高中英语高考第四节 主旨大意题——逆转思维-2022年新高考英语二轮复习提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）

第四节　主旨大意题——逆转思维 近3年高考主旨大意题题量统计考纲解读　　　　年份卷别　　　2021202020191.主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。2．主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题；(2)主题类，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。新高考卷Ⅰ1段落大意＋1最佳标题　1文章大意 全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)1段落大意＋1最佳标题　1段落大意＋1最佳标题　1段落大意＋1最佳标题　全国卷Ⅱ1最佳标题1文章大意＋1最佳标题　1文章大意＋1最佳标题　全国卷Ⅲ 1段落大意＋1文章大意＋1最佳标题　1最佳标题主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。命题方式解题捷径选项特征1.The best title of the passage is ________．2．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?3．The passage is mainly about ________．4．What is the text mainly about?5．The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．6．What is the first paragraph mainly about？1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。2．如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。3．解题时我们可以利用逆转思维，即如果我们作为作者按这个大意或标题写这一篇文章或这一段文章该写哪方面内容，然后对比原文和选项，从而做出正确的判断。正确选项特征1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2．范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。干扰选项特征1．以偏概全　　2.主题过大3．断章取义  4.无中生有微技能一 文章大意题——定位主旨知文意文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。 解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句转折词句中如有but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。总结词如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。 全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。【典例1】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.27．What is the text mainly about?A．A mathematical method.B．A scientific study.C．A woman psychologist.D．A teaching program.【分析】　第一步　读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。第二步　利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。第三步　排除错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。故选B。微技能二 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。【典例2】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?A．Its appeal to the public.B．Expectations for future studies.C．Its practical application.D．Scientists with new perspectives.【分析】　第一步　找出段落主旨句：分析可知，最后一段中第一句“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”为主旨句。第二步　对比选项，确定答案：由文章主旨句可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。微技能三 标题归纳题——文章主题定标题该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)；有吸引力(能吸引读者眼球)。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。 利用4大技巧解题关键词法反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词主题句法根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题穿珠连串法分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题逆向法根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项 结合3大特点解题 排除3种错误选项
【典例3】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever－increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地)．In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act(Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J．N.“Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB．The National Wildlife Refuge SystemC．The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting【分析】　本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事(The Federal Duck Stamp Story)，全文都是围绕着这个主旨展开的。·首段介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；·第二段介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；·第三段讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。最后一句“Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.”更是点明了主题。故选 A。　精做模拟考题(2021·济南市高三模拟考试)Face masks and protective suits can save lives.But what happens after people are done using them? Binish Desai, the founder of Eco－Eclectic Technologies from Western India, saw the impact brought by the rising use of and demand for single－use masks and kits due to the coronavirus pandemic, so he created Brick 2.0  to prevent tons  of single－use  personal protective equipment (PPE)from being thrown away and ending up in landfills or water streams.Although PPE is essential for medical use, it is extremely necessary to assess new alternatives and to raise awareness regarding its proper use and disposal (处理)．A study published by the American Chemical Society suggests that 129 billion face masks are used monthly during the coronavirus pandemic, which causes great environmental pollution.In India alone, over 18，000 British  tonnes  of coronavirus－related  biomedical  waste  was generated in just four months between June and September.The waste would take hundreds of years to break down, according to the magazine Waste Advantage.Brick 2.0 is a new version of the brick made from industrial waste, now also including used face masks and protective suits.The process starts with the collection of PPE waste through garbage cans placed in small shops and apartment buildings, with easy access for people to throw away their used items.Once in the factory，the collections are kept for 72 hours for safety reasons.Then they are cleaned and torn into pieces before being mixed with other waste.Finally, the material is shaped, and once dry，each brick is ready to use.It is three times stronger than conventional bricks at twice the size and half the price.In a complex situation like the one we are living in these days, this solution is not only relatively easy to operate, but also very achievable in the short term, which can really help overcome today’s global environmental challenges.【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。新冠肺炎疫情导致防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。Eco－Eclectic Technologies的创始人Binish Desai看到了商机，他回收这些医疗垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成的砖头强度大、价格低。1．Why did Desai create Brick 2.0?A．To recycle the PPE waste.B．To reduce production cost.C．To protect water resource.D．To prevent serious disease.答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第一段尾句中的“so he created Brick 2.0 to...or water streams.”可知，Desai制作砖头2.0旨在将一次性个人防护垃圾回收再利用，故A项正确。]2．What do the figures in Paragraph 2 indicate?A．The study lacks sufficient evidence.B．The pandemic is difficult to control.C．The demand for face masks is in decline.D．The environment is facing severe challenges.答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，该段提及的数据说明一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。故D项正确。]3．What is mainly discussed about Brick 2.0 in Paragraph 3?A．Its function. B．Its advantage.C．Its main characteristic. D．Its production process.答案　D　[段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段中的“The process starts with...Then...Finally”说明了砖头2.0的生产过程，故D项正确。]4．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Innovation never endsB．Environmental issues countC．Transform waste into treasureD．Defend your life with face masks答案　C　[主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了印度西部的Eco－Eclectic Technologies的创始人Binish Desai回收利用防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成强度大、价格低的砖头。据此可知，“变废为宝”最适合作为本文标题，故C项正确。]　挑战外刊阅读While the novel coronavirus(新冠病毒) outbreak forced many Chinese to stay at home, they continued online consumption and turned to new forms of entertainment, which is providing power to the Chinese economy. Although the epidemic(传染病) had a huge impact on the service，manufacturing and trade sectors, especially consumer industries such as tourism, catering and entertainment, it also benefited industries such as e－commerce, online games and entertainment, as well as medical services. Since many people have continued online shopping at home, the delivery sector has remained busy.Online food delivery platforms such as Meituan Dianping have introduced special services for users to pick up their food in containers without face－to－face contacts with deliverymen. The State Post Bureau of China reported that China’s postal  industry collected 81.25 million parcels from  January 24 to 29(in 2020), a year－on－year increase of 76.6 percent.In the same period, it delivered 78.17 million parcels, up 110.34 percent year on year. Besides shopping online, many people also enjoyed playing games and watching videos and live streaming at home during the festival.Data shows that Honor of Kings, one of  its video game products, received around 2 billion yuan from its game players on January 24, 2020, the Lunar New Year, up from 1.3 billion on the same day last year. Industries such as online entertainment can greatly benefit during the epidemic control as many people stay at home.The catering industry may also shift to an innovative(创新的) mode, where food cooked in central kitchens is delivered to outlets(零售) or online orders for sale.Traditional industries will need to further improve quality to deal with the difficult period.(From Beijing Review)【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。新冠疫情暴发后，云购物、云办公、云学习等方式不断出现，这些不断衍生、形态各异的线上产品和服务逐渐受到大众的青睐。如此背景下催生的“宅经济”以破竹之势暴发了。1．What does the underlined word “they” mean in Paragraph 1 ?A．The new viruses.B．The Chinese staying at home.C．The consumer industries.D．The new forms of entertainment.答案　B　[代词指代题。根据第一段第一句可知，由于新冠疫情，很多中国人不得不宅在家里，即“他们”指的是宅在家的中国人，因此选B。]2．Why were the consumer industries affected hugely?A．People preferred online services.B．People could not benefit from the consumer industries.C．People working in these industries got sick.D．People were not allowed to go outdoors to spend money.答案　D　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句及第三段第一句，可知因为疫情的原因，人们不得不待在家中依靠网络进行消费，即无法外出消费，因此选D。]3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A．Many people enjoyed online consumption during this period.B．More people liked to play games on the Lunar New Year.C．Honor of Kings helped the company earn a lot.D．Shopping online is the most popular now. 答案　A　[段落大意题。根据第五段第一句可知，在节日期间，许多人除了网购，还喜欢玩游戏、观看视频和直播节目，即人们喜欢在线消费，因此选A。]4．What can be inferred from the last sentence of the text?A．The traditional industries will mainly offer online service.B．The quality of traditional industries needs to change.C．The quality of traditional industries is unsatisfying.D．Online entertainment will go on offering benefit. 答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知，传统行业只有加强品质管控，才能熬过寒冬，即传统行业的品质并不令人感到满意，因此选C。]【精深阅读】一、词汇积累1．consumption n．消费2．catering n.  饮食服务3．e－commerce n.  电子商务4．have a huge impact on  对……产生巨大的影响5．shift to  转向，转移到6．such as online entertainment  如在线娱乐二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析1．...for users to pick up their food...(Para.3) 取走2．...live streaming at home...(Para.5) adj. 现场直播的，__实况转播的3．Industries such as online entertainment can greatly(great) benefit during the epidemic control as many people stay at home.4．Traditional industries will need to further improve quality to deal with the difficult period.5．While the novel coronavirus(新冠病毒) outbreak forced many Chinese to stay at home, they continued online consumption and turned to new forms of entertainment, which is providing power to the Chinese economy.(Para.1)[分析]　本句为复合句。while引导让步状语从句；they continued online...forms of entertainment为主句；which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面主句的内容。[翻译]　尽管新冠病毒的爆发迫使很多中国人待在家里，但是他们仍旧网上消费并且开始转向新型娱乐方式，这给中国经济提供了力量。[背景链接]“宅经济”是随着网络兴起而出现的一个新词，主要的意思是在家中上班，在家中兼职，在家中办公或者在家中从事商务工作，同时在家中消费也是宅经济必不可少的一部分。众多市民吃饭叫外卖、购物叫快递，催热了“宅经济”，只要能够送货上门，很多人甘愿“宅”在家中。