”符合句意。故选D项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：每个人都有自己的斗争与难事，并且有些时候他们需要的仅仅是某些人的关心。A. conflicts冲突；B. struggles难事；C. competitions比赛；D. campaigns战役。根据前文“She ___6___ that she had a condition.”可知，她患有疾病就是她面临的难事。故选B项。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Smart homes are marketed as the future: making life easier, ___11___ (good), faster and cheaper. They promise to provide convenience for ___12___ (use) and give them control over events in their homes — ___13___ at home or not — as well as providing comfort and energy efficiency, for example sensing temperature and automating air conditioning or heating.
【答案】11. better
12. users 13. whether
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了智能家居的优点。
【11题详解】
考查比较级。句意：智能家居被营销为未来：让生活更轻松、更好、更快、更便宜。根据句中easier，faster和cheaper可知，此处应用比较级形式。故填better。
【12题详解】
考查名词复数。句意：它们承诺为用户提供便利，让他们控制家中的事件——无论是否在家——以及提供舒适和能源效率，例如传感温度和自动化空调或供暖。根据句意可知，此处表示“使用者”；根据代词them可知，应用名词的复数形式。故填users。
【13题详解】
考查固定句型。句意：它们承诺为用户提供便利，让他们控制家中的事件——无论是否在家——以及提供舒适和能源效率，例如传感温度和自动化空调或供暖。固定句型whether…or not…“无论是……还是……”。故填whether。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When Marilyn tried to sort her mother’s things, she could find nothing she wanted ___14___ (keep). She leafed through photo albums (相册) for a picture of herself with her mother and couldn’t find one. Only Marilyn in kindergarten pigtails; Marilyn in third grade with a ___15___ (miss) front tooth; Marilyn at a school party with a paper crown (王冠) ___16___ her head. There were three photo albums of Marilyn. Not a single shot of her mother.
【答案】14. to keep
15. missing
16. on
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述玛丽莲试图整理她母亲的东西时发现的照片。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：当玛丽莲试图整理她母亲的东西时，她找不到任何她想要保留的东西。固定搭配want to do sth.“想要做某事”。故填to keep。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：三年级的玛丽莲缺了一颗门牙。此处修饰名词front tooth，应用形容词，作定语。故填missing。
【16题详解】
考查介词。句意：玛丽莲在学校聚会上，头上戴着纸王冠。此处是“with+名词/ +介词短语”的复合结构，名词head前用介词on。故填on。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Rain bombs ___17___ (create)when hot air mixes with cold air, causing streams of air to drop. However, as the cold air falls, it picks up moisture from the hot air, ___18___ produces heavy rainfalls. Researchers have found that climate change ___19___ (play)a big role in the creation of rain bombs. As rainfalls increase, energy is released, causing more water to evaporate (蒸发)from the oceans. Because of this cycle, many claim that rain bombs ___20___ (increase)by 80%by the end of the century.
【答案】17. will be created
18. which 19. plays
20. will have increased
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了暴雨的形成原因及其过程。
【17题详解】
考查谓语。句意：当冷空气与热空气混合时，就会形成暴雨，使气流下降。分析句子结构可知，该句包含when引导的时间状语从句，主句该处缺谓语动词，主将从现，可知应用一般将来时，且主语与改动词之间形成被动关系。故填will be created。
【18题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：然而，当冷空气下降时， 它会收集来自于热空气中的水分，它会形成暴雨。分析句子结构可知，该处缺主语，为非限制性定语从句，且先行词为moisture，指物，故填which。
【19题详解】
考查谓语。句意：研究人员发现气候改变在暴雨形成过程中扮演重大的角色。分析句子结构可知，该处缺谓语，结合上下文，应用一般现在时，且主语是三单形式，故填plays。
20题详解】
考查谓语。句意：由于这种循环，很多人宣称到这个世纪末，暴雨会增加百分之八十。分析句子结构可知，该处缺谓语，且由句子中by the end of the century可知，应使用将来完成时，故填will have increased。
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Read any interesting books lately? We want to hear about them, so we’re hosting a Review Blitz! We want reasonable reviews in one month! These reviews must be your honest opinions. Don’t rush through writing them, because we’ll be paying attention to quality!
Deadline: Feb. 1. 2023
Rules: You must be a teen (aged 13-19) with a Teen Creativity account to enter.
●Submissions must relate to the topic.
●Each review must have a minimum of 250 words.
●There is no limit to the number of pieces you can submit.
Guidelines:
●Give a brief summary of the book. Don’t explain the entire plot or tell your reader how the book ends.
●Tell the reader what you like or dislike about the book, such as theme, characters, writing style, etc.
●Recommend the book to certain readers. Is the book more suitable to older teens? Would science fiction fans be interested in this book? It’s helpful for readers to think about the book in the context of other books they’ve read.
●Remember that it’s okay to have a strong opinion! Avoid starting sentences with “I think”, “I believe” or “In my opinion”.
Prizes:
●All participants will receive a certificate.
●First prize winners will each have one review published in Teen Creativity magazine and get a free 6-month magazine subscription.
●Second prize winners will each get a free 3-month magazine subscription and receive a $25 gift card.
●You’ll receive these prizes before Sep. 28, 2023.
Submit your works to teencreativity. com. We hope reviewing books brings you joy. Don’t think of writing a review as an assignment; imagine you are writing to a best friend who loves reading as much as you do!
21. The participants of Review Blitz ________.
A. need to be at least 12 years old B. can submit more than one review
C. should upload works before Sep. 28 D. must express opinions within 250 words
22. What will all winners get besides certificates?
A. Gift cards. B. Cash awards.
C Free magazines. D. Published reviews.
23. Which sentence should be avoided in the review?
A The main character Bill survives at last.
B. The author’s use of imagery is masterful.
C. The talk between the cousins is unbelievable.
D. Fans of the Harry Potter series will love this book.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一则应用文。文章主要介绍邀请读者对读过的书写书评的活动——评论闪电战。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据Rules部分“There is no limit to the number of pieces you can submit. (你可以提交的作品数量没有限制)”可知，参加者可以提交的作品数量没有限制。故选B。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Prizes部分“●All participants will receive a certificate.●First prize winners will each have one review published in Teen Creativity magazine and get a free 6-month magazine subscription.●Second prize winners will each get a free 3-month magazine subscription and receive a $25 gift card. (●所有参加者都将获得证书。●一等奖获得者每人将有一篇评论发表在《青少年创造力》杂志上，并可免费订阅6个月的杂志。● 二等奖得主每人可免费订阅3个月的杂志，并获得25美元的礼品卡)”可知，所有参加者除了获得证书之外，还可以获得免费订阅的杂志。故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Guidelines部分“Give a brief summary of the book. Don’t explain the entire plot or tell your reader how the book ends. (对这本书做一个简短的总结。不要解释整个情节，也不要告诉你的读者这本书的结局)”可知，写书评时不要写书的结局。故选A。
B
My name is Leo. I never thought of myself as a special person, but I always dreamed to be a superhero like Batman and Superman.
One morning, I awoke, slipped out of bed and looked out of the window. There was a world covered in a sea of white snow. I hurried to get dressed and set out to take a walk in the snow with my drone(无人机).
When I wandered in the park near my home, I saw the frozen river lying there peacefully. Then, a young girl came into my sight. She ran happily, followed by her mom from a distance. Suddenly, she was so excited that she accidentally rushed to the ice on the river. There was a creak (嘎吱声)and the girl, sensing something wrong, said “Mommy!” just before the ice gave way. With a splash(落水声), the young girl crashed through the ice. At that moment two things happened to me. Firstly, I stood more alertly(警觉地)than I had ever been before in my life. Secondly, I was on the move.
I didn’t know what overcame me but I needed to help. The precious drone in my hand crashed to the ground and was crushed by me as I ran. I threw off my jacket and scarf while running, knowing they would weigh me down. As the woman yelled “Help!” at passers-by, I was already moving across the ice to get the girl. I tried to pull her up but the ice further broke and I fell in too. As the water began to make me very cold to the bone, I thought only of the young girl. I grasped her under the arms and pushed her up onto the ice near the edge. I was of almost no help so the mother reached out and pulled her daughter into her arms.
“Take her. So c-c-c cold.” I said as I pushed the girl upwards.
The woman turned back to help me using the scarf but I was nowhere to be seen. Blackness enveloped me.
With a start I awoke! There were firemen all around me and I was lying in the snow with a mask on my face. Cheers broke out around me. My life really changed. It was a spirit and it did come to me because I was a true hero.
24. What happened when Leo was in the park?
A. His drone landed in the river. B. His jacket and scarf were lost.
C. A young girl fell into the ice cave. D. A woman crashed through the ice.
25. What was Leo thinking when he was in the water?
A. He could be a real hero this time. B. He regretted throwing off his stuff.
C. He wondered who else could help D. He needed to save the person quickly.
26. According to the passage, how did Leo feel in the end?
A. Worried. B. Proud.
C. Confused. D. Shocked
27. Which of the following can best describe Leo?
A. Brave and selfless. B. Intelligent and ambitious.
C. Cautious and smart. D. Generous and optimistic.
【答案】24. C 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者Leo在公园里下救下掉入冰洞落水女孩的故事。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“When I wandered in the park near my home, I saw the frozen river lying there peacefully...There was a creak (嘎吱声) and the girl, sensing something wrong, said “Mommy!” just before the ice gave way. With a splash(落水声), the young girl crashed through the ice.(当我在我家附近的公园里漫步时，我看到冰冻的河流静静地躺在那里……嘎吱一声，小女孩感觉到有什么不对劲，在冰层坍塌之前叫了一声“妈妈！”。随着一声水花四溅，那个年轻的女孩撞破了冰层，落水了)”可知，当Leo在公园时，一个小女孩掉进了冰洞里，落水了，故选C。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“As the water began to make me very cold to the bone, I thought only of the young girl.(当水开始让我感到彻骨的寒冷时，我想的只是那个年轻的女孩)”可知，当Leo在水中时，想到的只是要尽快救出落水女孩。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“My life really changed. It was a spirit and it did come to me because I was a true hero.(我的人生真的改变了。这是一种精神，它确实来我这，因为我是一个真正的英雄)”可知，Leo认为自己是一个真正的英雄。由此推知，文章最后表明他感到很自豪，故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“The precious drone in my hand crashed to the ground and was crushed by me as I ran. I threw off my jacket and scarf while running, knowing they would weigh me down...As the water began to make me very cold to the bone, I thought only of the young girl.(我手中珍贵的无人机坠落在地上，在我奔跑的时候被我压碎了。我在跑步的时候脱掉了外套和围巾，知道它们会把我压垮……当水开始让我感到非常寒冷，我只想到了那个年轻的女孩)”可知，当Leo看到女孩落水后，不顾自己珍贵的无人机摔碎，直接去救女孩，而且在水中的时候所想的也只有救女孩，完全不顾自己很冷。由此推知，Leo是一个勇敢且无私的人。故选A。
C
Most environmental pollution comes from humans and their inventions. The electric bulbs are thought to be one of the greatest human inventions of all time. However, too much of a good thing has started to negatively impact the environment. Light pollution, the extreme or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light, is affecting human health and wildlife behavior. There is a global movement to reduce light pollution, and everyone can help.
Light pollution is a global issue. This became particularly obvious when the World Atlas (地图册)of Night Sky Brightness, a computer-generated map based on thousands of satellite photos, was published in 2016. Vast areas of North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia are glowing with light, while only Siberia, the Sahara, and the Amazon are in total darkness.
Artificial light can wreak havoc on natural body rhythms in both humans and animals. It interrupts sleep and confuses the circadian rhythm(生理节奏)一the internal, twenty-four-hour clock that guides day and night activities and affects physiological processes in nearly all living organisms. One of these processes is the production of the hormone melatonin(褪黑素), which is released when it is dark and is prevented when there is light. An increased amount of light at night lowers melatonin production, which results in lack of sleep, headaches, stress, anxiety, and other health problems. Blue light, in particular, has been shown to reduce levels of melatonin in humans. It is found in cell phones and other computer devices, as well as in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the kinds of bulbs that have become popular at home and in industrial and city lighting due to their low cost and energy efficiency.
Studies show that light pollution is also impacting animal behaviors, such as migration (迁徙)patterns and habitat formation. Because of light pollution, sea turtles guided by moonlight during migration get confused, lose their way, and often die. Large numbers of insects, a primary food source for birds and other animals, are drawn to artificial light and are instantly killed upon contact with light sources. Even animals living under the deep sea may be affected by underwater artificial lighting. One study looked at how animals in sea responded to brightly lit panels put under water off the coast of Wales. Fewer filter feeding animals(滤食性动物), such as the sea squirt(海鞘), made their homes near the lighted panels. This could mean that the artificial light is altering ocean ecosystems.
The good news is that light pollution, unlike many other forms of pollution, is reversible(可逆的)and each one of us can make a difference! Now, many people are taking action to reduce light pollution and bring back the natural night sky. Individuals are urged to use outdoor lighting only when and where it is needed, to make sure outdoor lights are properly shielded (遮挡)and direct light down instead of up into the sky, and to close window blinds, shades, and curtains at night to keep light inside.
28. What does the underlined phrase “wreak havoc on” in Para. 3 probably mean?
A. Greatly improve. B. Well maintain.
C. Strictly manage. D. Seriously damage.
29. According to the passage, which would the author agree with?
A. Light pollution was first studied as a global issue in 2016.
B. Deep-sea environment can help animals avoid light pollution.
C. Artificial light affects the sense of direction and habits of animals.
D. LEDs can be used more because of low cost and energy efficiency.
30. What is the author’s attitude towards the control of light pollution?
A. Unconcerned. B. Negative.
C. Neutral. D. Positive.
31. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To call on people to reduce light pollution.
B. To discuss fors and againsts of artificial light.
C. To give suggestions to protect environment.
D. To show development prospect of artificial light.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人造光对人类和动物的危害，呼吁我们要行动起来，减少光污染。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线短语下文“It interrupts sleep and confuses the circadian rhythm(生理节奏)一the internal, twenty-four-hour clock that guides day and night activities and affects physiological processes in nearly all living organisms. (它会干扰睡眠，扰乱昼夜节律——几乎所有生物体内指导昼夜活动并影响生理过程的24小时生物钟)”和下文提到的人造光对人类和动物造成的危害可知，人造光会打扰睡眠，扰乱生理节律，对人类和动物产生危害，结合划线短语所在句子“Artificial light can wreak havoc on natural body rhythms in both humans and animals.(人造光可以对人类和动物的自然节律wreak havoc on。)”可推知，人造光可以对人类和动物的自然节律造成严重破坏。由此可知，划线短语“wreak havoc on”意思与D项“严重损害”意思一样，故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Studies show that light pollution is also impacting animal behaviors, such as migration (迁徙)patterns and habitat formation. Because of light pollution, sea turtles guided by moonlight during migration get confused, lose their way, and often die. (研究表明，光污染也影响动物的行为，如迁徙模式和栖息地的形成。由于光污染，在月光引导下的海龟在迁徙过程中容易迷路，甚至死亡。)”可知，人造光影响动物的方向感和习性。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The good news is that light pollution, unlike many other forms of pollution, is reversible(可逆的)and each one of us can make a difference! (好消息是，光污染，不像其他形式的污染，是可逆的，我们每个人都可以做出改变！)”可知，光污染是可逆的，每个人都可以做出改变，由此可推知，作者对光污染控制的态度是积极乐观的，故选D。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Light pollution, the extreme or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light, is affecting human health and wildlife behavior. There is a global movement to reduce light pollution, and everyone can help.(光污染，极端或不适当的使用户外人工光，正在影响人类健康和野生动物的行为。有一个减少光污染的全球运动，每个人都可以帮忙。)”可知，文章主要介绍了人造光对人类和动物的危害，呼吁我们要行动起来，减少光污染，所以文章的写作目的是呼吁人们减少光污染。故选A。
D
There are hundreds of bacterial(细菌的)species in our stomach. Bacterial diversity is a good thing, a general contributor to and marker of good health. But what does a healthy stomach look like? Studies indicate that the composition varies by many factors.
One of the most important, it turns out, is who you currently live with. Researchers have come to the conclusion: Diet and heritability(遗传力) are known to affect the microbiome(微生物组), but social relationships shape it most—especially when it comes to marriage. The Dutch Project, which studied microbes in 8, 208 individuals belonging to three generations, finds that the heritability of microbes is only 1. 9 percent. They noticed much greater similarity among the unrelated individuals sharing a household than among relatives who do not share households, including twins whose living situations differ in adulthood.
The researchers found that nearly 50 percent of microbial types were significantly affected by cohabitation. In general, the microbiomes of all types of cohabitors (including parents and children) were more similar than those of participants living separately no matter their relatedness. Married couples who report having a close, loving relationship have the most similarity. Evidence of microbial sharing, especially of rare species, shows exchanges through interactions. And that puts highlight on acts of close relationship—including kissing. Scientists have known for decades that social relationships, especially marriage, powerfully affect health. Not only are the microbiomes of cohabiting couples more similar to each other; they also are more similarly diverse. There is a greater richness of species than in unmarried, noncohabiting individuals.
Despite the dominating influence of a close, cohabiting relationship, the microbiome can be different in diet, especially one rich in plant fiber. It can also be influenced by behavior, such as farming and gardening and exercise. Moreover, it’s adaptable to environment—green space and pollutants around you. Living in a rural environment brings increases in bacteria linked to health, and decreases in bacteria that are harmful. Living with pets also has a positive effect on the microbiome, while exposure to air pollution, especially car exhaust, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke have negative effects.
It can also be affected by direct addition of specific species of bacteria, delivered in consumable probiotics(口服益生菌). There are probiotics now marketed for digestive health, others aimed at immune health, and still others for boosting mood. Now that it’s clear that social relations play the largest role in the makeup of the microbiome, can probiotics for singles be far behind?
32. Which group has the most similar microbiomes?
A. Husband and wife. B. Adult twins.
C. Grandfather and grandson. D. Colleagues.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Diet has a dominating influence on microbiomes.
B. Cohabitation is helpful for us to have a balanced diet.
C. Social relations play a similar role as some probiotics.
D. The microbiomes in couples are less diverse than singles.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Who Are the Healthiest People? B. How Does Social Life Affect Our Health?
C. What Will a Healthy Stomach Look Like? D. How Do Microbiomes Work in Our Body?
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【导语】文章是一篇说明文，介绍了一个健康的胃的组成是有很多不同的因素。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers have come to the conclusion: Diet and heritability(遗传力) are known to affect the microbiome(微生物组), but social relationships shape it most—especially when it comes to marriage. ”（研究人员得出结论：饮食遗传力已知会影响微生物组，但社会关系影响最大，尤其是婚姻关系。）以及“They noticed much greater similarity among the unrelated individuals sharing a household than among relatives who do not share households, including twins whose living situations differ in adulthood.”（同住一个家庭的无血缘关系的个体之间的相似性比不同住一个家庭之间的无血缘关系的亲属之间的相似性要大得多）可知，丈夫和妻子的关系会具有相似的微生物群。故选A项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that it’s clear that social relations play the largest role in the makeup of the microbiome, can probiotics for singles be far behind?”（既然社会关系在微生物的构成中起着重大的作用，那么单身者们的益生菌还会远吗？）可知，社会关系和一些益生菌都在微生物的构成中起着重要作用，由此可推知，社会关系和一些益生菌有着相似的作用。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。结合文章第一自然段“There are hundreds of bacterial(细菌的)species in our stomach. Bacterial diversity is a good thing, a general contributor to and marker of good health. But what does a healthy stomach look like? Studies indicate that the composition varies by many factors.(我们的胃里有数百种细菌。细菌多样性是一件好事，是健康的总体贡献者和标志。但是健康的胃是什么样子的呢？研究表明，成分因许多因素而异。)”可知，本文介绍了一个健康的人的胃受到各种因素的影响，C项“健康的胃会是什么样子？”最适合做文章标题，故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑，选项中有两项为多余选项。
A Nervous Journey
Let’s take a journey. It is going to be a fast one, so be prepared. Where are we going? We are going to start at your head and end up at your toes. ___35___ It may be the shortest and fastest trip of your life. Are you ready? Let’s begin. Wiggle your big toe. Okay, we’re done. You might be saying, “That’s it?” We said it was going to be a fast ride!
You just sent a message with an electrical signal from your brain to the muscles in your toe. Bingo! It moves. ___36___ The electrical signals in your body can move as fast as 150 meters per second. In the amount of time it takes you to say “Mississippi” three times, a nerve could send an electrical signal the length of a football field and back. Now that you know how fast a nerve impulse (神经冲动) can travel, let’s take a look at the system that is the highway for these electrical signals.
The human body is made of trillions of tiny cells. Each cell is so small that you need a microscope to see them. Your skin, your hair, your eye — all are made up of cells. ___37___ Muscle cells move your body. Skin cells protect your body. One special type of cell, neurons (神经元), allow your brain to send messages to every part of your body.
The center of the nervous system is the brain. The brain takes in what your eyes see and what your ears hear. ___38___ You can think of your nervous system as a relay team passing a baton from one runner to the next. But instead of runners, you have cells, and instead of a baton, you have information. ___39___ It hands its information to the next cell, which passes the information to another cell. In the end, the information reaches its destination and causes a change — maybe a muscle contracts. The “information” baton passed from neuron to neuron is usually a small electrical event called an action potential.
A. Just how fast was the signal moving?
B. A neuron in your brain starts the relay.
C. Different types of cells do different jobs.
D. You might have heard them called brain cells.
E. Did you ever wish you could go inside someone’s brain?
F. It may not seem like a long trip, but it is going to be fast.
G. If you decide that you want to move around, your brain tells your muscles to do it.
【答案】35. F 36. A 37. C 38. G 39. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大脑中的神经元通过神经冲动指挥人体行动的原理和过程。
【35题详解】
根据前文“We are going to start at your head and end up at your toes.(我们将从你的头部开始，到你的脚趾。)”和后文“It may be the shortest and fastest trip of your life.(这可能是你一生中最短最快的一次旅行。)”可知，此处是指从头部到脚趾并不是一段很长的旅行，但是很快。所以选项F“这似乎不是一段漫长的旅程，但它会很快。”切合文意。故选F。
【36题详解】
根据后文“The electrical signals in your body can move as fast as 150 meters per second.(你体内的电信号可以以每秒150米的速度移动。)”可知，此处是讲人体内的信号移动得有多快，所以选项A“信号移动的速度有多快？”切合文意。故选A。
【37题详解】
根据后文“Muscle cells move your body. Skin cells protect your body. One special type of cell, neurons (神经元), allow your brain to send messages to every part of your body.(肌肉细胞推动身体运动。皮肤细胞保护你的身体。一种特殊类型的细胞，神经元，让你的大脑发送信息到你身体的每个部分。)”可知，此处是指不同类型的细胞做着不同的工作，所以选项C“不同类型的细胞做着不同的工作。”切合文意。故选C。
【38题详解】
根据前文“The center of the nervous system is the brain. The brain takes in what your eyes see and what your ears hear.(神经系统的中心是大脑。大脑接收眼睛看到的和耳朵听到的。)”可知，此处是指大脑是行动的指挥中心，所以选项G“如果你决定要四处走动，你的大脑会告诉你的肌肉这样做。”切合文意。故选G。
【39题详解】
根据后文“It hands its information to the next cell, which passes the information to another cell. In the end, the information reaches its destination and causes a change — maybe a muscle contracts. The “information” baton passed from neuron to neuron is usually a small electrical event called an action potential.(它将信息传递给下一个细胞，下一个细胞将信息传递给另一个细胞。最后，信息到达目的地并引起变化——也许是肌肉收缩。从一个神经元传递到另一个神经元的“信息”指挥棒通常是一个称为动作电位的小电事件。)”可知，此处是指神经元开始了接力赛，所以选项B“你大脑中的一个神经元开始了这个接力。”切合文意。故选B。
第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
About five years ago, I was part of a pilot group tasked with helping the disabled be successful inside the organization. My boss decided to be the sponsor for the pilot and he was very kind. Until then we had only hired people with visually challenged disability.
I led the interview process and hired a candidate with autism (自闭症). The candidate had the qualifications but our interview panel felt the disability would prevent him from learning the skills and being competent for a job. I convinced my peers(同伴)to give him a role, and try out. He finally was hired as a temporary contractor.
I gave the candidate a lot of encouragement and became one of his mentors(导师). He slowly and surely blossomed in the workplace. There were many difficulties and barriers along the way. But he tried his best to overcome all the challenges his disability brought him with my help, which deeply moved his colleagues and leadership. Gradually, he came to be accepted by them. He too won many friends and admiration at the workplace.
Fast forward five years, he called me last night to let me know that he got a formal offer yesterday from his manager as a regular employee with a job title. I congratulated him and told him my joy. He went on to say “Sir, without your support all these years, I would not be here.” I told him “Your success is the reward of your hard work and persistence. You are an inspiration to a lot of people with similar disabilities.”
Isn’t it wonderful that a person with disability is becoming very successful in a workplace and makes his family so proud?
40. What was the task of the pilot group?
_____________________________________________________
41. Why didn’t the interviewers want to hire the candidate?
_____________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
▶The candidate gradually came to be accepted by his colleagues and leadership because he managed to make friends with them.
_____________________________________________________
43. Among the qualities of “I”, which one(s)do you think will be important for us? Why?(In about 40 words)
_____________________________________________________
【答案】40. The task of the pilot group is to help the disabled be successful inside the organization.
41. Because they feel the disability would prevent him from learning the skills and being competent for a job.
42. The candidate gradually came to be accepted by his colleagues and leadership because he managed to make friends with them. The reason that the candidate gradually came to be accepted by his colleagues and leadership is that he tried his best to overcome all the challenges his disability brought him with my help. This deeply moved his colleagues and leadership.

43. Among the qualities of “I”, I think kindness will be important for us.When the interview panel felt the disability would prevent the candidate from learning the skills and being competent for a job, I convinced my peers to give him a role, and try out. I gave the candidate a lot of encouragement and he slowly and surely blossomed in the workplace. I think my kindness played an important role in his success. So I think kindness will be important for us.

【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作为小组成员之一的作者帮助残疾人在组织内取得成功的故事，告诉我们帮助残疾人成功是一件很美妙的事情。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“About five years ago, I was part of a pilot group tasked with helping the disabled be successful inside the organization.(大约五年前，我是一个试点小组的一员，该小组的任务是帮助残疾人在组织内部取得成功。)”可知，试验组的任务是帮助残疾人在组织内取得成功，故答案为：The task of the pilot group is to help the disabled be successful inside the organization。
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“The candidate had the qualifications but our interview panel felt the disability would prevent him from learning the skills and being competent for a job.(这位候选人符合条件，但我们的面试小组认为他的残疾会妨碍他学习技能和胜任工作。)”可知，面试官不想聘用这位候选人是因为他们觉得残疾会妨碍他学习技能和胜任工作，故答案为：Because they feel the disability would prevent him from learning the skills and being competent for a job。
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“But he tried his best to overcome all the challenges his disability brought him with my help, which deeply moved his colleagues and leadership. Gradually, he came to be accepted by them.(但在我的帮助下，他努力克服了残疾给他带来的一切挑战，这让他的同事和领导深受感动。渐渐地，他被他们接受了。)”可知，“因为他设法和他们成为了朋友”这句话是错误的。这位候选人逐渐被他的同事和领导层接受，是因为他在我的帮助下尽力克服了残疾给他带来的所有挑战，这深深打动了他的同事和领导者，故答案为：The candidate gradually came to be accepted by his colleagues and leadership because he managed to make friends with them. The reason that the candidate gradually came to be accepted by his colleagues and leadership is that he tried his best to overcome all the challenges his disability brought him with my help. This deeply moved his colleagues and leadership.
【43题详解】
开放性试题，言之有理即可。分析全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了作为小组成员之一的作者帮助残疾人在组织内取得成功的故事，再根据第三段“I gave the candidate a lot of encouragement and became one of his mentors(导师). He slowly and surely blossomed in the workplace.(我给了应聘者很多鼓励，成为了他的导师之一。他慢慢地、稳步地在工作场所成长起来。)”可知，作者的友善给了残疾人很大鼓励，对残疾人的成功发挥了很大作用。故答案为：Among the qualities of “I”, I think kindness will be important for us.When the interview panel felt the disability would prevent the candidate from learning the skills and being competent for a job, I convinced my peers to give him a role, and try out. I gave the candidate a lot of encouragement and he slowly and surely blossomed in the workplace. I think my kindness played an important role in his success. So I think kindness will be important for us。
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你参加了学校举办的线上英文演讲比赛。在准备的过程中，你的英国朋友Jim给了你很多帮助。请你用英文给他写一封邮件表达感谢，内容包括：
1. 介绍比赛结果；
2. 回顾Jim对你的帮助。
注意：1. 词数不少于100；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim
I can’t wait to tell you the good news that I won the first prize in the English Speech Contest held in our school! I am writing to show my gratitude to you.
I would always remember that before the contest, you gave me many valuable suggestions about how to perform better during the contest, such as reading English text loudly every morning. Besides, your encouragement also made me full of confidence. Thanks to your guidance, I really kept calm and showed the best of myself to others.
Without your patient help, I couldn’t make such an achievement. Thank you again for your kindness! Best wishes to you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本书面表达是一篇感谢信。要求考生以学生李华的身份对在准备英语演讲比赛过程中，给予了很多帮助的英国朋友Jim写一封邮件表达感谢。
【详解】1.词汇积累
比赛：contest→competition
感谢：gratitude→thanks
有用的：valuable→useful
建议：suggestion→advice
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Besides, your encouragement also made me full of confidence.
拓展句：Besides, you encouraged me so much that I were full of confidence.
【点睛】[高分句型1] I can’t wait to tell you the good news that I won the first prize in the English Speech Contest held in our school! (运用了that引导的同位语从句)
[高分句型2] I would always remember that before the contest, you gave me many valuable suggestions about how to perform better during the contest, such as reading English text loudly every morning. (运用了that引导的宾语从句)