2022-2023学年北京市朝阳区高三上学期期末英语试卷含解析

这是一份2022-2023学年北京市朝阳区高三上学期期末英语试卷含解析，共26页。试卷主要包含了 5分，共15分）， A， thrugh等内容，欢迎下载使用。

 北京市朝阳区2022~2023学年度第一学期期末质量检测
高三英语
本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Early in my teaching career, I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework. Then I grew less trusting and quitted ___1___ any excuse. When the students at my new school didn’t finish homework, I never asked why. Instead, I just sighed loudly and recorded a zero in the grade book. I soon gained the ___2___ I thought I wanted.
One day, Anthony approached me. “Could I talk to you?” he asked ___3___. “I know you said no excuse, but I don’t want you to think I’m ___4___ because I often come without my homework.” He then looked up at me for the first time. “It’s just that... my dad moved out, and my mom works at night, so I have to look after my little brothers. Often, they cry a lot, and it’s hard for me to ___5___...”
I was about to ask why he didn’t tell me earlier when I suddenly realized why. So I changed the ___6___. “Would it help if you stayed after school and worked on it before you go home?”
He nodded hard.
Anthony became the first student in my after-school study session. Several days later, Terrell joined him, followed by Sandy and Randy. Before long, I had a room full of students. Their stories were not amusing, but all very ___7___:
·The power company ___8___ our lights because we couldn’t pay the bill.
·My dad says schoolwork is just a waste of time.
·We don’t have any paper in the house.
I thus discovered not all kids come from families that are ___9___. Not all kids have a quiet bedroom with a desk and study light. Some don’t even have home. Most importantly, I learned that “I’ll listen” _____10_____ better than “No excuse!”
1. A. inventing B. finding C. accepting D. offering
2. A. reputation B. benefit C. experience D. praise
3. A. loudly B. shyly C. curiously D. eagerly
4. A. poor B. mean C. lazy D. weak
5. A. behave B. concentrate C. struggle D. compete
6. A. question B. tune C. process D. thought
7. A. complex B. moving C. cool D. real
8 A. broke down B. put out C. cut off D. shut out
9. A. disciplined B. peaceful C. traditional D. supportive
10. A. works B. feels C. understands D. controls
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者作为老师，对任何没有交作业的学生都不接受理由，但是安东尼改变了她，让她开始学会倾听学生，也意识到倾听比不让孩子找借口更有效。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后我变得不那么信任了，不再接受任何借口。A. inventing发明；B. finding发现；C. accepting接受；D. offering提供。根据上文“I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework.”推知，作者不再接受任何借口。故选C。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我很快就获得了我认为我想要的声誉。A. reputation名声，名誉；B. benefit益处，好处；C. experience经历，经验；D. praise表扬。根据上文“Instead, I just sighed loudly and recorded a zero in the grade book.”推知，学生不完成作业的情况有所改善，作者得到了自己想要的“好老师”的声誉。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：“我能和你谈谈吗？”他害羞地问。A. loudly大声地；B. shyly害羞地；C. curiously好奇地；D. eagerly迫切地。根据下文“because I often come without my homework.”可知，男孩常常没有完成作业，因此和老师说话时应该是害羞的。故选B。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我知道你说没有借口，但我不想让你认为我很懒，因为我经常不带作业来。”A. poor贫穷的，可怜的；B. mean吝啬的；C. lazy懒惰的；D. weak虚弱的，差的。根据“because I often come without my homework.”推知，男孩不希望作者因为他常常不做作业就认为他懒惰。故选C。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“只是……我爸爸搬出去了，我妈妈晚上工作，所以我必须照顾我的小弟弟。他们经常哭，我很难集中注意力……”A. behave举止；B. concentrate集中注意力；C. struggle挣扎；D. compete竞争。根据“Often, they cry a lot”可知，弟弟们的哭声让男孩很难集中注意力。故选B。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以我改变了问题。A. question问题；B. tune调子；C. process进程，过程；D. thought想法。根据上文“I was about to ask why he didn’t tell me earlier when I suddenly realized why.”和下文“Would it help if you stayed after school and worked on it before you go home?”可知，作者改变了自己原本打算问男孩的问题。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她们的故事不再令人发笑，所有的都非常真实。A. complex复杂的；B. moving令人感动的；C. cool酷的，凉爽的；D. real真的。呼应上文“I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework”可知，现在孩子们没有完成作业的原因都是真实的。故选D。
【8题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：因为我们付不起账单，电力公司把我们的灯关掉了。A. broke down出故障；B. put out熄灭；C. cut off切断；D. shut out把……关在门外。根据“because we couldn’t pay the bill.”可知，因为付不起电费，所以电力公司切断电源，即关了灯。故选C。
【9题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，我发现并非所有的孩子都来自可以给与他们帮助的家庭。A. disciplined遵守纪律的；B. peaceful和平的；C. traditional传统的；D. supportive给与帮助的，支持的。根据下文“Not all kids have a quiet bedroom with a desk and study light. Some don’t even have home.”推知，并非所有的孩子都来自可以给他们的学习提供帮助的家庭。故选D。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，我学会了“我会倾听”比“没有借口”更有效!A. works工作，起作用，凑效；B. feels感觉；C. understands理解；D. controls控制。根据上文讲述的故事可知，作者规定学生不能为没有完成作业找借口，后来通过倾听，孩子们告诉了作者真实的原因，而不再是乱编的谎话。由此可知，作者认为“我会倾听”比“没有接口”更有效。故选A。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1. 5分，共15分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Edward O. Wilson, the “modern-day Charles Darwin”, damaged his right eye when he ____11____ (catch) a fish in the river near his home at seven. The poor eyesight only allowed him to observe small ____12____ (creature) like ants. Interested in the selflessness of ants, which would sacrifice themselves for their colony (群体), Wilson developed a theory, ____13____ (confirm) the existence of altruistic(利他的) behavior in a wide range of species. It made him influential as both a close observer and a pioneering theorist.
【答案】11. caught
12. creatures
13. confirming
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文，介绍了Edward Wilson虽然小时候右眼受损，但是这使他成为一位密切的观察者和一位开拓性的理论家。
【11题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：七岁时在家附近河里抓鱼时，右眼受损。分析句子可知，空格处为时间状语从句的谓语部分，根据下文“at seven”可知从句谓语动词应使用一般过去时。故填caught。
【12题详解】
考查名词复数形式。句意：视力差只能让他观察蚂蚁这样的小生物。分析句子可知，空格处为句子宾语，名词creature是可数名词，此处应使用复数形式，故填creatures。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：威尔逊对蚂蚁的无私感兴趣，因为蚂蚁会为自己的殖民地牺牲自己，他提出了一个理论，证实了在广泛的物种中存在利他行为。分析句子可知，空格处为非谓语动词，和它的逻辑主语之间是主动关系，应使用现在分词形式。故填confirming。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Research on the relationship between gratitude (感恩) and physical health is still exploring. The evidence of existing studies ____14____ (suggest) that there may be a connection. It appears that more grateful people report sleeping better and feeling ____15____ (healthy). Besides, gratitude may lead people to engage in behaviors that help keep them healthy, like not smoking. Now researchers still need to make it clear ____16____ gratitude is so good for our health.
【答案】14. suggests
15. healthier
16. whether##if
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有证据表明感恩与身体健康之间可能存在关系。
【14题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：现有研究的证据表明可能存在关联。分析句子可知，空格处缺少谓语动词，根据句意可知，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，“evidence”意为“证据”，为不可数名词，故空格处应用“suggest”的三单形式“suggests”。故填suggests。
【15题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：似乎更多感恩的人表示自己睡得更好，感觉更健康。分析句子可知，空格处应用形容词，作表语，根据句意和句中“better”可知，句中把感恩的人和其他人进行比较，感恩的人睡得更好，感觉更健康，故空格处应用“healthy”的比较级“healthier”。故填healthier。
【16题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：现在，研究人员仍然需要弄清楚感恩对我们的健康是否如此有益。分析句子可知，句子为宾语从句，“it”作形式宾语，空格处单词引导从句，作真正的宾语，根据句意可知，研究人需要弄清楚的是感恩对我们的健康是否有益，应用“whether”或“if”引导从句，意为“是否”。故填whether/if。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
On October 12th, Shenzhou-14 crew members gave a live class to the students on Earth. During the class, the crew showed the students a science glove-box, ____17____ the plants experiments are performed. Then, the astronauts had real-time interactions with students ____18____ video calls and they answered students’ questions like “What kinds of plants ____19____ (bring) to space in future spaceflights?” At the end of the class, the crew said, “We expect you guys ____20____ (build) our space home better in the future.”
【答案】17. where
18. through
19. will be brought
20. to build
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述神舟14号机组人员给地球上的学生们上的一堂直播课。
【17题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在课堂上，工作人员向学生们展示了一个科学手套箱，在那里进行植物实验。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是a science glove-box，从句缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【18题详解】
考查介词。句意：然后，宇航员通过视频通话与学生进行实时互动，并回答学生的问题，如“未来的太空飞行将把什么样的植物带到太空？”结合句意和句子结构可知，此处填介词through“通过”，through video calls“通过视频电话”。故填through。
【19题详解】
考查时态语态。句意同上。空处为句子谓语动词，根据in future spaceflights可知此处描述将来发生的事情，且主语plants和bring之间为被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be brought。
【20题详解】
考查不定式。句意：在课程结束时，神舟全体人员说：“我们希望你们将来能把我们的太空家园建得更好。”结合句意表达“期待某人做某事”用expect sb. to do sth.，不定式作宾补。故填to build。
第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
With many Chicken Soup for the Soul books in development, we are always looking for new talent. So whether you are a regular contributor or new to our family, please share your stories with us.
Here is the recipe for submission.
Story Guidelines
·Tell a heartwarming story about something that has happened to you or someone you know.
·The story should start “in the action” and draw in the reader. Do not start your story with an introduction about what you are going to say.
·Don’t try fancy moves with tenses. Writing in the present tense about something that happened in the past rarely works.
·Keep your story within 1200 words. Tighten!
Tips about submitting
The only way to submit your stories is to do it on our website. A message, “Thank you! Your information has been received”, is the only confirmation of your submission. There is no email from us. If you have any problems, please write to: webmaster@chickensoupforthesoul.com.
There are many topics in each of our books. If you have a story that you think fits two of the topics, you may submit it to both. Also, there is no limit to the number of stories you may submit for each book.
After publication
If your story is selected to be published, you will be asked to sign our standard permission release agreement. This means that you maintain ownership of your story but you give us the rights to publish it and use it again in any future book or our other products.
After your story is published, you will receive ten free copies of the book your story appears in. You will be entitled to buy cases of your books at half price. You will also receive our monthly newsletter with advance notice of new books.
21. What kind of story is likely to be accepted by Chicken Soup for the Soul?
A. A story with an introduction. B. A story of one’s own experience.
C. A story with more than 1200 words. D. A story written in the present tense.
22. What can we learn about story submission?
A. You can submit your stories by email.
B. A story can just be submitted to one topic.
C. You can submit many stories to the same book.
D. An email will be sent for a successful submission.
23. If your story is published, you will ________.
A. lose its official ownership B. obtain future books in advance
C. get free cases of your books D. approve of its future publication
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。一家出版商正在寻找心灵鸡汤故事，文章也介绍了递交内容、递交方法以及出版事宜。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Story Guidelines”中的第一句“Tell a heartwarming story about something that has happened to you or someone you know. (讲述一个发生在你或你认识的人身上的感人故事。)”可知，关于自己和朋友的故事更有可能被《心灵鸡汤》接受。故选B项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Tips about submitting”中第二段最后一句“Also, there is no limit to the number of stories you may submit for each book.(此外，你可以为每本书提交的故事数量没有限制。)”可知，你可以递交许多故事给同一本书。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据“After publication”中第一段 “If your story is selected to be published, you will be asked to sign our standard permission release agreement. This means that you maintain ownership of your story but you give us the rights to publish it and use it again in any future book or our other products.( 如果您的故事被选中发表，您将被要求签署我们的标准许可发布协议。这意味着你保留你的故事的所有权，但你给了我们出版它的权利，并在未来的任何书籍或我们的其他产品中再次使用它。)”可知，当你同意出版你的故事后，你也就同意了你的故事未来被出版。故选D项。
B
As a Ph. D. student in a new country, lockdown and homesickness combined to leave me feeling lonely and desperate to meet people. To find the connections I was missing, I searched for opportunities that would involve teamwork as a volunteer on the Internet. A position matching graduate students with jobs drew my attention. It needed someone who would lead teams of graduate student volunteers to help bring in industry partners, and work with the university administration and student applicants. The chances to interact with all these different groups were appealing. I had no relevant experience and worried a disturbance to my study, but I still decided I might as well go for it and apply.
The first few weeks in my new role were challenging. Along with my routine study, I was suddenly managing a team of four volunteers and meetings with industry professionals. At first, I was nervous in meetings with them, feeling I wasn’t prepared enough. But as I gained experience, the interactions became truly enjoyable and rewarding. Sometimes the conversations went beyond regular business to touch on career paths, personal challenges, and more. I began to enjoy the daily mix of activities.
I also learned about leadership. At the start, things seemed to go well until one of my team members told me I wasn’t including her fully in decision-making. I was upset; didn’t she trust my leadership? But after I calmed down, I saw that maybe she had a point. So I began to ask team members to lead some of our meetings and encouraged them to express their views. This new approach allowed us to meet our targets while helping everyone feel more content and connected—as colleagues, but also as friends.
Beyond building relationships and skills, this experience expanded my horizons about my own professional future. Before I joined, I had only been exposed to academic career paths, and I assumed that was my future. Now I’ve realized I particularly enjoy feeling part of a team and affecting the lives of others. As I get closer to completing my Ph. D., I’m approaching job searches with a good idea of what I want.
24. What made the author decide to apply for the volunteer work?
A. The relevance to her study. B. The longing for a family.
C The desire for social contact. D. The previous work experience.
25. What can we learn about the author’s volunteer work?
A. It drives her away from her study. B. It teaches her how to conduct business.
C. It allows her to adjust her attitude to life and career. D. It helps her identify the professional paths.
26. From the passage, we can learn that the author is ________.
A. open to new challenges B. proud of academic success
C. brave to overcome prejudice D. demanding of group members
【答案】24. C 25. C 26. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在异国读博生涯中，勇于挑战自己，尝试从未做过的工作，最终丰富了自己的阅历，开阔了自己的视野。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段第第一句和第二句“As a Ph. D. student in a new country, lockdown and homesickness combined to leave me feeling lonely and desperate to meet people. To find the connections I was missing, I searched for opportunities that would involve teamwork as a volunteer on the Internet.”（在异国他乡攻读博士，疫情封控和思乡之情使我感觉非常孤独，迫切想要和人们取得联系。为了找寻我缺失的联系，我在网上寻找可以作为志愿者参与团队合作的机会。）可知，疫情封控和身处异乡使得作者与社会脱节，他为了重新与社会获得联系，他决定申请志愿者工作。故选C项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段第二句第三句“Before I joined, I had only been exposed to academic career paths, and I assumed that was my future. Now I’ve realized I particularly enjoy feeling part of a team and affecting the lives of others. ”（在我加入之前，我只接触过学术职业道路，并认为那就是我的未来。现在我意识到我特别喜欢成为团队的一员并影响他人的生活。）说明作者做了这份工作后，对待生活和职业的态度发生很大的变化，变得更加积极，更加开放。故选C项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“I had no relevant experience and worried a disturbance to my study, but I still decided I might as well go for it and apply.”（我没有相关的经验，也担心会干扰自己的学习，但我还是决定去试一下。）说明作者没有害怕未知的工作，结合第三段第一句“I also learned about leadership.”（我也学到了领导力。）说明作者勇于尝试新鲜事物，乐于学习，证明作者是一个勇于接受挑战的人。故选A项。
C
Finland was known as a rather quiet country. Since 2008, the Country Brand Delegation (国家品牌代表团) has been looking for a national brand that would make some noise to market the country as a world-famous tourist destination. In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence. As the report explained, modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said.
Silence first appeared in scientific research as a control or baseline, against which scientists compare the effects of noise or music. Researchers have mainly studied it by accident, as physician Luciano Bernardi did in his study of the physiological (生理学) effects of music. “We didn’t think about the effect of silence,” he said. Bernardi observed two dozen test subjects while they listened to six musical tracks. He found that the impacts of music could be read directly in the bloodstream, via changes in blood pressure, carbon dioxide, and circulation in the brain. “During almost all sorts of music, there was a physiological change with a condition of arousal (兴奋),” he explained.
This effect made sense, given that active listening requires attention. But the more striking finding appeared between musical tracks. Bernardi and his colleagues discovered that randomly added stretches of silence also had a great effect, but in the opposite direction. In fact, two-minute silent pauses proved far more relaxing than either “relaxing” music or a longer silence played before the experiment started. The blank pauses that Bernardi had considered irrelevant, in other words, became the most interesting object of study. Silence seemed to be heightened by contrasts, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. “Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,” he said.
This finding is reinforced by neurological (神经系统的) research. Relevant research shows when our brains rest quietly, they integrate external and internal information into “a conscious (意识的) workspace.” Freedom from noise and goal-directed tasks, it appears, unites the quiet without and within, allowing our conscious workspace to do its thing to discover where we fit in.
Noora Vikman, a consultant on silence for Finland’s marketers, knows silence well. Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland, she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren’t detectable in her busy daily life. “If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself.”
27. Why does the author mention the Country Brand Report in Paragraph 1?
A. To present how Finland viewed silence.
B. To highlight the need of noise in Finland.
C. To explain why Finland issued the brands.
D. To indicate the authority of the Delegation.
28. What can be inferred about Luciano Bernardi’s discovery?
A. It challenged the calming effect of music.
B. It emphasized the role of silence between sounds.
C. It illustrated the loss of attentiveness after silence.
D. It stated brains’ information processing in the quiet.
29. As for Noora Vikman’s attitude to silence, the author is ________.
A doubtful B. supportive C. disapproving D. unconcerned
30. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Silence: A Limited Resource B. Silence: A Misunderstood Tool
C. Silence: The Unexpected Power D. Silence: The Value by Contrasts
【答案】27. A 28. B 29. B 30. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要以“安静的状态有着意想不到的力量”为话题，详细讲述了研究人员对其重要作用的研究和发现，且通过人们的真实感受强调了安静给人带来的出人意料的好处。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。通读文章第一段内容可知，首句“Finland was known as a rather quiet country.(芬兰是一个相当安静的国家。)”为该段的主旨句，由此可推知，“In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence.(2010年，代表团发布了一份“国家品牌报告”，其中突出了一系列适销对路的主题，包括芬兰著名的教育体系。一个关键主题是全新的：安静。)”中提到的关键主题为“安静”，是为该段的主旨句提供论据，突出“安静”是芬兰的主题之一，因此它的作用是通过权威发布而展示芬兰如何看待安静。故选A项。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段内容“Silence seemed to be heightened by contrasts, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. ‘Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,’ he said.(安静似乎在对比中得到了加强，也许是因为它让测试对象从仔细的关注中得到了释放。他说：“也许这种兴奋是一种将思想集中在一个方向上的东西，所以当没有更多的兴奋时，你会有更深的放松。”)”可知，通过研究，他发现了安静作为声音间隔时对测试对象有很大的影响，与声音对比下的安静反而让人有更深的放松。由此可推知，他的发现强调了安静在声音之间的作用。故选B项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章末尾部分作者引用Noora Vikman的话“If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself. (如果你想了解自己，你必须和自己在一起，和自己讨论，并且能够和自己交谈。)”可知，Noora Vikman通过住在一个偏僻安静的地方亲身感受到了安静独处才能认识自己，找到自己，这是与作者上一段的论述“Freedom from noise and goal-directed tasks, it appears, unites the quiet without and within, allowing our conscious workspace to do its thing to discover where we fit in.(似乎，远离噪音和目标导向的任务，将内外的宁静结合在一起，让我们有意识的工作空间去发现我们适合的地方。)”相一致。由此可推知，对于Noora Vikman对安静的态度，作者是支持赞同的。故选B项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。通读文章内容可知，文章首段末尾通过引述的方法揭示了文章的主旨，“As the report explained, modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. ‘Silence is a resource,’ it said.(正如报告所解释的那样，现代社会似乎常常喧闹繁忙到令人无法忍受。“安静是一种资源，”它说。)”，即，文章主要围绕“安静是一种资源”这一话题进行讲述，并在后文段落通过介绍相关研究及真人实例的感受强调了安静的强大力量。选项C“Silence: The Unexpected Power(安静：没有料想到的力量)”贴合主旨。故选C项。
D
A few years ago, the City Council of Monza, Italy, barred pet owners from keeping goldfish in curved fishbowls. The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality. Aside from the measure’s significance to the poor goldfish, the story raises an interesting philosophical question: How do we know that the reality we perceive is true?

Physicists are finding themselves in a similar trouble to the goldfish’s. For decades they have been pursuing an ultimate theory of everything—one complete and consistent set of fundamental laws of nature that explain every aspect of reality. It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl. This concept may be difficult for many people to accept. Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey (传达) information about the material world. In philosophy, that belief is called realism.
In physics, realism is becoming difficult to defend. Instead, the idea of alternative realities is a mainstay of today’s popular culture. For example, in the science-fiction film The Matrix the human race is unknowingly living in a simulated (模拟的) virtual reality created by intelligent computers. How do we know we are not just computer-generated characters living in a Matrix-like world? If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality.
Similarly, the goldfish’s view is not the same as ours from outside their curved bowl. For instance, because light bends as it travels from air to water, a freely moving object that we would observe to move in a straight line would be observed by the goldfish to move along a curved path. The goldfish could form scientific laws from their frame (框架) of reference that would always hold true and that would enable them to make predictions about the future motion of objects outside the bowl. If the goldfish formed such a theory, we would have to admit the goldfish’s view as a reasonable picture of reality.
The goldfish example shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways, each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations. It is not the physicist’s traditional expectation for a theory of nature, nor does it correspond to our everyday idea of reality. But it might be the way of the universe.
31. What does the underlined word “distorted” in Paragraph most probably mean?
A. Original. B. Accurate. C. Distant. D. False.
32. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?
A. The need for a complete theory. B. The lasting conflict in physics.
C. The existence of the material world. D. The conventional insight of reality.
33. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Nature’s mysteries are best left undiscovered.
B. An external world is independent of the observers.
C. People’s theories are influenced by their viewpoints.
D. It is essential to figure out which picture of reality is better.
34. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________.
A. various interpretations of the universe are welcomed
B. physicists have a favorite candidate for the final theory
C. multiple realities can be pieced together to show the real world
D. there is still possibility to unify different theories into a single one
【答案】31. D 32. D 33. C 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章以鱼缸里的金鱼为例，讨论了现实主义以及人们应该如何描述宇宙。
【31题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality.”（这项措施的发起人解释说，把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，因为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实有一种distorted看法。）中的“cruel”和“curved”可以推断，发起人认为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实产生错误的观点，因而把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，所以“distorted”意为：错误的，即“false”。故选D。
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey (传达) information about the material world. In philosophy, that belief is called realism.”（大多数人相信客观现实存在，我们的感官和科学直接传达了物质世界的信息，在哲学中，这种信念被称为现实主义。）可知，本段主要讲述了人们对现实的传统见解。故选D。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl. ”（现在看来，这种追求可能产生的不是单一的理论，而是一系列相互关联的理论，每个理论都描述了自己的现实版本，就像从自己的鱼缸里看宇宙一样。）和第三段“If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality.”（如果模拟世界中的生物像我们一样不能从外部观察它们的宇宙，它们就没有理由怀疑自己对现实的想象。）可知，人们视角和观点不同，会有着不同的理论。故选C。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations.”（也许为了描述宇宙，我们必须在不同的情况下运用不同的理论。）和“But it might be the way of the universe.”（但这可能就是宇宙的规律。）可知，作者认为人们可以用多种理论描述宇宙，可得出作者也许会许赞同“欢迎对宇宙的不同解释”这个观点。故选A。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
An apology can achieve great things for both the givers and the receivers although nobody likes to admit that they were wrong.
An apology is crucial to our physical health. When we acknowledge that we are wrongdoers and express our guilt to others, we will free ourselves from the uncomfortable state. This act feels like a weight on us has been lifted. ____35____ Research showed that heart rate, sweat levels and facial tension decreased in victims of wrongs even when they simply imagined receiving an apology.
Apologizing affects us not just physically, but also mentally. ____36____ When presented with an apology, the victims may view us as imperfect human beings and find it easier to give forgiveness. In a powerful piece in Psychology Today, writer Beverly Engel described how a simple “I’m sorry” from her mother, after being estranged from each other for three years, made her relieved emotionally. But let’s be real, apologizing can be difficult.
____37____ We should recognize our action did hurt someone even if our intention may not have been so. Instead of making excuses for what we did, try to bear responsibility and offer a promise to take action so that we will not repeat the behavior in future. ____38____
Of course, the most effective apologies often bring a cost to our dignity, since we have to admit that we are wrong in front of others or many people. ____39____ As is known, it is one of the most positive actions we can take when we do something wrong—for ourselves, the others, and the relationship. So, go ahead, apologize a little more often for the things worth apologizing for.
A. There are agreed-upon ways to express our apology to others.
B. It’s a way of showing the price we paid for the wronged action.
C. A good apology affects the health of those on the receiving end too.
D. But this can often be minor compared to the benefits of a proper apology.
E. This means we should take the blame and not try to justify it or explain it away.
F. Apologize for what you did rather than what other people might have thought about it.
G. It has the ability to disarm others of their anger and to prevent further misunderstandings.
【答案】35. C 36. G 37. A 38. E 39. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了道歉对我们的好处。
【35题详解】
根据上文“When we acknowledge that we are wrongdoers and express our guilt to others, we will free ourselves from the uncomfortable state. This act feels like a weight on us has been lifted.(当我们承认自己是做错事的人，并向别人表达我们的内疚时，我们就会从不舒服的状态中解脱出来。这一举动让我们感觉卸下了负担)”和下文“Research showed that heart rate, sweat levels and facial tension decreased in victims of wrongs even when they simply imagined receiving an apology.(研究表明，即使只是想象得到道歉，被伤害者的心率、排汗量和面部紧张程度也会降低)”可知，道歉不仅让做错事的一方感觉卸下负担，也对收到道歉的人有好处。故C项“A good apology affects the health of those on the receiving end, too.(一个好的道歉也会影响收到道歉的人的健康)”符合题意。故选C。
【36题详解】
根据主旨句“Apologizing affects us not just physically, but also mentally.(道歉不仅会影响我们的身体，还会影响我们的精神)”推知，空处应陈述道歉在精神方面给人们带来的好处。G项“It has the ability to disarm others of their anger and to prevent further misunderstandings.(它有能力消除别人的愤怒，防止进一步的误解)”符合题意，anger属于精神范畴。故选G。
【37题详解】
空处为本段主旨句。根据下文“We should recognize our action did hurt someone even if our intention may not have been so. Instead of making excuses for what we did, try to bear responsibility and offer a promise to take action so that we will not repeat the behavior in future. (我们应该认识到我们的行为确实伤害了某人，即使我们的意图可能并非如此。与其为我们所做的事找借口，不如试着承担责任，承诺采取行动，这样我们以后就不会再犯同样的行为了)”可知，认识到自己确实伤害某人，与其找借口不如主动承担责任，承诺以后绝不再犯。结合常识可知，上述道歉的方法是大家公认的方法。故A项“There are agreed-upon ways to express our apology to others.(我们向他人表达歉意的方式已经达成一致)”符合题意，下文具体陈述这些一致的方法是什么。故选A。
【38题详解】
空处位于段末，应承接上文。根据上文“Instead of making excuses for what we did, try to bear responsibility and offer a promise to take action so that we will not repeat the behavior in future.(与其为我们所做的事找借口，不如试着承担责任，承诺采取行动，这样我们以后就不会再犯同样的行为了)”可知，这样做意味着我们应该承担责任，不再辩解。E项“This means we should take the blame and not try to justify it or explain it away.(这意味着我们应该承担责任，而不是试图为其辩护或解释)”符合题意，是对上文的进一步解释。故选E。
【39题详解】
根据上文“Of course, the most effective apologies often bring a cost to our dignity, since we have to admit that we are wrong in front of others or many people.(当然，最有效的道歉往往会给我们的尊严带来代价，因为我们不得不在别人或很多人面前承认自己错了)”可知，最有效的道歉方式往往有失尊严。根据下文“As is known, it is one of the most positive actions we can take when we do something wrong—for ourselves, the others, and the relationship. So, go ahead, apologize a little more often for the things worth apologizing for.(众所周知，当我们为自己、他人和关系做错事时，这是我们可以采取的最积极的行动之一)”可知，做错了事，就应该道歉，这是可以采取的最积极的行动之一。由此可知，和道歉带来的好处相比，尊严受到一点伤害是可以接受的。D项“But this can often be minor compared to the benefits of a proper apology.(但与一个恰当的道歉所带来的好处相比，这往往是微不足道的)”符合题意。故选D。
第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32分）
第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Building relationships and working successfully with different cultural backgrounds can seem like a major challenge. But you can enjoy the rewards, while keeping dissatisfaction to a minimum. The key to making them work is cultural competence. Essentially, cultural competence is defined as the ability to understand and interact effectively with people from different cultures.
Cultural competence is critical for everyone in today’s modern world. Living and working in a culturally diverse environment sometimes comes with differences of opinion and tension. People with strong cultural competence can resolve these issues creatively, even if a solution seems impossible at first. What’s more, thinking and caring about others with different experiences can bring out a sense of understanding. This helps to build trust between each other.
Cultural competence can be improved through training, education, and experience. Here are some simple tips to help you improve your cultural competence.
Assess yourself
The starting point is to understand your own cultural values and world view. Assess the current level of cultural competence in yourself and identify the knowledge, skills and resources that you want to acquire. This can give you an idea of your strengths and weaknesses in the area so that you can improve yourself in future.
Practice good manners
No matter whom you are dealing with, make sure that you are respecting others’ backgrounds, boundaries and customs. Pay close attention to your communication and make sure that you’re speaking to others in a kind and polite way.
Ask questions
When you don’t understand something or want to know why someone has behaved in a certain way, simply ask. Asking questions stops you making unnecessary assumptions, and shows the questions you did not understand to them.
Keep in mind that developing cultural competence is not a one-shot enterprise. It takes time and practice. Whether you are in a classroom or on campus, cultural competence plays an important role in your daily environment. Recognizing and dealing with cultural differences will create a happier setting for everyone.
40. What is cultural competence according to the passage?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
41. Why is cultural competence important for people in intercultural environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
>To improve our cultural competence, we should not only understand our strengths and weaknesses in this area, but also ask questions when we don’t understand others’ behaviors, even if we may speak in an impolite way.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
43. Apart from the tips mentioned in the passage, what other way(s) can you think of to develop your cultural competence? (In about 40 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. It is the ability to understand and interact effectively with people from different cultures.
41. Because people can resolve issues creatively and build trust between each other.
42. To improve our cultural competence, we should not only understand our strengths and weaknesses in this area, but also ask questions when we don’t understand others’ behaviors, even if we may speak in an impolite way. Because according to the passage, we have to make sure that we’re speaking to others in a kind and polite way.

43. To develop cultural competence, we should learn about different cultures by reading relevant books and searching for information online to equip ourselves with knowledge. It is advisable to join an intercultural communication workshop to interact with people from diverse backgrounds to improve our intercultural communication skills.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍是什么是“文化能力”，它的重要性，以及提高这种能力的方法。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段的“Essentially, cultural competence is defined as the ability to understand and interact effectively with people from different cultures.(从本质上讲，文化能力被定义为理解来自不同文化的人并与之有效互动的能力)”可知，文化能力是理解来自不同文化的人并与之有效互动的能力。故答案为：It is the ability to understand and interact effectively with people from different cultures.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段的“People with strong cultural competence can resolve these issues creatively, even if a solution seems impossible at first. What’s more, thinking and caring about others with different experiences can bring out a sense of understanding. This helps to build trust between each other.(具有强大文化能力的人可以创造性地解决这些问题，即使一开始似乎不可能解决。更重要的是，思考和关心有不同经历的人可以带来一种理解感。这有助于在彼此之间建立信任)”可知，在跨文化环境中文化能力对人们来说很重要是因为，有了它人们可以创造性地解决问题，并建立彼此之间的信任。故答案为：Because people can resolve issues creatively and build trust between each other.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据Assess yourself部分的“This can give you an idea of your strengths and weaknesses in the area so that you can improve yourself in future.(这可以让你对自己在该领域的优势和劣势有一个大致的了解，这样你就可以在未来提高自己)”和Practice good manners部分的“Pay close attention to your communication and make sure that you’re speaking to others in a kind and polite way.(密切关注你的交流，确保你以一种友好和礼貌的方式与他人交谈)”可知，为了提高我们的文化能力，我们应该了解我们在这方面的优势和劣势，当我们不理解他人的行为时，我们应该礼貌地提出问题。因此错误部分是“even if we may speak in an impolite way”，因为根据原文所述，我们应该确保以友好和礼貌的方式与他人交流。故答案为：To improve our cultural competence, we should not only understand our strengths and weaknesses in this area, but also ask questions when we don’t understand others’ behaviors, even if we may speak in an impolite way. Because according to the passage, we have to make sure that we’re speaking to others in a kind and polite way.
【43题详解】
开放性问题。结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意字数。例如：为了培养文化能力，我们应该通过阅读相关书籍和在线搜索信息来了解不同的文化，从而获得知识。建议参加跨文化交流研讨会，与来自不同背景的人互动，以提高我们的跨文化交流技能。故答案为：To develop cultural competence, we should learn about different cultures by reading relevant books and searching for information online to equip ourselves with knowledge. It is advisable to join an intercultural communication workshop to interact with people from diverse backgrounds to improve our intercultural communication skills.
第二节(20分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你班交换生Jim打算利用寒假在家锻炼身体，发来邮件向你咨询。请你给他写一封回信，内容包括：
1. 推荐一款APP和推荐理由；
2. 给出运动建议。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
Knowing that you plan to exercise at home during the winter vacation, I’m writing to recommend an APP called Keep. First of all, it will provide you with courses suitable for you according to your needs. What’s more, it will urge users to complete daily exercise tasks and allow users to share their exercise status.
In addition, I’d like to give you some advice on how to exercise. You can fit exercise into our busy schedule, making it a part of your daily routine. You can also do some indoor sports, such as sit-ups and push-ups. But you should be careful not to exercise too much.
I hope my advice can help you.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给交换生Jim写一封信，给他推荐一款运动APP并给出运动建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
首先：First of all→firstly
提供给某人某物：provide sb. with sth.→provide sth. for sb.
此外：what’s more→besides
建议：advice→suggestion
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：But you should be careful not to exercise too much.
拓展句：But you should be careful not to exercise too much, which is harmful to your health.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Knowing that you plan to exercise at home during the winter vacation, I’m writing to recommend an APP called Keep.（运用了that引导的宾语从句作Knowing的宾语）
【高分句型2】I hope my advice can help you.（运用了that引导的宾语从句作hope的宾语，省略了that）