专题18 9BU2-牛津译林版初中英语第二学期单元知识点囊括及易错题分析（江苏专用）

专题18 9BU2-牛津译林版初中英语第二学期单元知识点囊括
及易错题分析

单元话题
Great people
Reading
重点词汇、词组和句型
Grammar
初中六种时态的用法总结

知识点囊括

一、重点词组、句型
1 .inventor n 发明者，发明家 an inventor the greatest inventor in history
invent v invent my favourite food 发明了我最喜爱的食物
invention n 发明，创意 create over 1000 inventions 创造了1000多项发明
1. explorer n 探险者，考察者 an explorer
explore v 探索，探讨 explore outer space 探索太空
3.fighter n 斗士，战斗者，战斗机 a fighter for the rights of black Africans
fight v 打架，为…而战 （fight-fought-fought） fight for freedom 为自由而战
n 打架 have a fight with sb 与某人打了一架
4. Asia Africa Europe America Italy Russia England France
Asian African European American Italian Russian English French
Germany China Japan Australia
German Chinese Japanese Australian
5.pilot n 飞行员 licence (license) n 执照，许可照
Eg :He received his student pilot’s licence when he was 16. 他16岁时拿到了他的飞机学员执照
6. navy n 海军 join the navy 加入海军
7. serve vi. vt.服役，服务，招待 serve sb
serve as a pilot 作为一名飞行员服务 service n. 服务 be in service
8.test v 测试，测验 test all types of aircraft 测试各种类型的飞机
n 检验 测试 pass the test
9.astronaunt n 宇航员 be chosen to become an astronaut 被选为一名宇航员
10. spacecraft (单复同) 宇宙飞船，航天器
manage to join two spacecraft together for the first time 成功将两个航天器交会对接
11. spin v 快速旋转（spin- spun/span -spun ） begin spinning 开始旋转
12.control n 控制 out of control 失去控制，无法管理
v 控制 (control- controlled -controlled , controlling )
13.order n 命令，指挥，要求 receive the order to cut the flight short 收到缩短航程的命令
v 命令 order sb. (not) to do sth. 命令某人（不）做某事
14.the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Indian Ocean 印度洋
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 the Atlantic (Ocean) 大西洋
15. land vi vt （使）着落，（使）降落 land safely 安全降落
land the spacecraft on the Moon
n 陆地 on land 在陆地上 on the land 在这片土地上，务农
16.step n 一步
Eg: One small step for (a) man , one giant leap for mankind.(一)人的一小步,人类的一大步。
vi 走，跨步 (step-stepped) step out onto… 跨出去到….上面
17.surface n 表面，表层 the Moon’s surface 月球的表面
18. further （far-farther /further-farthest/furthest） adj 更多的，更进一步的
go abroad for further study 出国进修
take back to the Earth for further research 返回地球做更深的研究
19.citizen n 公民，市民 a US citizen
20.pride n 骄傲，可引以为豪的人（或物） the pride of the whole world 全世界的骄傲
proud adj be proud of 以…而自豪 We are proud of our country.
21.passage n 章节，乐段 read a passage
22. by hand 手工 wash their clothes by hand
23.scientist n 科学家 marry a French scientist
24. professor n 教授 Professor Wang 王教授
25.discovery n 发现，发现物 the discovery of radium
26.unknown adj 未知的，不出名的 be best known for... 最为人知的
Eg: It was brave of him to go to a place that was unknown to humans at that time .
他很勇敢，到一个当时人类未知的地方去。
27.widely adv 广泛地，普遍地 be widely used in hospitals 被广泛应用于医院
28.hunger n 饥饿 see people die of hunger 看到人们死于饥饿
29.happen to do sth 碰巧做某事 sth happen to sb
30. advantage n 优势i，有利条件 have many advantages over others比起其他有许多优点
disadvantage 劣势
31.increase vt 增加
increase by+数字 表示具体数量增加 increase to …….增加到…….
32.production n 生产，产量 increase rice production 增加水稻产量
33.development n development of better rice plants 发展更优良水稻植物的发展
develop v develop a good reading habit 培养好的阅读习惯
adj developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家

二、语法Grammar
1．动词的6种时态
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和状态。
时态
谓语动词形式
例句
一般现在时
be动词、行为动词原形或第三人称单数形式
1. I like sports.2. He likes sports.3. She is a good teacher.
一般过去时
be动词、行为动词过去式
We had a great time yesterday.
一般将来时
will/shall/be going to +动词原形
1. They will go to the cinema next week.
2. He is going to have a picnic with his family tomorrow.
现在进行时
am/is/are+动词的现在分词形式
1. My parents are watching TV now.
2.I am looking for my purse.
现在完成时
have/has+动词的过去分词
Lily has learned English for three years.
过去进行时
was/were+动词的现在分词形式
We were talking loudly when the teacher came in.

2．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别及常考点
一、现在完成时的用法：
(1) 过去的动作对现在的影响。
例：I have finished my homework.
(2) 过去的动作持续到现在。
例：I have studied English for six years.
二、现在完成时基本结构：have/has+ done
标志词: already, just, yet, ever, never, recently, in the past 3 years, before, so far/by now, over the years, since+时间点/过去时态的句子,for+时间段等。
三、现在完成时和一般过去时的异同点：
共同点：动作都在过去。
不同点：和现在有无关系。
(与现在有关的过去动作用现在完成，与现在无关的过去动作用一般过去。)
例：
① I have interviewed the famous writer.(我已经完成采访任务，我对他已经有所了解了。)
② I interviewed the famous writer yesterday. ( 昨天我做的一件事，不涉及现在。)
总结：观察第二句中有明显的一般过去时标志语“yesterday”, 因此做题时最简单的判断就是找有无明显的一般过去时时间状语，如果有则选择一般过去时，没有的话要根据语境和上下文动词的时态判断过去发生的动作对现在有无影响，有影响选用现在完成时，没有影响选择一般过去时。
四、since和 for 的用法区别和联系
用于描述一个发生在过去，并一直延续到现在，或者可能还要延续到将来的动作。常和for和since连用。
(1) since的用法
A. since后可加时间点。
例：We have learned English since nearly three years ago.
B. since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时，主句动词用现在完成时。
例：It has been nine years since I began to learn English.
(2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。
例：They have worked in the factory for ten months .
(3) since 和 for 用法的相互转换：for +一段时间= since+ 一段时间+ ago
例：They have worked in the factory since ten months ago. / We have learned English for nearly three years.
【拓展】此外还有“It is + 段时间+since”的句型。
例：It has been nine years since I began to learn English.=It is nine years since I began to learn English.
(4) 对since和for的提问用how long。
例：--How long have you been in Nanjing?
--For three years./ Since three years ago.
五、have/ has been to, have/ has gone to, have/ has been in的区别
have/ has been to：曾经去过，强调以往的经历。
例：The old man has been to Egypt when he was young.
have/ has gone to：去了某地，强调还没有回来。
例：--Where is your uncle? -- He has gone to the supermarket.
have/ has been in：待在某地，住在某地。
例：Mr. Smith has been in the lab for over ten hours.
六、延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法
(1) 现在完成时与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不能和一段时间连用。
例：这本书我从图书馆已经借了两个多星期了。
误：I have already borrowed the book for over two weeks.
正：I have already kept the book for over two weeks.
(2) 非延续性动词与一段时间状语连用时可采用将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词的方式。如：come—be here；go—be there; die--be dead; borrow--keep;buy--have;join--be in(be a member);leave--be away等。
批注：补充强调一下，非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，只是不能与一段时间连用。
非延续性动词
延续性动词
buy
have
borrow
keep
open
be open
close
be closed
begin/start
be on
come
be here
go
be there
finish/end
be over
die
be dead
join
be in/ be a member of
leave
be away from
arrive/reach
be here
get married
be married

三、词组归纳
1.widely adv. 广泛地 open your mouth wide English is widely used.
同high-highly close-closely
2.advantage n. 优势（可数） disadvantage n. 劣势 （可数）
3.at present 现在进行时标志词 at the moment these days
4.do you think做插入语
Who do you think is the greatest person in history? 在做动词填空题时，如果疑问词后面出现do you think，可以删除后再做。
5.in history注意不加冠词 in space 在太空中 注意不加冠词
6.第一个做某事的人 the first man to do 某人第一次做某事
It’s the first time that sb. has done....
7.further research 进一步研究 注意research不可数
8. the pioneer of China’s space technology programme 中国太空科技项目的先锋
9. a fighter for the rights of South Africans all his life 一生为南非人争取权利的斗士
10. the first European to discover America 第一个发现美洲的欧洲人
11. take one’s first flight 第一次乘飞机
12. the pilot’s licence(a piece of paper that shows you are allowed to do sth)飞行员执照
13. serve as a test pilot/an astronaut(a person who travels to space)作为试飞员/宇航员服役
14. manage to join two spacecraft together 设法成功对接两艘宇宙飞船
15. begin spinning(turn round and round quickly) out of control 开始旋转失去控制
16. receive the order to cut the flight short 收到缩短航程的命令
17. bring --- down into the Pacific Ocean/ land --- on the Moon 使--落入太平洋/着落到月球
18. One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind 个人一小步，人类一大步
19. step out onto the Moon’s surface(the outside or top part of sth)跨步走到月球表面
20. the pride of---//take pride in--/be proud of -- ---的骄傲/以--自豪
21. in ancient times//by hand 在古时候/手工/
22. with the invention of the washing machine 随着洗衣机的发明
23. discover radium in the laboratory 在实验室里发现镭
24. win the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of-- 因--的发现而赢得诺贝尔物理奖
25. be unknown to humans//be known for--/as--- 对人类不出名/因--而被
26. push for the use of --- 推动了---的使用
27. be widely used in hospital at present 目前在医院被广泛使用
28. begin further research into --- 开始进一步研究---
29. happen to find a natural hybrid rice plant 碰巧发现一株野生杂交水稻
30. have many advantages over others 有很多优于其它(水稻)的优点
31. Rice production has been increased by 20% 水稻产量已增长了20%
32. solve the problem of hunger 解决饥饿问题
33. 单词citizen(a person who lives in a country and enjoy rights there)市民
34. passage aircraft professor title agriculture navy

易错题分析

语法部分：
一、单项选择
1. -What is your mother doing, Linda?
-She ___________dinner in the kitchen now.（淮安）
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cook D. cooking
2. -Where are the teachers now?
- In the meeting room. They _________ the meeting for 10 minutes.（淮安）
A. have begun B. have been on C. have had D. have been held
3. It's reported the medals for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo __________ from 100% recycled material.（连云港）
A. are making B. have made C. is made D. will be made
4．﹣Wendy， how long have you had the Huawei P30 Pro？
﹣A couple of days． I ______ it last week．（　南京　）
A．bought B．buy C．will buy D．have bought
5. The China International Search and Rescue Team has brought help and hope to people in disasters around the world since it ______18 years ago．（　南京　）
A．set up B．is set up C．was set up D．will be set up
6. —Is everyone here, Jonathan?
—No. Sir. Millie is absent. She for two days.（南通）
A. has fallen ill B. has been ill C. fell ill D. was ill
7. Amon ____________ his ship in a big storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.（苏州）
A. will sail B. is sailing C. was sailing D. has sailed
8. -Have you ever been to Shanghai?
-Of course. Actually, I _________there for six years but now I live in Taizhou.（泰州）
A. worked B. was working C. would work D. have worked
9. Since 2009, Modern Family ____________ us the funny, sad and moving stories of three American families.（宿迁）
A. has given B. will give C. gave D. gives
10. -The drama series The Thunder (破冰行动) hits screens these days.
-Oh. What a pity! I ____________ any of them yet,（镇江）
A. doesn't watch B. didn't watch C. won't watch D. haven't watched
11. Every summer, many foreigners _____ to Hainan for vacations.
A. comes B. came C. come D. coming
12.--Is your mother a nurse? --Yes, she is. She ____ in Town Hospital.
A. has worked B. works C. worked D. working
13.--Where’s your mother, Lucy? --She _____ TV in the room.
A. watches B. watched C. is watching D. watching
14.Do you know if he ______ back next week? If he ________ back, please let me know.
A. comes; will come B. will come; will come C. will come; comes D. comes; comes
15.The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ___________ Christmas Day.
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
【答案】 ABDAC BCAAD CBCCA

二、动词填空
54. Frog (write) by the Chinese writer Mo Yan is popular among children.
【答案】written
55. The package you’re looking forward to (arrive)just now.
【答案】arrived
56. —Is your father at home? —No, I’m afraid he (go) out.
【答案】has gone
57. In ancient times, people (use) salt to help them keep fish or meat for a long time.
【答案】were used to
58. —Jane, I can’t find Mike in the playground. —Oh,He (play) the piano in the music room.
【答案】is playing
59. I think it very nice of you (send)my parents your best wishes.
【答案】to send
60. She (serve) the kitchen when the light went out.
【答案】was serving
61. What do you think (happen) to John if he finds his car has been stolen?
【答案】happened

词汇句型部分：
一、 单项选择
( )1. —She studied maths and physics in ________ university.
—Yes. She was such ________ unusual woman scientist.
A. a; a B. a; an C. an; an D. an; a
( )2. —What do you think ________ Armstrong so famous? —His excellent service.
A. made B. to make C. making D. make
( )3. She got up to get some sleeping pills but found there was ________ left at home.
A. nothing B. none C. something D. nobody
( )4. Was it in 1969 ________ the American spacemen succeeded ________ landing on the moon?
A. when; in B. when; / C. that; in D. that; with
( )5. China, ________ one of the great four countries with ancient civilizations, is best－known ________ its great development in all the fields over the years.
A. as; as B. as; for C. for; as D. for; for
( )6. —What would some students like to do after finishing their education?
—They would like to start to work ________ they needn't depend on their parents completely.
A. as soon as B. so that C. before D. while
( )7. ________ wonderful news program we are watching!
A. What B. How C. What a D. How a
( )8. The born artist devoted all the time he had ________ for something better or different.
A. search B. searched C. to search D. to searching
( )9. Marie Curie ________ the use of X-ray machines, which are now widely used in hospitals.
A. put away B. put out C. pushed in D. pushed for
( )10. It's brave ________ you to go to a place that ________ unknown to humans.
A. of; / B. of; was C. for; / D. for; were
( )11. —He hardly caught the train yesterday afternoon, ________ he?
—________， because he got up late and there was too much traffic on the road.
A. did; Yes, he did B. didn't; Yes, he did C. did; No, he didn't D. didn't; No, he didn't
( )12. Each time a medal ________ a winner, the music was played.
A. is presented to B. presented to C. was presented to D. was presented with
( )13. You never know how much difficulty we had ________ the problem. Luckily, we managed to solve it with Mrs Wu's help.
A. working out B. work out C. worked out D. to work out
( )14. —Thank you for helping me look after my cat while I was away. —________！
A. With pleasure B. It's my pleasure C. It doesn't matter D. No problem
( )15. —Do you know ________ this afternoon?
—I'm not sure, but I'll tell you as soon as she ________.
A. what time will Betty arrive; arrives B. what time Betty will arrive; will arrive
C. what time Betty will arrive; arrives D. what time will Betty arrive; will arrive
【答案】BABCB BCDDB CCABC

二、词汇运用
36.The man sitting at the door is one of the bravest (飞行员）in our country.
37.She always gets everything ready before (测试）a new type of plane.
38.I know they have successfully landed on the (表面）of the moon.
39. What he has done brings us many （优势)
40. It is known to us all that the (太平洋）is the latest among the four oceans.
41.It’s (未知的）to us all whether the story of his is true or not
42. My father (服役)as a soldier many years ago.
43.Columbus was a great (探险者）and he discovered America
44.The (章节)which I re^d my cousin yesterday are the most interesting part.
45. Look, those soldiers are having a flying show in their (战斗机）in the sky.
46. Labs are short for (实验室）?
47. Usually the (Africa) athletes are better at running than those in Asia.
48. Do you know the names of the famous female (invent)?
49. I Chink we are the (proud) of our teachers.
50. We are very amazed at the (develop) of such a small country.
51.The (discover) America brought many things here.
52.The (Europe) have been in our school for more than a week.
53.This kind of chair is comfortable and (wide) used by many young people.
【答案】
pilots; testing; surface; advantages; Pacific; unknown; severed; explorer;
passages; fighters; laboratories; African; inventors; pride;
development;discovery;Europeans; widely