2023中考英语复习之名词相关要点（二）

名词知识复习相关要点要点十六：company的用法与搭配1. 表示“客人”“伙伴”等，可指一人或多人，此时是不可数名词，且一般不与冠词连用。如：He was very good (bad) company. 他是个有趣（乏味）的伙伴。I had no company on the journey. 我在旅行中没有同伴。We're expecting company next week. 我们下星期有客来访。2. 表示“陪伴某人”，根据情况可用keep sb company或as company for sb等。如：I'll stay here and keep you company. 我留下来陪你。My aunt came to stay for a week as company for my mother while I was away. 我离开的时候，我的姑妈来陪了我母亲一个星期。3. 表示“有某人做伴”，可用have one's company或have sb as company等。如：I'm glad to have her company. 我很高兴有她做伴。He was glad to have the dog as company. 他很高兴有狗做伴。4. a company of后接复数名词，表示“一队”“一群”“一伙”，用作主语时，谓语动词可用单数（视为整体）或复数（考虑其个体）。如：A company of travelers is [are] expected to arrive soon. 一批游客很快就到。5. 表示“公司”时，有时还可表示公司名称中未列出姓名的合伙人，用于专有名词时，注意以下两点：(1) 用了＆(=and)，则其前不能用冠词；若没用＆，则其前用不用冠词均可。(2) 带有＆的公司（company）用作主语时，其谓语通常用复数。如：Smith ＆ Company are holding their annual meeting.=(The) Smith Company are holding their annual meeting. 史密斯（和其他人合开的）公司正在召开年会。要点十七：money的可数性以及用法说明1. 表示“钱”，是不可数名词。如：I haven’t got any money on me. 我身上一点钱都没有。I decided to ask for my money back. 我决定把我的钱要回来。2. 汉语说“零花钱”，说成英语是pocket money。如：Your son gets much too much pocket money. 你儿子的零花钱太多了。英语中另一个表示“零花钱”的词语是allowance。如：My weekly allowance is $50. 我每周的零花钱是50美元。3. 汉语说“零钱”，说成英语通常是(small) change。如：Here is your change. 这是你的找头。You may keep the change. 请不要找（零钱）了。Would you by any chance have change for 5? 你能找换5英镑的零钱吗?Give me change for this note. 请替我把这张钞票换成零钱。4. 汉语说“挣钱”，说成英语是make money。如：He knows the art of making money. 他懂得生财之道。We need to think of ways to make money. 我们需要想办法挣钱。5. 注意不要误解以下表达的意思：ready money（现钱），public money（公款），dear money（高利贷款），drink money（赏钱），easy money（容易赚来的钱），等。要点十八：walk用作名词的可数与不可数1. walk 用作名词，表示“走路”“散步”等，其含义较具体，它其实指的是一次散步或步行的一段距离等，因此它通常是可数的。如：How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?She often goes on long walks. 她常常作长时间散步。It's a short walk to the station. 步行不远就到了车站。2. 但是，若表示泛指意义或抽象意义的“散步”，不能用 walk, 而用 walking。如：在英国，散步是一种很流行的锻炼方式。误：Walk is a popular form of exercise in Britain.正：Walking is a popular form of exercise in Britain.要点十九：可转化为可数名词的专有名词专有名词一般视为不可数名词，有时表达泛指意义时，也可成为可数名词，可以由a/an修饰或用复数形式。例如：1、How I wish to be a Ma Yun!我是多么想成为马云一样的人物啊！2、There are two Mikes in my class.I often confuse them.我们班有两个叫迈克的，我经常把他们弄混。要点二十：英语中某国人单数和复数的写法名称　　 总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　 两个人中国人　　the Chinese　　　a Chinese　 two Chinese瑞士人　　the Swiss　　　　a Swiss　　 two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians　a Australian　 two Australians俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　two Russians意大利人　the Italians　 　an Italian　 two Italians希腊人　　the Greek　　　 a Greek　　　two Greeks法国人　　the French　　　a Frenchman　two Frenchmen日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese美国人　　the Americans　an American　two Americans印度人　　the Indians　　an Indian　　 two Indians加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　two Englishmen瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　　　two Swedes要点二十一：名词people的单数与复数问题1. 当people表示“人”“人们”时，只用单数形式，但总是表示复数意义。如：People have different moral values. 人有不同的价值观。People learn from experience. 人们从经验中学习。Young people are very hot on pop music. 年轻人热衷于流行音乐。Old people are usually more conservative than young people. 老年人通常比年轻人保守。表示“一个人”时，不能用one people，可根据情况改用one person, one man, one woman, one boy等。2. people表示“民族”是可数名词，其前可用不定冠词，也可复数形式。We Chinese are a hardworking people. 我们中国人是勤劳的人民。Ireland was inhabited by two peoples. 爱尔兰居住着两个民族。比较：How many peoples live in Asia? 亚洲有多少个民族?How many people live in the room? 这房间住了多少人?有时它还可与few, many等连用。如：Few peoples in the world can boast (of) such an old civilization as ours. 世界上没有几个民族有像我国民族这样悠久的文化。要点二十二：a lot, a lot of, lots of等修饰或代指名词的用法1. 用于 a lot of (=lots of)，意为“许多”，可用于修饰可数或不可数名词。如：We need a lot of [lots of] money. 我们需要很多钱。He has quite a lot of [lots of] friends. 他有很多朋友。修饰主语时，谓语的数取决于它所修饰名词的数。如：A lot of money was spent on it. 在它上面花了很多钱。A lot of people were interested in it. 对此感兴趣的人很多。2. 单独用的a lot具有以下用法：(1) 用作主语。如：A lot hangs on this decision. 很多事情都取决于这一决定。A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge. 在很大程度上将取决于她对这一难题的反应。(2) 用作宾语。可用动词宾语或介词宾语。如：Sophia must have been through a lot. 索菲娅一定受过很多苦。I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自从我认识了他，我向他学到许多东西。(3) 用作表语。如：Two hundred pounds is a lot to spend on a dress. 买一件衣服要花200英镑是够多的。(4) 用作状语。一是用于修饰比较级，二是用于修饰动词：①修饰比较级，相当于much，意为“……得多”。如：It’s a lot colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。Houses are a lot more expensive these days. 如今的房价贵多了。②修饰动词，一是表示程度，意为“很”“很多”“非常”等；二是表示频率，意为“经常”。如：He has helped me a lot. 他给予了我很大的帮助。George smokes a lot. 乔治烟抽得很多。I play tennis quite a lot in the summer. 夏天我经常打网球。She is very pretty and goes out a lot. 她长得很漂亮，常常到外头玩。在口语中，有时可用lots代替a lot。如：She loves him lots. 她非常爱他。There’s lots we can do. 有许多事情我们可以做。I eat lots less than I used to. 我吃得比从前少得多。要点二十三：名词choice的用法与搭配1. 在 have no choice but这一结构中，其后通常要接带to的不定式，表示“除了做…以外，别无选择”或“只好做…”：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。I had no choice but to cancel my holiday. 我只能取消假期，别无选择。He had no choice but to accept (= He had to accept). 他别无选择只能接受。He will have no choice but to ally himself with the new movement. 他将别无选择，只能与这个新运动结盟。For the above reasons, the management has no choice but to close the factory. 基于上述原因，资方别无选择，只好关闭工厂。2. 表示在某范围内选择时，以下几点需注意（注意搭配）：(1) 在两者之间选择（注意 between 的使用）：He has to make a choice between the two books. 他得在这两本书中选择一本。You must make [have] a choice between this and that. ＝ You must make [have] the choice of this or that. 这样东西和那样东西你必须选择其一。上面最后一组句子的结构不能混淆，如不能说：You must make [have] a choice of this or that.(2) 在三者或三者之上选择（注意 among 的使用）：Beer is the drink of choice among sports fans. 啤酒是受体育爱好者喜爱的饮品。She was asked to make a choice among the three. 她被要求在这三者当中选择一个。(3) 在不明确范围选择：They have no choice left. 他们别无选择。What's your choice? 你选哪个？要点二十四：result的用法与搭配1. 用作动词，表示“产生结果”或“有某种结果”，是不及物动词，注意以下用：(1) 若表示先因后果，其后接介词in，指由某种原因导致某种结果，此时通常译为“导致……（的结果）”“以……而告终”。如：Love results in marriage, naturally. 恋爱终归于婚姻（有情人终成眷属）。The accident resulted in the death of two passengers. 这次事故导致两名乘客丧生。(2) 若表示先果后因，后接介词from，指某种结果是由于某种原因导致的，此时通常译为“由于”“由于……而产生（的结果）”。如：His failure resulted from his carelessness.他的失败是由他的粗心造成的。His illness resulted from eating contaminated food. 他生病是由于吃了不洁净的食物。(3) 比较以下相似表达：Success results from hard work. 成功来自于努力工作。Hard work results in success. 努力工作可以导致成功。2. 用作名词，用于as a result, 意为“结果”“因此”。如：As a result he was forced to leave home. 结果他被迫离开了家。He had some bad fish. As a result, he felt ill. 他吃了些坏鱼，结果感到不舒服。表示“由于……的结果”，后接介词 of。如：He was late as a result of (=because of) the snow. 由于下雪，他迟到了。在as a result 这一结构中，要用不定冠词，但在 as a [the] result 这一结构中，却用不定冠词或定冠词均可。如：As a [the] result of his hard work, he got a pay rise. 由于他工作勤奋，所以他加了工资。要点二十五：cost,charge,expense,price的区别cost意思是费用，成本。包括对某事所付出的一切费用及时间、劳动等。charge指给予服务后索要的“费用”。expense常用复数形式，多指大量的“花费，支出”，如求学、旅游、战争等所需要的“开销”。price指价格，即商品出售时所定的“价格”，还有“代价”的意思。请看下面的例句：1、The company has made heroic efforts at cost reduction.公司在降低成本方面付出了艰苦卓绝的努力。2、Costs have been cut by 30 to 50 per cent...成本降低了30%到50%。3、Customers who arrange overdrafts will face a monthly charge of ￡5.透支的客户每月要缴纳5英镑的费用。4、We can arrange this for a small charge.我们收取少量的费用就可以安排这事5、He's bought a big TV at vast expense so that everyone can see properly.他花了很多钱买了台大电视，这样人人都可以看清楚了。6、Her airfare and hotel expenses were paid by the committee.她乘飞机及住酒店的费用由该委员会支付了。7、They expected house prices to rise.他们预期房价会上涨。8、The price of oil should remain stable for the rest of 1992.油价会在1992年剩下的时间里保持稳定。要点二十六：mistake和fault的用法区别mistake指“错误，误解，误会”，多指缺乏正确理解造成行动上或认识上的错误。fault多指性格上的弱点、行为上的过失，强调过失应负的责任。常用搭配：at fault 有过错；find fault挑毛病，找错。请大家看下面的例句：1、I think it's a serious mistake to confuse books with life...我认为把书本同生活混为一谈是大错特错。2、One should not plead inexperience in excuse of his mistake.一个人不应该借口缺乏经验来为其错误辩解。3、The teacher brought him up for his mistake.老师因他的错误对其进行训斥。4、His manners had always made her blind to his faults.他的彬彬有礼总是使她对他的缺点视而不见。5、A few borrowers will find themselves in trouble with their repayments through no fault of their own.一些借款人会发现，他们还款遇到了麻烦，但根本不是由于自身的过失造成的。6、Finally he owned his fault.最终他承认了错误。要点二十七：job和work的用法区别这里我们区别job和work是把它们都按照名词的词性来区别的。job有两层含义：一指“一项任务，一件工作”；另一种含义是“工作，职业”。可作可数名词，其复数形式是jobs，表示“工作”，口语中表示“事情”。work有“体力或脑力劳动”的意思，又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思，是不不可数名词。请看下面的例句：1、She has got a good job as a secretary.她已得到了一份当秘书的工作。2、Once I'm in America I can get a job.我一到美国就能找到工作。3、Save major painting jobs for the spring or summer.【这里job意思是（一项）任务；（一份）工作，活儿】把主要的油漆活儿留到春天或夏天干。4、Their main job is to preserve health rather than treat illness.【这里job的意思是职责】他们的主要职责是保健而不是治病。5、I was out of work at the time.【这里work的意思是工作;职业】那时我失业了。6、I used to take work home, but I don't do it any mor.【这里work的意思是工作;活儿;活计】我过去常把活儿带回家干，不过我如今再也不这么做了。要点二十八：prize,award,reward的区别prize多指在各类竞赛中或抽奖中赢的奖，这种奖有的是凭能力获得的，有的是凭运气获得的。award多指为鼓励在工作上取得一定成就而正是颁发的一种奖励，强调荣誉。reward多指对某人的工作或服务等的报答。请看下面的例句：1、He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.他获得了1986年诺贝尔物理学奖。2、He won first prize at the Leeds Piano Competition...他在利兹国际钢琴比赛中荣获一等奖。3、The Institute's annual award is presented to organizations that are dedicated to democracy and human rights.该协会的年度奖授予致力于民主与人权的组织。4、Sue and John were especially thrilled with this award.休和约翰对于获得这个奖项感到兴奋不已。5、She presented a bravery award to schoolgirl Caroline Tucker.她向女学生卡罗琳·塔克颁发了英勇奖状。6、He was given the job as a reward for running a successful leadership bid.因为成功组织了领导职位竞选活动，他得到了这份工作。7、The firm last night offered a ￡10,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of the killer.昨晚这家公司悬赏 1万英镑，寻找能将凶手定罪的证据。8、The company is just starting to reap the rewards of long-term investments.这家公司正开始收获长期投资的回报。要点二十九：man,people,person的用法区别man指“男人”，与woman相对。指“人类”时，没有复数形式，也不加任何冠词。这一点大家一定要注意。people“人们”，是集体名词，表泛指概念，前面不加冠词，作可数名词时以为“民族”。person指个别“人”，一般用于比较精确的场合。请大家看下面的例句：1、She ran away with a man called McTavish last year.去年，她和一个叫麦克塔维什的男人私奔了。2、The chick initially has no fear of man.小鸡天生并不怕人。3、He is the man of all others for the job.他是所有人之中最适于干这工作的人。4、You can chat to other people who are online.你可以和其他在线的人聊天。5、It's a triumph for the American people.这是美国人民的胜利。6、Millions of people have lost their homes.数百万人失去了家园。7、At least one person died and several others were injured.至少一人死亡，还有几个人受伤。8、A friend of mine is a very anxious person.我的一个朋友是个非常容易焦虑不安的人。9、Mary was the first person to think of the idea.玛丽是第一个想到这个主意的人要点三十：problem和question的用法区别problem指“问题，难题”，通常指等待解决或决定的问题，尤指比较难的问题。常见短语：in question 正在考虑 ; 讨论中的beyond question 毫无疑问 ; 毋庸置疑question指“疑问，问题”。通常指由于对某事疑惑不解而提出问题等待回答，指需要解决或决定的问题。经常见到的短语：out t of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能的; 绝不可能social problem 社会问题housing problem 住房问题technical problem 技术问题practical problem 实际问题economic problem 经济问题请看下面的例句：1、The main problem is unemployment.主要的问题是失业。2、I do not have a simple solution to the drug problem.我并没有一个简单的解决毒品问题的方法。3、They asked a great many questions about England...他们问了一大堆有关英格兰的问题。4、They asked a lot of questions about China.他们问了许多有关中国的问题。