高中英语高考第2部分 第2讲 专题1名词 2021届人教版英语高考一轮复习同步课件

语法专题突破第二讲　需要“变形”的名词、形容词和副词专题1　名词1　　重 温 真 题2　　考 点 精 析3　　考 点 集 训重 温 真 题考向1　名词的数与格单句语法填空1．(2018·6月浙江高考) Making Chinese __________ (dish)is seen as especially troublesome.解析：考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。dishes 2．(2017·全国Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ___________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。effects 3．(2017·全国Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __________(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。4．(2017·全国Ⅲ)She has turned down several _______________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：several几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。crowds invitations 5．(2017·浙江)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ___________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：a handful of一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。carrots 6．(全国Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.解析：few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days每隔几天。句意：护理小组每隔几天就要把他和他的妹妹交换一下以便一个在被人工喂养时另一个和妈妈待在一起，他的母亲从来没有怀疑过。days 7．(全国Ⅱ)Recent ___________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.解析：根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。8．(四川)Any smell might attract natural ___________(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.解析：句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌——它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。studies enemies 9．(全国Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _____________(painting)．解析：many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。paintings 考向2　词形变换之名词单句语法填空1．(2019·全国卷I)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a __________ (believe) that populations are increasing. 解析：考查词性转换之名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。belief 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _______________ (compete)to watch，together with the story behind it. 解析：考查词性转换之名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。competition 3．(2019·浙江卷)Other American studies showed no ________________________ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.解析：考查词性转换之名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。connection/connections 4．(2017·全国Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the ________________ (introduce) of electric－powered engines and lifts.解析：空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。5．(2017·全国Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her _____________ (educate)．解析：形容词性物主代词 her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是education。introduction education 6．(全国Ⅱ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ______________(attract)．解析：空格前有形容词性的物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7．(全国Ⅱ)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of _______________(achieve)．解析：介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。attraction achievement 8．(全国Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the _______________(develop) of chopsticks.解析：空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9．(全国Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ___________(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.解析：形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。句意：除了朴素之美外，这些土坯房令人赞叹的是其具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。development ability 10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ______________(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 解析：考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符号，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。strengthen 考 点 精 析►框架结构图►名词的核心考点1．可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends, go－between→go－betweens(中间人)，grown－up→grown－ups; passer－by→passers－by, looker－on→lookers－on; woman doctor→women doctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of, many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤， jeans牛仔裤， pajamas睡衣， pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤， socks短袜， stockings长袜， trousers裤子，glasses眼镜， chopsticks筷子， compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an, a pair of等修饰，只能用many, a great many, a lot of等修饰。如：belongings所有物， congratulations祝贺， contents目录， earnings收入， fireworks烟火， goods商品， leavings剩余物， pains辛劳，spirits情绪， savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle, police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2．不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡， a coffee一杯咖啡， three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料， a drink一杯饮料， three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发， a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃， a glass一只玻璃杯。3．名词所有格(1)－'s所有格the boy's mother, the children's toys, the teachers' books, Lucy and Lily's bedroom(共用), Lucy's and Lily's bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of＋名词”所有格the roof of the house, the cover of the book, the name of the girl, a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brother's(＝one of my brother's friends), a picture of my father's(＝one of my father's pictures)(4)－'s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tom's home, the doctor's, the company's new factory等。②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today's newspaper, five minutes' walk(drive), five pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth of coffee。③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the world's population, China's industry, New York's parks。(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有关系Jack's brother②表主谓关系Mr. Wang's praise③表动宾关系the famous star's admirers④表修饰关系a doctor's degree⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4．名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.My brother is a worker.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。①分类意义air pollution空气污染coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖②时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk接待台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位语Tom, our monitor, left school last year.►名词与其他词类的词性转化1．动词变名词的后缀①－al表示人，物，行为：(特殊：去e＋－al)approve赞成→approval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝propose提议→proposal提议；建议②－ance/－ence表示性质、状态或行为：appear出现→appearance出现；外貌perform表演→performance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠guide指引→guidance引导；指导③－ion/－tion/－ation表示状态或行为；direct指挥；指导→direction方向；指导expect期待→expectation期待；期望explain解释→explanation解释invite邀请→invitation邀请；请柬solve解决→solution解决compete竞争→competition比赛；竞争pronounce发音→pronunciation发音describe描述→description描写repeat重复→repetition重复④－s(s)ion表示行为或状态：discuss讨论→discussion讨论admit承认→admission承认；准许加入collide碰撞→collision碰撞(或相撞)事故tense拉紧；绷紧→tension紧张decide决定→decision决定⑤－ing具有……(特征)的：hear听→hearing听力；听觉listen听→listening听；听力begin开始→beginning开始部分⑥－ment表示行为、结果等：(去e)argue争论→argument争论；论据⑦－ure/－ture表示行为或状态：fail失败→failure失败press压；挤→pressure压力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面临；暴露⑧－y表示……的动作(或过程)：recover恢复→recovery恢复；痊愈discover发现→discovery发现其他常见变化：choose选择→choice选择vary相异→variety多样化；品种tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势grow生长→growth生长marry结婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客车厢；运输pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒post邮寄→postage邮资；邮费store贮存→storage贮存2．形容词变名词的后缀①－age集合：short短的→shortage不足；短缺②－cy表示性质、状态：fluent流利→fluency流利；流畅accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)private私有的→privacy隐私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率③－dom表示地位、状况等：free自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧④－ness表示性质、状态：dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识⑤－th表示结果、过程、性质、状态：warm温暖的→warmth温暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong强壮的→strength力量long长的→length长度wide宽的→width宽度⑥－y/－ity表示性质或状态：difficult困难的→difficulty困难honest诚实的→honesty诚实safe安全的→safety安全cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍responsible负责的→responsibility责任⑦ent变为ence，ant变为ance，nd变为nse：different不同的→difference不同(之处)silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)respond回应→response响应defend防御；保卫→defense/defence防御；保护2．部分名词的复数错误如：familys, knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3．部分词性易混作名词4．可数与不可数名词混淆考 点 集 训Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．He had witnessed too many __________(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier, in which 40,000 people were killed, wounded or missing.2．Apple's new machine, the Lisa, proved to be an expensive ___________(fail)．3．I ran into my neighbor, Dennis, yesterday afternoon. He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater. He had several tickets but couldn't go to this _______________ (perform)．deaths failure performance 4．Tourism should also advance the wealth and _____________(happy) of local inhabitants.5．These people have made great _________________(contribute) to China with their work.6．They get advice from “_____________(strange)”. When they need advice, they don't usually go to people they know.happiness contributions strangers 7．My first ______________(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.8．Those who suffer from headache will find they get __________(relieve) from this medicine.9．—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?—Well, you know, English is my ____________(strong). So it is my best choice.10．I made a ____________(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.impression relief strength decision Ⅱ.语法填空(名词专练)Born on August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy ShuHow Lin is a professional basketball 1.__________(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.______ the National Basketball Association(NBA). But, to some degree, many Chinese fans and 3.___________(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4._____ Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.player of coaches a Jeremy Lin has recently become 5._____ success and attracted the world's attention, which gives Chinese people a lot of 6._______________(imagine) and 7._________ (proud). As we know, in most 8.____________(people) eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his third trip to China, a large crowd came to meet him, among whom there were various fans including some 9.____________(family), some children and even some 10._________(woman) players.a imagination pride people's families women