![2023中考英语复习之名词相关要点(三)第1页](http://img-preview.51jiaoxi.com/2/4/14062839/0/0.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,w_794,m_lfit,g_center/sharpen,100)
![2023中考英语复习之名词相关要点(三)第2页](http://img-preview.51jiaoxi.com/2/4/14062839/0/1.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,w_794,m_lfit,g_center/sharpen,100)
![2023中考英语复习之名词相关要点(三)第3页](http://img-preview.51jiaoxi.com/2/4/14062839/0/2.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,w_794,m_lfit,g_center/sharpen,100)
2023中考英语复习之名词相关要点(三)
展开
名词知识复习相关要点要点三十一:专有名词带冠词the和不带冠词专有名词分为带冠词的专有名词和不带冠词的专有名词两种。Mother's Day 每亲节
the Great Wall of China 中国长城一、不带冠词的专有名词:(1)表示人名、尊称和头衔的名词。例如:
Mike 迈克,
Mr Green 格林先生,
Mum 妈妈,
Miss Li 李小姐。(2)表示周日、月份和节日的名词。例如:
Monday 星期一,
January 一月,
Children's Day 儿童节,
Women's Day 妇女节,
National's Day 国庆节,
New Year's Eve除夕,
Mother's Day母亲节(3)表示地理和地理名称的名词。例如:
USA 美国,
Africa 非洲,
Shanghai 上海,
Guilin 桂林二、需要带冠词的专有名词(1)普通名词或形容词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词the。例如:the United Nations 联合国
the Summer Palace 颐和园
the People's Hall 人民大会堂(2)由“普通名词+专有名词”或“专有名词+普通名词”构成的专有名词前要加定冠词the.例如:the Communist Party of China 中国共产党
the New York Times 《纽约时报》
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国(3)在江河、海洋、湖泊、山脉、运河、群岛、平原或沙漠等专有名词之前要加定冠词the。例如:the Yellow River 黄河
the West Lake 西湖
the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
the Xisha Islands 西沙群岛
the North China Plain 华北平原
the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山
the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠(4)表示时代、朝代的专有名词前要加定冠词the。例如:the Tang Dynasty 唐代
the Warring States Period 战国时期(5)在某些旅馆、建筑物的名词前要加定冠词the。例如:the Blue Sky Hotel 蓝天宾馆
the Great Wall 长城
the Museum of Chinese History 中国历史博物馆要点三十二:物质名词前冠词的用法1.物质名词(water, air等)在用于一般意义时不加冠词:Water boils at 100 centi degree.水在摄氏100度沸腾。We can't live without air.没有空气我们就不能生活。They make high—quality steel.他们制造优质钢。Snow covered the ground.地上被白雪覆盖。2.指该物质特定部分时可加定冠词:The air(in the room)is bad.(屋里)空气不好。The water isn't very clean.这水不太干净。Don't stand in the rain.别站在雨里。Wipe off the dust.把灰尘擦掉。3.有时物质名词前还可加不定冠词,表示:1)“一种”:Marble is a precious stone.大理石是一种珍贵的石料。It was a special tea which tasted of chrysanthemum.这足一种菊花茶。 2)“一场雨雪”:What a heavy rain.多大的雨呀。It was bitterly cold.and a heavy snow was falling.天气严寒,下着一场大雪。 3)“一份”:A chocolate ice-cream for me!给我一弃巧克力冰淇淋。An iced coffee for me.给我一杯冰咖啡。有时一个物质名词可表示可数的东西:I need two yards of cloth.我需要两码布。(不可数)He wiped the books with a cloth.他用一块布擦书。(可数)要点三十三:英语名词“东西南北”的用法和表示方法英语中表示方位的东、西、南、北四个名词是east, west, south和north。在使用时要注意以下几点:1. 在通常情况下,其前要加定冠词。如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起,至西方落下。Better farmlands lie in the north of the state. 肥沃的农田分布在该国北部。The north is less expensive to live in than the south. 北方的生活费用比南方低。Go toward the south to get to Mexico from Texas. 向南走从德克萨斯州进入墨西哥。2. 表示“在……的东(南、西、北)”,通常应根据具体情况来选用介词。(1) 以下各例的方位名词前用介词in,表示一地在另一地的范围之内。如:China is in the east of Asia. 中国位于亚洲的东部。The church is located in the east of the city. 教堂在本市的东部。The capital is in the extreme south of the country. 首都位于这个国家的最南端。(2) 以下各例的方位名词用介词on,表示一地在另一地之外,且彼此接壤或毗邻。如:China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。Mexico is on the south of the USA. 墨西哥在美国南面。(3) 以下各例的方位名词前用介词to,表示一地在另一地的范围之外,两者可能彼此接壤也可能有一定距离。如:She lives to the west of Glasgow. 她住在格拉斯哥以西的地方。There are mountains to the north of here. 这儿的北面有山。It's a few kilometers to the east of London. 那是伦敦以东几公里的地方。表示彼此接壤时,用介词on或to均可以。如:Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鲜位于中国的东边。3. 当east, south, west, north用于名词前作定语时,要注意它们与eastern, southern, western, northern的区别。下面以east与eastern的区别加以说明(其他几组词的区别与此类似)。(1) 当谈论模糊的、较不确定的地区时,一般多用eastern。如:the eastern part of the county 该县的东部eastern side of the USA 美国的东部地区而谈论界线较清楚的地方时,则多用east。如:the east side of the house 房子的东面the east coast of England 英格兰东海岸(2) 在专有名词中多用east。如:East China 华东 East Asia 东亚East Germany 东德 East Europe 东欧South America 南美 the Middle East 中东the Far East 远东 the Near East 近东而在普通名词中多用eastern。如:the eastern part of Africa 非洲东部the eastern sky 东方天空an eastern country 东方国家(3) 在抽象名词前,一般用eastern,不用east。如:the eastern civilization 东方文明the eastern languages 东方语言eastern religions 东方宗教注意以下各词语,其方位习惯与汉语完全相反:northeast 东北 / southeast 东南 / northwest 西北 / southwest 西南要点三十四:deer的单复数问题deer是可数名词,那么,deer的复数形式是什么?这是很多同学很容易搞错的问题。请记住,deer是单、复数同形的词,所以,deer的复数仍然是deer。如:one deer,two deer,这样的名词还有fish,sheep等。例句:In the zoo, there are many deer.?动物园里有很多鹿。The hunter wounded the deer.猎人打伤了鹿。要点三十五:英语中的集体名词集体名词的定义:集体名词是同一类许多个体的集合的总称。集体名词中有的是可数名词,如:family 家庭 group 小组 team 队 police 警察有的是不可数名词,如:clothing 衣服 furniture 家具集体名词的注意事项:1. 有的集体名词通常用作复数形式。如:The police are questioning everyone in the house.警察正在盘问房间里的每一个人。Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef, and hides.家牛为我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。常见的同类词汇有:vermin 害虫 poultry 家禽2. 有的集体名词可以用作单数形式,也可以用作复数形式。比如说family这个词,如果把family看成家庭成员,谓语用复数。如果把family看成一个整体,谓语用单数:His family are waiting for him.他的家人正在等他。(把family看成家庭成员)I've got to make it clear that my family was very poor.我得说清楚,我的家是很穷的。(把family看成一个整体)常见的同类词汇有:army 军队 data 数据 jury 陪审团 audience 观众 enemy 敌人media 媒体 bacteria 细菌 navy 海军 committee 委员会 flock 羊群nobility 贵族 community 共同体 firm 商号 party 政党 company 公司gang 一群 press 新闻界 council 理事会 government 政府 public 公众couple 对、双 group 组 staff 全体职员 crew 全体人员 herd 牧群 team 队3. 有的集体名词只能用作单数形式。这类词汇属不可数名词。如:Our clothing protects us from cold.衣服保护我们免受寒冻。Then the furniture was moved in.然后家具被搬进来。常见的同类词汇有:mankind 人类 foliage 叶子;植物 machinery 机械 merchandise 货物要点三十六:convenience的可数和不可数问题1.当 convenience 表示抽象意义的“方便”“合宜”时,它是不可数名词。如:What sells CDs to most people is convenience. 多数人买CD是图个方便。The hotelcombines comfort with convenience. 这家旅店既舒适又方便。 2、当 convenience 表示以下具体意思时,它则是可数名词:(1) 表示具体的“便利设施”“方便用具”等,则可数。如:They wouldn't like to live without modern conveniences such as microwaves. 他们不愿过那种没有微波炉之类现代化便利设施的生活。用于惯用表达 as a convenience (to sb),意思是“为方便(某人)”,与 for (sb's) convenience 大致同义。又如:we group them intospecies merely as a convenience. 我们将其分类只是为了方便。Thesupermarket offers a bag-packing service, as a convenience to customers. 为方便顾客,这家超市提供袋装服务。(2) 表示“方便的事”,也是可数名词。如:It's a great convenience living next door toa post office. 住在邮局隔壁极为方便。(3) 表示“(公共)厕所”,是可数名词。如:There is a public convenience on the cornerof the street. 在街道的拐角处有公共厕所要点三十七:foot的单复数问题1、foot 表示“脚”时,其复数为 feet。如:I wear shoes on my feet. 我脚上穿着鞋子。He is on his feet for sixteen hours a day. 他每天站16个小时。He suffers terribly with his feet. 他的脚痛得不得了。I walked into a pool of water and got my feet wet. 我走近一个水坑,把脚弄湿了。2、foot 表示“英尺”时,其复数是 feet 或 foot。如:Jim is six foot [feet] tall. 吉姆6英尺高。The snow is three foot [feet] deep. 雪有3英尺深。The tree is six foot [feet] around. 这树周长6英尺。The table is six foot [feet] long, or about two meters long. 桌子有6英尺(或2米)3、但在复合形容词中通常用单数。如:a six-foot-tall man 6英尺高的人要点三十八:rice可数吗?rice词语用法:rice的基本意思是“稻”,也可指“稻米,大米”,还可指“米饭”。rice为不可数名词,因此,说“一粒米”要用a grain of rice; “多粒米”要用grains of rice; “两碗米饭”要用two bowls of boiled rice。rice英语例句:1. Under these laws, he said, Mr. Rice's assets could have been frozen.他说根据这些法规,赖斯先生的资产可能已经被冻结了。rice可数吗?2. The petals can be cooked with rice to colour it yellow.可以把这些花瓣跟米饭一起煮,使米饭变成黄色。3. Fish and rice were the mainstays of the country's diet.鱼和米是该国的主要食品。4. He will offer the first harvest of rice to the sun goddess.他将把收获的第一束稻子献给太阳女神。5. The rice is accompanied by a soup or a soupy stew.米饭伴以汤羹或炖菜。6. Vietnam has emerged as the world's third-biggest rice exporter.越南已跃居世界第三大稻米出口国。7. Staples such as bread, rice and tea are already being rationed.面包、大米和茶叶等日常必需品已实行配给。8. When the rice isn't cooked properly it goes lumpy and gooey.米饭没煮好会结块,而且软黏黏的。9. Rice is the staple food of more than half the world's population.稻米是全世界一半以上人口的主食。10. I picked on simple things — rice and peas, meat and bread.我选了些简单的:豌豆米饭和夹肉面包。11. Japan will have to do a deal with America on rice imports.日本将不得不与美国就大米的进口达成一笔交易。12. Workers were singing as they tilled the rice paddy fields.劳动者们一边耕犁稻田一边唱歌。13. Wash the rice in cold water until the water runs clear.用凉水冲洗大米,直到水变清为止。14. Serve hot, with pasta or rice and French beans.趁热和意大利面或米饭以及四季豆一起端上桌。15. Heat the curry thoroughly and serve it on a bed of rice.把咖喱热透后浇在米饭上。要点三十九:experience可数吗用作名词,有时可数,有时不可数:(1) 表示由实践得来的“经验”“体验”等,是不可数名词。如:Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。You will gain experience in that job. 干那个工作你会获得经验。(2) 泛指一般意义的个人经历或阅因,也是不可数名词。如:Experience has matured him greatly. 他经历这些事之后已经成熟多了。(3) 表示具体的一次经历或体验,为可数名词。如:It was a very frightening experience. 这是一段令人惊恐的经历。He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa. 他在非洲旅行时,有很多有趣的经历。表示做某事的经验,其后通常不接不定式,而接 in [of] doing sth。如:He has had many years' experience in [of] wheat planting [planting wheat]. 他有多年种小麦的经验。He has had much experience in [of] this kind of work. 他有丰富的经验做这项工作。要点四十:medicine可数吗?medicine 表示“药”,尤指内服药,通常为不可数名词。如:Don't take too much medicine. 药不要吃得太多。The cough will pass away without medicine. 这种咳嗽不服药也会好的。但指不同种类时,可用作可数名词。如:Keep those medicines out of reach of the children. 把那些药放在孩子够不着的地方。She has taken a lot of different medicines, but none have cured her disease. 她已服用了许多药,但没有一种药能治好她的药。要点四十一:information 可数吗?不可数名词,可用量词修饰,或修饰不可数名词的词 比如: a piece of information 一条消息 some information例句与用法1.The police haven't got enough information to catch the criminal.警方还未得到可捉拿这个罪犯的足够情报。2.Can you give me any information on this matter?关于此事,你能给我提供什么消息吗?3.Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.你的信息不准确,所以你的结论是错误的。4.The information industry is an infant industry in our country.信息产业在我国是新兴产业。5.The development of the information technology is the greatest technological advance of the 20th century.信息技术的发展是二十世纪工业技术上的最大进步。6.A good encyclopaedia is a mine of information.一部好的百科全书是一座知识宝库。7.He succeeded in eliciting the information he needed from her.他从她那里问出了他所需要的信息。要点四十二:equipment 可数吗equipment是不可数名词,作“装备”,“设备”解。不能说equipments或an equipment。例如:The building is supplied with modern office equipment.这幢楼配备了现代化的办公设备。You will be satisfied with the kitchen equipment here.你一定会对这里的厨卫设备感到满意。I need three pieces of equipment.我需要三件设备。We have lots of factories with modern equipment.我们拥有许多设备现代化的工厂。Radar equipment helps us a lot in our daily life.雷达装置在日常生活中颇有用处。要点四十三:clothes 和 clothing 可数吗clothes 和 clothing 均可表示“衣服”,用作“衣服”的统称,但在用法上有差别:1.clothes 是一个没有单数形式的复数名词, 其前不可加不定冠词,也不可加数词,但可用 some, these, those, many, few 等词修饰。如:正:those clothes / few clothes / many clothes误:a clothes / two clothes / three clothes2. clothing 是不可数名词。如:They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。3. 比较而言:clothes 的含义比较具体,而 clothing 的含义则比较抽象。从语体上看,clothing 比 clothes 更正式。比较:I changed my clothes. 我换了衣服。He is washing his clothes. 他在洗衣服。Our clothing protects us against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。We are well provided with food and clothing. 我们吃得好,穿得好。若不考虑其细微区别,两者常可换用(注:一个是复数,一个不可数)。如:He spent a lot of money on clothes [clothing]. 他花了许多钱买衣服。要点四十四:homework, housework 可数吗?(1) homework, housework 为不可数名词,不可加 s。例如:我今晚作业很多。正 I have a lot of homework tonight.误 I have a lot of homeworks tonight.(2) “做作业”动词用 do,不用 study, make 等词。例如:我必须做作业。正 I must do my homework.误 I must make my homework.常用口语:称赞别人在会议、演说等时有备而来,可说 “I can see that you have done your homework.”“我看得出来你做了你的家庭作业 (你是有备而来)”。homework 与 housework 比较用法homework ......老师给学生的“家庭作业”,“功 课”。housework......为维持家庭干净、整齐而必须做的“家务活”。家庭作业;功课Have we got any homework? 我们有作业吗?Have you done your math homework? 你数学作业写好了吗?I have a lot of homework today. 我今天作业很多。I have finished my homework. 我做完功课了。要点四十五:advice可数吗advice是不可数名词,不能在其后加s。表示“一条建议”用a piece of advice,“一些建议”是some advice。advice (不可数名词):劝告,忠告give(offer) sb. a piece of advice. 给(提供)某人一条建议take one's advice 和 follow one's advice 都是“接受某人的建议”refuse one's advice:拒绝某人的建议some advice on(about)关于……的建议——The teacher gave them some advice on(about) English learning. 老师给了他们一些学习英语的建议。advise v.建议v.+n. .ing/sb. to do sth.——They advised us to start early.(他们建议我们早点出发。start是v. early是adv.)——They advised an early start.(他们建议我们早点出发。start是n. early是adj.)要点四十六:名词 food 可数吗?1.通常为不可数名词。如:We are out of food. 我们食物吃完了。These plants are used for food. 这些是食用植物。Do you like Chinese food? 你对中国菜有兴趣吗?Good food keeps you healthy. 好的饮食使你健康。About 90 percent of most food is water. 大部分食物中约有90%为水。Increase in population caused a shortage of food. 人口增加导致食品短缺。2.若表示某种特殊种类的食物,则可用作可数名词。如:Don’t eat too many dairy foods. 不要吃太多的奶制品。Why don’t you eat those healthful foods? 你为什么不吃那些有益于健康的食物?My doctor told me to avoid fatty foods such as bacon or hamburgers. 我的医生叫我避免吃油腻的食物,如咸肉或汉堡包。要点四十七:不可数名词量的表示方法不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。2) 用单位词表示。用a ... of 表示。如 a cup of ( 一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)a piece of ( 一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。如 two hundred students(200名学生)ten thousand trees(10000棵树)测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)=he caught a lot of fishes.the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)要点四十八:名词化的形容词1.有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人,这可以称为名词化的形容词:
These seats are for the disabled.
这些座位是给残疾人的。
The poor get poorer;the rich get richer.
穷人越来越穷,富人越来越富。
They’re going to build a school for the deaf and the blind.
他们准备盖一所聋哑人和盲人的学校。
She was always good with the unfortunate.
她对不幸的人总是很好的。2.定冠词还可与-ch、-sh、-ese等结尾表示国家的形容词连用,表示这些国家的人:
The French like to eat well.
法国人喜炊吃得好。
The Chinese were a highly civilized people long before the Europeans were.
早在欧洲人之前中国人己是一个有高度文化的民族。
the Dutch荷兰人 the Spanish 西班牙人
the Welsh 威尔士人 the Burmese 缅甸人
the Japanese 日本人 the Swiss 瑞士人3.有些形容词还可和the连用,表示抽象的事物:
Don’t expect them to do the impossible.
不要指望他们做不可能的事。
Their aim was to discover the good、the beautiful and the true.
他们的目的是寻求真莆美。
She admired the mystical.
她喜炊那些神奇古怪的东西。
This was nothing out of the ordinary.
这没有什么特别之处。4.在某些习惯用语中也包含名词化的形容词,如:
Are you leaving the place for good?
你离开这里不再回来了吗?
She took leave of the party in the liveliest of spirits.
她兴致很好地和大家告别了。
I will give you a definite answer on Friday at the latest.
我最迟在星期五将给你一个肯定的答复。
![英语朗读宝](http://img.51jiaoxi.com/images/b63752f392f2249a4363e2d9daf1f335.png)