高中英语高考考向09 非谓语动词(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题

这是一份高中英语高考考向09 非谓语动词(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题，共22页。
考向09 非谓语动词
考向一 动词不定式
动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。
动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
一、动词不定式的形式变化
动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主 动
to build
to have built
to be building
to have been building
被 动
to be build
to have been build


二、动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：
（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.）
（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。
（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.
（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
三、复合结构不定式
由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
四、疑问词 + 动词不定式
疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
五、动词不定式的否定式
动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
六、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系
（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；
（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.
（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
七、动词不定式的被动语态用法
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
【典例示例】
1.______ in Northern Europe rose steadily in the third quarter of 2016, following a 0.1 percent increase in the previous quarter.
A. Tourist spending B. Tourist spent
C. Tourist spend D. Tourist spends
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意＂在2016年的第三季度北欧的旅游支出稳步上升，比上一季度增长0.1%。＂ 和句子结构可知， ＂____in Northern Europe＂是句子的主语，所以动词spend该用ing形式（即动名词），而Tourist是动名词的逻辑主语，所以A项（Tourist spending游客花销/旅游支出）的结构正确且符合语境之意。故选A。
2.It’s natural for there ________ a generation gap between parents and their children.
A. being B. having been
C.to be D.to have been
【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。it是形式主语，to do（动词不定式）作真正的主语。构成＂It is +adj. to do ＂结构。
3.It’s important for the figures ________ regularly.
A. to be updated B.to have been updated
C. to update D.to have updated
【答案】A
[解析]考查不定式短语作主语的用法。句意:数据定期更新很重要。 题干属于"It+be+adj +for sb./sth.+不定式"结构，该结构中, " It"为形式主语,不定式为真正的主语。update与the figures为动宾关系,所以不定式用被动形式，而且此处陈述的是一般情况;不涉及谓语动作与非谓语动作的先后次序,故用不定式的一般被动式作主语，所以A项切题。
4.It’s interesting ________ the children __________there.
A. watching; playing B.to watch ; to play
C.to watch; playing D. watching ; play
【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：看到孩子们在那儿玩非常有趣。由语境可知，孩子们正在那边玩。该题考查watch sb. doing sth.结构，意为＂看到某人正在做某事＂，故第二个空填playing。doing做主语，表示经常性的动作。to do做主语，表示某一次的行为。由语境可知，该处并不是经常性的动作。故要用to do作主语。C选项切题。
5.______ exactly what was wrong with him, the doctors gave him a complete examination.
A. To discover B. Discovering
C. Discovered D. Having been discovered
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：为了准确地发现他出了什么问题，医生给了他一个完整的检查。此句中用动词不定式作目的状语。故选A。
考向二 动名词
动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，它可以带宾语，也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
动名词由动词原形家词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了，而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅（动名词，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡觉的孩子（现在分词，表状态）
一、句法功能
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
1、 作主语
1）直接位于句首做主语。
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
注意：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数
2）用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
这种用法在习惯句型中常用，常用句型：
It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词后面不用动名词（常用不定式）。
3）用于“There be”结构中。
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。
常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do …
注意：在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语。
4）用于布告形式的省略结构中。
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). 禁止吸烟。
No parking. 禁止停车。
5）动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。
Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。
2、作宾语
（1）作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推迟)，deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stand, put off, give up等。例如：
Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗？
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。
Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider… + it（形式宾语） + no use/no good/useless… + v.ing（真正宾语）。例如：
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有好处吗？
形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。例如：
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
（2）作介词的宾语
能接动名词的短语有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend…(in), feel like, prefer…to…, instead of, in case of等等。例如：
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以来就盼望着来中国。
在下面的结构中，介词in常可省略：
（1）S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + (in) +v.ing
（2）S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing
（3）S + be busy + (in) +V.ing
（4）S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing （立即… …）
例如：We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? 要听懂英语口语你有困难吗？
3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。例如：
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、动名词的复合结构
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。例如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。例如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。
例：I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling
（Key：C；换成your calling也对）
在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词
例如：The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
例如：Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
例如：Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
三、动名词的形态变化
动名词的形态变化如下：
主动语态、 被动语态、
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
（一）时态
1、动名词一般式：表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生的动作。例如：
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。
2、动名词的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。例如：
I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。
He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。
（二）语态
动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其后发生。例如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。
He came in without being asked. 没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。
（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。
（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。例如：
Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。
（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。例如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。
四、动名词的否定式：not + V.ing
I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能帮助你。
I apologize for not having waited for you. 没有等你，我向你表示歉意。
五、动名词与动词不定式的区别：
1. 作主语或表语时
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语，在意义上相近，但动名词多用来表示泛指的抽象的动作或经常性的动作；不定式多用来表示特指或具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
My job is teaching English.
Our task now is to increase food production. 我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。
2. 在like, hate, prefer等动词后
如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词做宾语；如指特定的或具体的某次行为，用不定式更多一些。例如：
I like reading books in my spare time.
I like to read that book.
They prefer walking to cycling.
He prefers to stay at home today.
3. 有些动词后即可用动名词也可以不定式做宾语（如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等）。
有时区别不大，如：
Let’s continue working/to work.
When did you begin learning/to learn English?
但有时两种结构之间含义不同，如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等。例如：
He tried speaking English to us. 他试着用英语和我们讲话。
Please try to do it better next time. 下次请设法做得更好些。
This means setting out at once. 这意味着立即出发。
He really meant to come. 他确实打算来的。
4.在表示“需要”意思的want, need, require, deserve等动词后
当主语表事物时，其后既可用动名词的主动式也可用不定式的被动式表被动含义。例如：
My watch needs repairing/to be repaired.
The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.
These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.
5. 在allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等词后，常用动名词做宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语。例如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late.
注意：Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
六、动名词与现在分词的区别
1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语，区别方法是：
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事, 此时系动词相当于“是”, 通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变, 例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质, 不能与主语互换位置, 但可加very, quite等副词修饰，例如:
The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改为:Interesting is the story )
③动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态相混淆，如：
Her job is washing clothes. （动名词做表语）
She is washing clothes now. （现在进行时）
2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词，两者的区别在于：
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡
试比较：a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途｡
【典例示例】
动名词作定语，动名词表性质或用途或功能。
swimming pool 游泳池 drinking water 饮用水
swimming suit 游泳衣 waiting room 候车室
sleeping bag 睡袋 parking lot 停车场
sleeping pill 安眠药 parking meter 停车计时
writing desk 写字桌 sewing machine 缝纫机
writing paper 信纸 operating table 手术室
diving suit 潜水衣 reading room 阅览室
diving board 跳板 threshing ground 打谷场
washing machine 洗衣机 boxing competition 拳击比赛
washing powder 洗衣粉 speaking contest 演讲比赛
drawing board 绘图板 checking account 活期账户
drawing pin 图钉 banking system 银行系统
fishing pole 钓鱼杆 fishing line 钓鱼线
考向三 分词
专题一 现在分词
一、现在分词的形式
1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。
例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. 站在那里的学生来自三班。
The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October.
2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。
例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. 结束了所有工作后，他们好好地休息了一下。
Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood, the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far.
3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。
例如：Not reading carefully, he wouldn’t find many things he had not known before.
Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 没被公众所关注，年轻的作家感到有点遗憾。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有回应，因此他决定再写一封信。
二、现在分词的用法
1. 作定语 现在分词作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个的现在分词一般可以前置作定语，修饰名词；如果现在分词构成分词短语则后置作定语。
例如：Keep quiet. Don't wake up the sleeping children. 请安静。不要吵醒睡觉的孩子们。
We live in a room facing the south. 我们住在一间朝南的房间里。
2. 作表语 现在分词作表语时总是放在系动词的后面，构成系表结构，表示主语的状态。
例如：The story sounds interesting. 这故事听起来很有趣。
The promising future is more encouraging than ever before. 未来充满希望，前所未有地鼓舞人心。
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 会议要推迟，真是恼人。
3. 作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语，通常用在感官动词或使役动词的宾语后面，表示主动或动作正在进行。
例如：Some people leave the water running after washing hands. 有些人洗完手后就让水依然流着。
When I found him cheating, I decided not to accept his flatteries and apologies any more. 当我发现他欺骗我时，我决定再不接受他的奉承和道歉了。
4. 作状语 现在分词作状语，相当于一个表示原因、时间、方式、条件、结果等情况的状语从句。根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。
1) 表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。
例如：He went through the papers while listening to music. 他边浏览报纸，边听音乐。
Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. 在家乡学习的时候，我享受了这一生最快乐的时光。
2) 表示条件，相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
例如：Being given once more time, I will finish the task! 假如再给我一次机会，我会完成任务的！
Preparing fully, we are sure to pass the test. 如果准备充分，我们肯定能通过考试。
3) 表示原因，相当于原因状语从句because, since, for, as, etc.
例如：Not understanding the relationship between the two cases, I asked the lawyer about it. 由于不明白两个案子之间的关系，我咨询了律师。
Being ill, she can't go to work today. 因为生病，今天她不能上班了。
4) 表示让步，相当于though, although或no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句。
例如：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管了解了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。
Although working hard every day, we still have endless work to deal with. 我们即使每天拼命干活，还是有处理不完的工作。
5) 表示结果，相当于结果状语从句。
例如：His parents' letter has just come, relieving him from anxiety. 他父母的来信刚刚到，可解了他的焦躁了。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, causing the delay. 他们的车遇上了交通堵塞，结果耽搁了。
6）表示方式或伴随状语。
例如：They lay on the grass, looking at the sky. 他们躺在草地上，仰望着填空。
The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 孩子们从房间里跑出来，欢笑着，蹦跳着。
根据上述现在分词的用法，我们可以了解到问题中涉及的句子中的动词-ing形式，即completing一词，并不是动名词形式。在这个句子中出现了while，引导时间状语，因此completing为现在分词形式，表示句中的时间。全句意为：必须能够六天不睡觉，同时完成其他一些任务。
专题二 过去分词
一、过去分词的基本用法
过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
1.作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2.作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
3.作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
4.作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
二、独立主格
上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：
The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.
注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.
①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，
如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，
如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
专题三 现在分词与过去分词的比较
u 现在分词与过去分词都可以在句中起形容词和副词的作用，可作定语、表语、补足
语和状语。
1) 作定语 现在分词作定语，多表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行，也可表示经常性的动作或状态；而过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作先于谓语动词发生的动作或表示被动关系。分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。
例如：The man standing at the window is our teacher. 站在窗户边的男子是我们的老师。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health. 污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
2) 作表语 现在分词和过去分词作表语时都放在系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。
例如：I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 我想这时商店关门了。
The idea seems quite convincing. 这个主意好像很有说服力。
3) 作宾语补足语 现在分词和过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，通常用在感官动词(如hear, see, notice, watch, feel, look at等)或使役动词(如make, let, have等)的宾语之后，亦可以用于“with+复合宾语”结构中。选择使用现在分词还是过去分词主要取决于宾语和动词的关系，如果两者间是主动关系就用现在分词，如果是被动关系则用过去分词。
例如：We watched the teacher making the experiment carefully. 我们仔细地看老师做实验。
When he came in, he found the window broken. 当他进来时，发现窗户被打破了。
4) 作状语 分词作状语时，现在分词往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况等；过去分词一般表示被动关系或已经完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随情况等。
例如：Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out. 听到呼救声，他们都冲了出来。
Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever. 受到老师的鼓励，我们比以前更努力地学习。
【扩展】分词短语作状语时，它表示的动作或状态有逻辑上的主语，这个意义上的主语与句中主语是一致的，即所指的同一个人或同一件事物。
例如：Looking up at Tom, I listened to the story of Washington. 我抬头看着汤姆，听着华盛顿的故事。(look up 和listen to 都是“我”发出的动作)
如果分词短语意义上的主语与句中主语不是同一个人或物，就必须有一个名词或一个主格代词作它意义上的主语，放在前面构成一个独立短语，这种“名词(主格代词)+分词”的结构称为带主语的独立结构。
例如：The bus being very crowded, he had to stand. 公共汽车很挤，他只好站着。(分词的逻辑主语是the bus，句子的主语是he)
It being fine, I’ll go fishing. 天气好的话，我将去钓鱼。(分词的逻辑主语是It，句子的主语是I)
u 形容词性的现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词用作形容词时，present(现在)和past(过去)这两个术语并不能说明它们的真正作用，它们的主要区别在于语态和时间关系上。
1) 语态不同 现在分词表示主动关系，过去分词表示被动的意思。
例如：a sleeping boy 正在睡觉的孩子 the rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳
a burnt child 一个烧伤的孩子 a raised hand 举起的手
2) 时间关系不同 一般来说现在分词表示的动作可能与句中限定动词所指的动作同时发生，也可能不同时发生；而过去分词指过去的时间或已经完成的动作。
例如：boiling water沸水 an interesting story 激动人心的故事
boiled water 冷开水 a fallen leaf落叶 a retired teacher退休教师
【注意】英语中有许多表示人的情感类的形容词需注意区别：现在分词往往来说明某事物所具有的某种性质、特征；而过去分词往往用来说明人受外在条件影响所产生的情感。
例如：interesting有趣的，令人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的，对……表现出兴趣的； disappointing令人失望的，令人灰心的 disappointed失望的，沮丧的；
puzzling令人困惑的，令人迷惑不解的，puzzled 困惑的；迷惑不解的；
exciting令人激动的，使人兴奋的，excited激动的，兴奋的。
根据现在分词与过去分词的区别情况，可以判断原句前半句中，存在分词作状语的情况，分词的逻辑主语与后面的主句主语一致，由于表示的是被动的关系，说明了prisoners often suffer from loneliness的原因，因此应该选择过去分词的两项C和D。选项中cut的四个固定词组分别为：cut out“停止作用”；cut sth. down“砍倒，夺取，减少”；cut in“驶入车道过急，插嘴，加入”；cut off“切去，打断，使孤立”，根据句意，应该选择D。全句意为：由于与家人和朋友相隔离，囚犯们常常深受寂寞之苦。
【典例示例】
1.The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____ in one corner.
A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood
【答案】A
【解析】_____ in one corner在句中做后置定语，修饰bookshelf，语态根据其逻辑主语a bookshelf和stand之间的逻辑关系来断定，二者之间为主谓关系，即主动关系，应用现在分词；而to stand表将来或表目的，与句意矛盾；C项stands为谓语，此句中已经有谓语is empty，所以可排除；而D项stood为过去分词，表示被动或完成；用在此句中显然也不符合要求。
2.I stopped the car _____ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken
【答案】C
【解析】A项动词原形做谓语，不符合语法；B项现在分词taking则和the car构成了主谓关系，成了汽车休息；C项为动词不定式做目的状语。不定式做目的状语时，句子的主语就是不定式动作的发出者。我停下车来我去休息一会儿。D项taken和the car构不成被动关系。不能说车被休息，所以可排除。
3. _______ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. to eat C. Eat D. Eating
【答案】A
【解析】。因为本句中以前在这家餐厅吃过饭的动作发生的时间显然要早于主句的动作即不愿再去那里就餐这一动作发生的时间，所以应用V-ing的完成式即having done。所以答案为A。B项to eat表示目的；C项eat动词原形不能做非谓语；D项eating表示主动，不符合句意。
4. Let those in need ______ that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词中的不定式做宾语补足语。从句意上看，空处表达的是“让某人做某事”，而let 之后的宾语接不定式作宾语的时候，要省去不定式符号to，即要用let sb do 的形式，故答案是B。
5.The witnesses ______ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词做定语。解题关键是判断出动词的时态和语态。从语态上看，证人是被询问，排除选项D；从时态上看，just now以及gave是关键词，说明动作是过去发生的，排除选项B，C。

【检测过关】

1. He is a student at Oxford University________ for a degree in computer science.
A. studied B. studying C. to study D. to be studying
2. Isn’t it time you got down to ________ the papers?
A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking
3. I can’t stand ______ while speaking.
A. to interrupt B. to be interrupt C. interrupting D. being interrupted
4. by the teacher can always make children feel proud even if it’s a small one.
A. Praised B. Being praised C. To praise D. Praising
5. ________her mother after being separated for 20 years, she couldn't help, even though she tried not to, _______.
A. Seen; crying B. To see; cry C. Seeing; crying D. Having seen; cry
6. Brown lay__________under the building for three days before he was finally found and rescued.
A. trapping B. having trapped C. being trapped D. trapped
7. If the project______before the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be made fully responsible for the financial losses.
A. being completed B. completed C. to be completed D. completing
8. ___________ many different viruses, wildlife can potentially infect human beings and should be banned for trade.
A. To carry. B. Carried. C. Having been carried D. Carrying.
9. Local governments will step up efforts to keep employment stable, with all-round measures_________ more jobs.
A. being created. B. created. C. having been created. D. to create.
10. Peppa Pig, a Bristish cartoon character with a face ______ like a hair dryer, is placed on the cup ______ blue, green and celadon colors.
A. shaping; featuring B. shaped; featuring
C. shaping; featured D. shaped; featured
11. A global concert One World: Together at Home ____many international musicians was held on April 18 in support of health workers.
A. featured B. featuring C. to feature D. having featured
12. Hard as it may be____ that Kobe is no longer with us, his unbreakable will lives on.
A. accepting B. accepted C. to accept D. to have accepted
13. Eager readers can check with libraries ______________ if they have people interested in book discussion.
A. seeing B. see C. to see D. to have seen
14. Tourists are reminded to take everything ______________ to them before leaving the hotel.
A. belongs B. belonged C. having belonged D. belonging
15. The weather here is great, with temperatures ______ from a low of 55°F to a high of 75 °F in the summer.
A. range B. ranged C. to rang D. ranging
16. —I am going to the library. Do you have any books_______?
—No, but thank you all the same.
A. to return B. returned C. to be returned D. returning
17. Our school often organizes various after-school activities, _____our stress to some degree.
A. to relieve B. relieved C. having relieved D. relieving
18. opinions on the schedule, they finally reached an agreement.
A. Exchanged B. Exchanging
C. To exchange D. Having exchanged
19. False advertisements play tricks on consumers, thus ______ damage to their legal rights and interests.
A. to cause B. causing C. having caused D. caused
20. Li Jiaqi, a well-known live streaming host in China, is reported over 8 million followers on Weibo.
A. possessing B. to be possessing
C. having possessed D. to have possessed
21. The patients are forbidden, even if they have recovered, ______ in hospital.
A. drinking B. to drink C. having drunk D. to have drunk
22. The victims lived temporarily in shelters, and the earthquake ________ everything, they became homeless.
A. destroyed B. having destroyed C. destroying D. to destroy
23. I've been looking forward for a long time ______ a chance to have a job interview.
A. getting B. to get C. of getting D. to getting
24. We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems ______.
A. to be settled B. to settle C. settled D. having settled
25. ______ some jokes into her speech, she grabbed the attention of the audience all the time.
A. Working B. To work C. Worked D. Work
26. ________ computer lessons, designed for children, is an important qualification for the job.
A. Having studied B. Having been studied C. Being studied D. Had studied
27. ________ herself with routine office tasks, she had no time to attend to her children.
A. Occupying B. Occupied C. Being occupied D. To be occupied
28. "2020 will be a year of milestone significance, " President Xi said, _______ that the country will complete its task of building a power.
A. noted B. noting C. having noted D. being noted
29. The tourism industry, as the core of our local economy, is supposed____in the months to come.
A. to recover B. to have recovered
C. to be recovering D. to have been recovering
30. ____to the students at home, the textbooks enabled them to study more efficiently.
A. Distributing B. Having distributed
C. Being distributed D. Distributed
31. _____ his conclusion on the evidence he collected on the spot, he proved that the murderer was guilty.
A. Based B. Basing C. To base D. Being based
32. The cash the company has recently received from the government is not enough to cover the debt ______.
A. remained to pay B. remaining to be paid
C. remaining to pay D. remained to be paid
33. The police are trying to find out the evidence of the woman _________ in the bathroom.
A. murdered B. to be murdered C. being murdered D. murdering
34. The Floreana tortoise, once considered to ______, is being brought back from the dead with careful conservation.
A. be wiped out B. have been wiped out
C. wipe out D. have wiped out
35. ______ that her father has named her and her brothers after his first set of children.
A. To the tension is adding the fact B. Adding to the tension is the fact
C. The fact is adding to the tension D. Adding to the fact is the tension
36. The girl devoted all her spare time she had ______ others.
A. to help B. helped C. to helping D. help
37. With a large amount of work _________for this fierce speech contest, the students have been staying up these days to make full preparations for it.
A. remaining to be finished B. remained finished
C. remained being done D. remaining to finish
38. —Hey, Jenny, my online car-hailing service is unavailable. Could you reserve a car for tomorrow?
—Sorry, the upgrade ________, my phone has been bricked — it's stuck in emergency mode and won't start up.
A. not to complete B. not completing C. not completed D. not having completed
39. ______when he broke into the school, the thief wore a school uniform.
A. To avoid being recognized B. To avoid recognizing
C. To avoid to recognize D. Avoid being recognized
40. The government stared pushing for closure of orphanages, to place children in private homes, hopefully with relatives.
A. having preferred B. to prefer C. preferring D. Preferred
41. ___________ by what the teacher had said, Anna came up with a new idea for her new project.
A. Inspired B. Inspiring C. Inspire D. To inspire
42. Please note that a deposit of $ 4.80 per child is required when booking, balance 7 days before the party date.
A. paying B. to pay C. paid D. to be paid
43. Guizhou Province, _____ by Lonely Planet among the top 10 regions to visit in 2020, has become a promising travel destination.
A. ranked B. being ranked C. having ranked D. to be ranked
44. The boss was disappointed to see his company ________ as unqualified, which led to the company closing down.
A. assessing B. to assess C. assessed D. being assessed
45. We have been informed of the strict rules _____ for garbage sorting in the near future.
A. adopted B. to adopt C. to be adopted D. having adopted
46. ____ with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young generation.
A. Being equipped B. Equipping C. Equipped D. Having equipped
47. _____ by a burning desire for adventure, Li Bai left home and started to travel around in his early twenties.
A. Having driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Driven
48. The silver moon was high overhead, and there was a gentle breeze down the valley.
A. playing B. to play C. played D. having played
49. The scientist found a cure for the disease, ____ approximately 600 clinical cases.
A. studying B. to study C. having studied D. to have studied
50. In the New Year speech ____ by our headmaster, he summarized the progress we made in 2019.
A. clarified B. restored C. underlined D. delivered
51. As is often the case, there are always some barriers in the way, something _____ before we realize the real goal of our life.
A. to be got through B. got through C. getting through D. having been got through
52. The quarrel _____ to the fight started from their disbelief in each other.
A. leading B. to lead C. led D. has led
53. The village evolved into a major e-commerce center, and ______the past, the villagers owed their success to the reform and opening-up policy.
A. reviewed B. to review C. reviewing D. being reviewed
54. _______ our small apartment, our uncle’s house seemed like a palace.
A. Compared with B. Compared to C. Comparing with D. Comparing to
55. On hearing the voice of police cars, the robbers ran off in panic, ________ some of the robbed money behind.
A. left B. leave C. leaving D. to leave
56. Everyone in my class spares no efforts on their study, ______ for the College Entrance Examination.
A. prepared B. having prepared
C. to prepared D. preparing
57. We are pleased to see the suggestion ______ in many schools to help free students from the heavy schoolwork.
A. adopted B. adopting
C. adopt D. to adopt
58. Cell phones are now widely used in our daily lives，________________ it possible for us to talk to anyone easily.
A. to make B. made
C. make D. making
59. Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，___________ the old town into a dreamland.
A. turned B. turning
C. to turn D. having turned
60. I will be surprised if you can get Calvin, who is a close-fisted man, these donation draw tickets from you.
A. buy B. buying
C. buys D. to buy