高中英语高考考向27 阅读理解之说明文类(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题

这是一份高中英语高考考向27 阅读理解之说明文类(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题，共16页。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
科普说明文
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；
3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较高；
4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
命题方式
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt als...、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t…或what des the underlined wrd mean? 或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended t...(2) the authr suggests that...(3) the stry implies that…(4) which pint f view may the authr agree t?(5) frm the passage we can cnclude that...(6) the purpse f the passage is t...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the authr’s attitude twards 等。
解题技巧
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t _________.
free frm anxiety B. anxius C. nervus D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely, nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。
根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that, fr it wasn’t his fault. 通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes, n rain falls fr a lng, lng time. Then there is a dry perid, r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, ranges, pineapples, ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, ccnuts和bananas, ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there, semi-cnscius, fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
【检测训练】
1
As a ppular subject f study amng evlutinary eclgists, three-spined stickleback is knwn fr their different shapes, sizes, and behavirs—they can even live in bth seawater and freshwater, and under a wide range f temperatures. But what makes that?
The researchers tracked six ppulatins f the fish befre and after seasnal changes t their envirnment, using genme sequencing. Seasnal changes result in great changes in habitat structure and balance f salt and freshwater, and nly thse fish able t tlerate these rapid changes survive int the next seasn.
“These changes prbably resemble the habitat shifts experienced by stickleback ppulatins during the past 10,000 years.” says Prfessr Barrett “We hpe t gain insight int the genetic changes that may have resulted frm natural selectin lng in the past.”
Remarkably, the researchers discvered the evidence f genetic changes driven by the seasnal shifts in habitats, which mirrred the differences fund between lng-established freshwater and saltwater ppulatins. “These genetic changes ccurred in independent ppulatins ver a single seasn, highlighting just hw quickly the effects f natural selectin can be detected,” says Prfessr Barrett, “The findings suggest that we may be able t use the genetic differences t predict hw ppulatins may adapt t envirnment.”
The research emphasizes the imprtance f studying species in dynamic envirnments t gain a better understanding f hw natural selectin perates. In further research, they plan t investigate hw repeatable the bserved genetic changes are, by testing whether they shw up year after year. Ding s wuld demnstrate their ability t reliably frecast the evlutinary future f these ppulatins.
1. What des the underlined wrd “that” refer t in Paragraph l?
A. Stickleback is under a wide range f temperatures.
B. Stickleback is ppular with evlutinary eclgists.
C. Stickleback can adapt t different living cnditins.
D. Stickleback has different shapes, sizes, and behavirs.
2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The difficulties f the research.B. The purpse f the research.
C. The backgrund f the research.D. The methds f the research.
3. What is the main reasn fr stickleback's survival?
A. Habitat shifts.B. Genetic change.
C. Seasnal changes.D. Independent ppulatins.
4. Why will scientists study the repetitin f the gennetic changes?
A. T knw what natural selectin is.
B. T study specices in dynamic envirnments.
C. T test the reliablity f the present discveries.
D. T frecast the evlutinary future f certain species.
2
As aging ppulatin gets bigger and dementia (老年痴呆症) mre cmmn，mre families are struggling with a cmplex questin: Hw d yu supprt a lved ne with dementia, especially when yu have a full-time jb and several kids?
Reg Urbanwski may have an answer t this pressing issue: ROBOTS.
He and his team managed t develp a new type f rbts named TP rbts. Lking like stand-up vacuum cleaners attached t an iPad, they can be activated remtely via a smartphne and guided remtely by a cntrller app similar t the way a muse is used n a desktp cmputer. All pssess audi and visual cmmunicatin capabilities, allwing the peratr t be “in the rm” t interact with Mm r Dad.
He believes that caregivers and family members can use a TP rbt t “lk in” n peple with mild dementia. He says, “TP rbts prvide an effective slutin fr minimizing caregiver burden, especially fr thse wh have career r ther ut-f hme activities.”
Urbanwski and his team have cnducted a study that invlves prviding TP rbts fr 15 Manitba families. These rbts are prgrammed t prvide reminders f necessary daily rutine like turning ff the gas, taking medicine and having dinner. They will als help ensure patients are getting the exercise they need t maintain their health and well-being.
Erin Crawfrd, Prgram Directr with the Alzheimer Sciety f Manitba, says she has faith that TP rbts will prve beneficial, particularly when it cmes t reminding peple with dementia t d certain things at certain times. “It means that family members that can’t be there, fr whatever reasn, knw that thse things are till happening,” she says.
5. What can we infer abut TP rbts frm Paragraph 3?
A. It’s easy t perate.B. It can clean the rm.
C. It's cnvenient t carry.D. It can be used n a cmputer.
6. Hw will TP rbts help thse with dementia?
A. By having dinner with them.B. By turning ff the gas fr them.
C. By ding activities with them.D. By reminding them t take pills.
7. What’s Erin Crawfrd’s attitude t the future f TP rbts?
A. Optimistic.B. Cautius.C. Dubtful.D. Critical.
8. What is the main idea f the text?
A. TP rbts prvide a new slutin t dementia.
B. TP rbts help t take care f dementia patients.
C. Caregivers f dementia will be replaced by TP rbts.
D. Urbanwski and his team are develping a new rbt.
3
Last year, Americans spent ver $30 billin at retail (零售) stres in the mnth f December alne. Aside frm purchasing hliday gifts, mst peple regularly buy presents fr ther ccasins thrughut the year, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduatins, and baby shwers. This frequent experience f gift-giving can create ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many believe that gift-giving ffers a pwerful means t build strnger bnds with intended receivers. At the same time, many wrry that their purchases will disappint rather than delight the intended receivers.
Anthrplgists (人类学家) describe gift-giving as a psitive scial prcess, serving varius plitical, religius, and psychlgical functins. Ecnmists, hwever, ffer a less favrable view. They think that gift-giving represents an bjective waste f resurces. Peple buy gifts that receivers wuld nt chse t buy n their wn, r at least nt spend as much mney t purchase. Givers are likely t spend $100 t purchase a gift that receivers wuld spend nly $80 t buy themselves.
What is surprising is that gift-givers have cnsiderable experience acting as bth gift-givers and gift-receivers, but still tend t verspend each time they set ut t purchase a meaningful gift. In the present research, psychlgists find a unique explanatin fr this verspending prblem — gift-givers equate (等同) hw much they spend with hw much receivers will appreciate the gift. Althugh a link between gift price and feelings f appreciatin might seem relevant t gift-givers, such an assumptin may be unfunded. Indeed, we find that gift-receivers will be less willing t base their feelings f appreciatin n the gift price than givers assume.
The thughts f gift-givers and gift-receivers being unable t accunt fr the ther party’s perspective (立场) seems puzzling because peple slip in and ut f these rles every day. Yet, despite the extensive experience that peple have as bth givers and receivers, they ften struggle t transfer infrmatin gained frm ne rle and apply it in anther.
9. What des the underlined wrd “ambivalent” in Paragraph1 prbably mean?
A. Cncerned.B. Psitive.
C. Unrealistic.D. Cnflicting.
10. What d the ecnmists think f gift-giving?
A. It strengthens the bnds between peple.
B. It is ecnmically beneficial t the receiver.
C. It is actually a prcess f wasting resurces.
D. It increases the financial burden t the giver.
11. What can we learn frm Paragraph 3?
A. Persnal preferences are the least t be cnsidered.
B. Gift-givers tend t link the gift cst t gift-receivers’ appreciatin.
C. Mre gift-receiving experience helps prevent verspending.
D. The assumptin made by gift-givers turned ut t be crrect.
12. Accrding t the authr, the different thughts between the gift-givers and receivers are caused by _________.
A. a trend f verspending
B. an inability t change perspectives
C. a grwing ppsitin t gift-giving
D. a misunderstanding f gift-receivers’ tastes
4
Calling smene a “birdbrain” is cnsidered rude. It implies that smene has a small brain and thus is nt smart. A new study fund that the expressin desn’t d birds justice either: Birds’ brains are much bigger than we thught — at least cmpared t their small bdies.
An internatinal team f 37 scientists measured the brain vlume (脑容量) f hundreds f dinsaurs and extinct birds by scanning fssils f their skulls. The readings were cmpared t a large database cntaining the brain sizes f mdern birds. These measurements were then analyzed, taking int cnsideratin each bird’s bdy size — resulting in smething called “relative brain size”. The results shwed that a dramatic change f birds’ bdy size happened right after the mass extinctin f dinsaurs 66 millin years ag.
Accrding t the study, published n April 23 in the jurnal Current Bilgy, birds and dinsaurs had similar brain sizes befre the extinctin. After the extinctin f the dinsaurs, hwever, birds had t find a way t survive, s they shrank their bdies — since smaller animals need less fd — but they kept their big brains.
“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evlutin f new brainbdy scaling patterns (缩放比例) by favring bth larger brains and smaller bdies,” US palentlgist (古生物学家) Daniel Ksepka, wh is the lead authr f the study, tld CNN.
This “evlutinary brain leap” — as scientists call it — als happened very rapidly. Withut dinsaurs, birds quickly reppulated. They came in all types and sizes, which cntributed t the diverse species f birds we see tday.
But amng all the bird species, certain nes “shw abve average rates f brain and bdy size evlutin”, study c-authr Adam Smith at Clemsn University, US, said in a statement — with crws and parrts being the mst evident. In fact, previus studies have already discvered that these birds have an amazing cgnitive capacity (认知能力). They are able t use tls, imitate human speech and even remember human faces.
S, in the wrds f Smith, “calling smene ‘birdbrained’ is actually quite a cmpliment (恭维)”!
13. Hw did the scientists learn the brain sizes f dinsaurs and extinct birds?
A. By studying their fssil skulls.B. By searching the database.
C. By experimenting n their brains.D. By analyzing their bdy size.
14. Hw did the birds change after the extinctin f the dinsaurs?
A. The birds’ bdies shrank as their brains became smaller.
B. The birds’ bdies became larger while their brains became smaller.
C. The birds’ brains remained almst the same as their bdies shrank.
D. The birds’ brains became larger t adapt t the envirnment.
15. Accrding t Adam Smith, calling smene “birdbrained” is ________.
A. t make rude remarksB. t laugh at ne’s small bdy size
C. t praise ne’s intelligenceD. t suggest the persn is nt smart
16. What is the purpse f this text?
A. T describe hw birds’ evlutin happened.
B. T explain the rigin f the wrd “birdbrain”.
C. T shw the amazing abilities f bird species.
D. T present the latest study n birds’ brain size.
5
In general, the riches f the natural wrld aren't spread evenly acrss the glbe. Places like the trpical Andes in Suth America are simply packed with unique species, many f which can't be fund in any ther places. Until recently, the main explanatin fr the bilgical riches cncentrated in places like the Amazn Basin was that such places must be engines f bidiversity, with new species evlving at a faster rate than ther parts f the wrld. But nw, new research n bird evlutin may turn that assumptin n its head, instead supprting the idea that areas with fewer species actually tend t prduce new species faster.
The researchers say these bidiversity "cldspts" are generally fund in envirnments featuring freezing, dry and unstable cnditins. Thugh the researchers fund these lcatins with few bird species tend t prduce new nes at high rates, they fail t accumulate many species because the unstable cnditins frequently make the new life frms die ut.
The mre well-knwn "htspts", by cntrast, have accumulated their large numbers f species by being warm, hspitable and relatively stable. Indeed, the researchers fund that the cuntless bird species that call the Amazn hme tend t be lder in evlutinary terms. "New species d frm in places like the Amazn, just nt as frequently as in the dry grasslands in the Andes," says Elizabeth, an evlutinary bilgist at the University f Tennessee.
The researchers managed t cllect 1,940 samples representing 1,287 f the 1,306 bird species frm Suth America. Their analysis shwed that the best predictr f whether an area wuld prduce new species at a high rate was hw many species lived there, rather than climate r gegraphic features like muntains. Species-rich areas tended t prduce new species mre slwly.
“Maybe bad envirnments generate new species mre frequently because there's less cmpetitin and mre available pprtunities fr new species,” says Gustav Brav, a lead researcher.
The study's findings add new urgency t prtect ecsystems that may lk barren, but may actually be nature's hthuses fr the evlutin f new species.
17. Why is Suth America mentined in the first paragraph?
A. T make cmparisn.B. T intrduce the tpic.
C. T explain a fact.D. T draw a cnclusin.
18. What determines the rising rate f new species in a place?
A. The number f its then species.B. The envirnment they lived in.
C. The survival skills f species.D. The different bilgical factrs.
19. Which f the fllwing can best explain the underlined wrd “barren” in the last paragraph?
A. Dry and bare.B. Lively and active.
C. Nice and green.D. Cmplex and unpredictable.
20. What might be the best title fr the text?
A. Trpical areas are hme t large numbers f species.
B. New species prefer t live in the extreme climate.
C. Harsh envirnments pse a greater threat t species.
D. The wrst ecsystem may give birth t new species fastest.
6
An artwrk jintly created by a rbt and a human artist will g n sale this week. The artwrk — knwn as an NFT — is t be sld during an nline auctin (拍卖) n Tuesday. NFT stands fr nn-fungible tken. It is a piece f art that nly exists n a cmputer technlgy knwn as blckchain (区块链).
NFTs can exist in the frm f images, vide, music and text. They are usually bught with electrnic mney. While anyne can view NFTs, the buyer has fficial wnership rights ver the bjects. NFTs have recently been grwing in ppularity amng investrs and cllectrs. Earlier this mnth, an artwrk in the frm f an NFT sld fr nearly $70 millin.
The piece t be sld this week was a cperative effrt between a human-like rbt, knwn as Sphia, and Italian artist Andrea Bnacet. The cmpany behind Sphia, Hansn Rbtics, says the auctin will be the first sale f a piece jintly created by a human artist, a rbt and artificial intelligence (AI). The artwrk, called “Sphia Instantiatin”, is a 12-secnd vide file. It cmbines nline and physical paintings frm Sphia with elements (要素) frm Bnacet’s wrk. The artwrk als includes influences frm art histry.
The digital artwrk will cme with a physical artwrk created by Sphia n a printed cpy f the nline piece. The nline auctin is t be held by a cmpany called Nifty Gateway. After the sale, Sphia will meet with the buyer t study his r her face, befre adding a final element t the artwrk. Sphia’s creatr, David Hansn, said this part f the prject will permit the new wner t have an unusual “persnal cnnectin” t the artwrk.
Bnacet said he hpes his cllabratin with Sphia will “make a statement in the art wrld, and even the technlgy wrld” abut the way rbts and humans can cperate in the future.
Sphia’s art culd be “a very, very imprtant histrical piece”, said Pabl Fraile, a Miami-based art cllectr and expert in NFTs. “It’s the first time these ideas have been put tgether,” he said.
21. The authr’s main purpse in writing paragraph 2 is t ________.
A. explain the value f different frms f NFTs
B. teach readers hw t buy NFTs with electrnic mney
C. prvide readers with sme infrmatin abut NFTs
D. advise readers t cllect r invest in NFTs
22. What can we knw abut “Sphia Instantiatin”?
A. It is the first NFT artwrk t be sld.
B. It is a physical artwrk created by Sphia.
C. It is an artwrk with elements frm art histry.
D. It is the first artwrk created by a rbt and AI.
23. What is Pabl Fraile’s attitude twards “Sphia Instantiatin”?
A. Psitive.B. Uncaring.C. Oppsed.D. Skeptical.
24. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. An NFT Will Gain High Ppularity Amng Investrs
B. Mre NFTs Will Be Created by Humans and Rbts
C. Sphia Will Be Necessary in Creating Online Artwrks
D. Online Artwrk That Rbt Helps Create Will Be Sld
7
Fr millins f years, Arctic sea ice has expanded and shrunk in a rhythmic dance with the summer sun. Humans evlved in this icy wrld, and civilizatin relied n it fr climatic, eclgical and plitical stability. But nw the wrld cmes ever clser t a future withut ice. The Natinal Snw and Ice Data Center reprted that 2019’s minimum arctic sea ice extent was the secnd lwest n recrd. Arctic summers culd becme mstly ice-free in 30 years, and pssibly sner if current trends cntinue. As the nrthern sea ice declines, the wrld must unite t preserve what remains f the Arctic.
Althugh mst peple have never seen the sea ice, its effects are never far away. By reflecting sunlight, Arctic ice acts as Earth’s air cnditiner. Once dark water replaces brilliant ice, Earth culd warm substantially, equivalent t the warming caused by the additinal release f a trillin tns f carbn dixide (CO2) int the atmsphere and declining sea ice threatens wildlife, frm the plar bear t algae that grw beneath the sea ice, supprting the large amunt f marine life.
T avid the cnsequences the scientific cmmunity shuld advcate nt just fr lwering greenhuse gas emissins, but als fr prtecting the Arctic frm explitatin. The Antarctic shws the way. In the 1950s, cuntries raced t claim the Antarctic cntinent fr resurces and military installatins. Enter the scientists. The 1957-1958 Internatinal Gephysical Year brught tgether scientists frm cmpeting cuntries t study Antarctica, and cuntries temprarily suspended their territrial disputes (争议). In 1959, 12 cuntries signed the Antarctic Treaty t preserve the cntinent fr peaceful scientific discvery rather than territrial and military gain.
Sixty years later, we must nw save the Arctic. A new Marine Arctic Peace Sanctuary (MAPS) Treaty wuld prtect the Arctic Ocean as a scientific preserve fr peaceful purpses nly. Similar t Antarctica, MAPS wuld prhibit resurce explitatin, cmmercial fishing and shipping, and military exercises. S far, nly 2 nn-Arctic cuntries have signed MAPS; 97 mre need t sign n t enact it int law. Scientists can help—just as they did fr the Antarctic—by giving statements f supprt, asking scientific rganizatins t endrse (支持) the treaty, cmmunicating the imprtance f prtecting the arctic t the public and plicy-makers, and abve all, by cnvincing natinal leaders t sign the treaty. In particular, Arctic natins must agree that recgnizing the arctic as an internatinal preserve is better than fighting ver it. In 2018, these cuntries successfully negtiated a 16-year mratrium n cmmercial fishing in the Arctic high seas, demnstrating that such agreements are pssible.
Humans have nly ever lived in a wrld tpped by ice. Can we nw wrk tgether t prtect Arctic ecsystems, keep the nrthern peace, and allw the sea ice t return?
25. What can be inferred frm the passage?
A. wildlife relies n sea ice fr fd and water.
B. The Arctic wuld be ice-free in 30 years.
C. Sea ice slws dwn the glbal warming.
D. The melting f sea ice releases CO2.
26. The Antarctic is mentined in the passage in rder t ________.
A. remind readers f the past f the Antarctic
B. prpse a feasible apprach fr the Arctic
C. stress the imprtance f preserving sea ice
D. recall hw the Antarctic Treaty came int being
27. The wrd “mratrium” (in paragraph 4) is clsest in meaning t ________.
A. battleB. ban
C. memD. prtectin
28. Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
A. Antarctic: a Successful Cmeback?B. Sea Ice and Glbal Warming
C. Arctic: the Earth’s FutureD. Life Withut Ice?
8
Biprinting is the medically and bi-technlgically equal t 3D printing. By using the same principles, the aim is t rapidly develp living structures similar t human-grwn rgans and tissue that can be used t heal peple r test new drugs.
Of curse, printing bilgical tissue is much mre cmplex than building a mechanical part. There are cmplex layers f cells in living tissue. Biprinters use biink made frm cells, bichemical nutrients and bilgical stands t supprt cells in an exact rder. Biinks have t perate under cnditins that are suitable fr living, grwing tissue, s they cannt really be printed at temperatures that tp bdy temperature.
Perhaps the simplest frm f biprinting is inkjet printing. Biink is sprayed thrugh tiny tubes s it has t be almst liquid and this limits the bilgical materials that can be printed. Mst 3D printers perate by squeezing material thrugh a pipe and biprinters can use squeezing t, thugh care has t be taken nt t damage cells thrugh extreme frce. Other techniques such as laser-assisted biprinting r electrspinning (静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with thicker biinks, but they are mre tricky t use with living cells and nt as rapid r able t create large quantities f tissue.
Once the biprinter has dne its wrk, the pst-prcessing stage begins. Bireactr systems are ften emplyed t help the tissue grw up. They can be used t cpy the frces and bichemical supprt that tissue needs t grw and differentiate crrectly.
Biprinting may be a relatively new field but the results s far are encuraging. Stem cells, which have the ptential t turn int several types f cells, are being used t create bne. Organ printing can imprve the health f sciety in general by wiping ut the prblem f diseases caused by rgan failure, cstly treatments and scial care. That prmise may be years away frm realizatin but rapid prttyping (原型技术) enabled by biprinting is pushing medical advances frward at pace.
29. What des the underlined wrd “they” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Cells.B. Biinks.
C. Nutrients.D. Bilgical stands.
30. What shuld we pay attentin t when using biprinting?
A. The srt f human rgans.
B. The thickness f biinks.
C. The frce f squeezing.
D. The rder f cells.
31. What can we infer frm the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?
A. The prcess f biprinting is practical.
B. Bireactr systems tend nt t damage cells.
C. Mst 3D printers limit the bilgical materials.
D. Laser-assisted biprinting can prduce much tissue.
32. Which is the suitable title fr the passage?
A. Biprinting Cures Peple f Diseases
B. Biprinting is Similar t 3D Printing
C. Biprinting Gets Care frm Sciety
D. Biprinting Has Much Ptential