高中英语高考第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件
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这是一份高中英语高考第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件,共60页。PPT课件主要包含了内容索引,考点1 名词和冠词,探考点寻规律◇名词◇,探考点寻规律◇冠词◇,课课练随堂清,探考点寻规律◇代词◇,探考点寻规律◇介词◇,探考点寻规律◇数词◇,考点3 形容词和副词,探考点寻规律◇副词◇等内容,欢迎下载使用。
考点2 代词、介词和数词
考点4 动词(时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、虚拟语气)
1.名词复数的规则变化★一般在词尾加-s:miles,bridges,hrses★以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es:glasses,brushes,watches,fxes★以结尾的:(1)加-s:pians,phts,radis,zs(2)加-es:heres,ptates,tmates,vlcanes★以“辅音字母加y”结尾,把y改为i,再加-es:factries,cuntries,abilities;以“元音字母加y”结尾的直接加-s:mnkeys,tys★以f,fe结尾,把f,fe变为v再加-es:wlves,wives;个别直接加-s:beliefs,rfs,prfs
2.名词复数的不规则变化★变内部元音字母:men,wmen,teeth,feet★词尾加-en或-ren:xen,children★单复数形式相同:deer,fish,sheep,means,Chinese,Japanese★复数变化较特殊的名词:bacterium→bacteria细菌,medium→media媒体,datum→data资料,phenmenn→phenmena现象★复合名词把中心词变为复数:lkers-n旁观者,passers-by过路人,editrs-in-chief主编★由man或wman 构成的复合名词,man或wman与其他名词都要变复数:tw men dctrs,three wmen teachers提示:German(德国人)的复数为Germans
3.常用作不可数的名词advice建议,baggage行李,equipment仪器,fun乐趣,furniture家具,infrmatin信息,knwledge知识,luggage行李,news新闻,prgress进步,strength力量,water水,wealth财富,weather天气,wrk工作4.可转化为可数名词的物质名词a wind一阵风,a rain一场雨,a clth 一块布,a snw 一场雪,a tea一杯茶,a beer 一杯啤酒,a cffee一杯咖啡,a glass一个玻璃杯,a paper 一份论文/试卷/报纸5.常用作复数的物质名词brains智力,belngings所有物,cngratulatins贺词,custms海关,gds货物,savings储蓄,scissrs剪刀,surrundings环境,waters 大片水域,wds 树林
6.可转化为可数名词的抽象名词beauty美人/美丽的事物,cmfrt令人感到安慰的人/事,danger 令人感到危险的人/事,death 死者/死亡人数,envy令人羡慕的人/事,failure失败的人/事,hnur令人感到光荣的人/事,pleasure令人高兴的人/事,shck令人感到震惊的人/事,success成功的人/事,surprise令人感到吃惊的人/事
7.名词所有格★名词词尾加-’s:the dctr’s degree★以“s”结尾的复数名词后只加’:teachers’ ffice★不以“s”结尾的名词复数后加-’s:the Children’s Palace★and连接两个名词,表示两个名词共有某物时,只在后一个名词后加-’s;表示两个名词分别拥有时,名词后都要加-’s。Li Ming and Wei Fang’s deskLi Ming’s (father) and Wei Fang’s father★表时间、国家、城市等无生命的名词也可在词尾加-’s构成所有格:tday’s newspaper,China’s culture
8.名词作定语★多数名词作定语用单数:she factry鞋厂,seasn ticket季票,baby clthes婴儿服★少数名词作定语用复数:a clthes shp 服装店,a sprts meet运动会
单句语法填空1.The turist center is far away frm here indeed.It’s tw (hur) walk. 2.At the cnference they discussed three different (apprach) t dealing with COVID-19. 3.I haven’t seen Mary since she was a little girl,and she has changed beynd (recgnize). 4.We’ve missed the last bus.I’m afraid we have n (chse) but t take a Didi Taxi. 5.Always read the (instructin) carefully befre using the imprted scanner.
instructins
6.Yu’ll find this guidebk is f (valuable) in helping the visitrs t get arund the Palace Museum. 7.The head ffice f Huawei is in Shenzhen,but it has (branch) all ver the wrld. 8.Accrding t the latest law,persnal (pssess) f guns is nw allwed in this island cuntry. 9.The new-built mall has prvided seats fr the (cnvenient) f its custmers. 10.I’m nt surprised that yur cusin has becme a writer.Even as a child he had a rich (imagine).
1.不定冠词a/an的用法★a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前:an hnest man,a university★泛指“某一个人或事物”:an English lecture,a prfessr★表示“类别”,指一类人或物★表示“一”的概念,但比ne弱★表示频度,“每,每一”,相当于per,each,every★表示“某一个人或物”,相当于sme或a certain:a Mr.Green一个叫格林的先生★用于固定短语中:as a rule通常、一般来说,in a way在某种程度上,in a hurry 急匆匆地,in a mment 立刻
2.定冠词the的用法★用于特指或双方都知道的或上文提到的人或物★用于单数可数名词前表示一类人或物★用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前★用于形容词或副词的最高级前,或用于序数词前表示顺序★用于乐器名词前、姓氏的复数前(表示全家人或夫妇)、表示年代的名词前:the Brwns 布朗一家人,in the 1970s在20世纪70年代
★用于形容词、分词前表示一类人或物:the rich穷人,the unemplyed失业者★用于江、河、海、洋、海湾、岛、山等的专有名词前:the Yangtze River长江★用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the Histry Museum 历史博物馆,the Middle East中东★用于固定短语中:n the right在右边,at the age f在……岁时,n the whle总起来说,in the lng run从长远看
3.不用冠词的情况★不可数名词或复数名词前表泛指,或表示类别时★物质名词、抽象名词前:water,luck★专有名词(人名、地名、国家名、城市、街道、词首为Munt的山)前:China,Qingda,Munt Tai★季节、月份、星期以及节日、假日的名词前不用冠词,但特指季节、日期和传统中国节日时多使用定冠词:the Spring Festival,the spring f Beijing★表示三餐、球类或棋类运动等的名词前
★学科、语言的名词前★表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词在句中作表语、同位语、补足语时★man,mankind泛指“人类”时,wrd 指“消息”时★by taxi/bus/train/bat/ship/plane/email等表示通信、交通方式时★两个相同的或对应的名词由介词连接表示特定概念时:face t face面对面地,hand in hand手拉手地★某些固定短语中:at hme and abrad国内外,in debt欠债
单句语法填空1.My rmmate is newcmer t AI,but she has already made sme ’t it be wnderful wrld if all natins lived in peace with ne anther? 3.It’s a shame that many turists are still in habit f writing silly things in public places. 4.Many peple agreed that knwledge f a freign language is a must in ne’s life.
in the habit f是固定短语。
a knwledge f...是固定短语。
5.It’s evident that little mney he earns can hardly supprt family as large as his. 6.I dn’t knw wh invented rbt,but it’s really mst wnderful inventin. 7.Of all reasns fr my decisin t becme a university prfessr,my father’s advice was mst imprtant ne. 8.Let’s g t new-pened science museum—that will take yur mind ff the prblem fr while.
little mney表示特指;第二空后family泛指任何一个大家庭。
表示发明物的名词前一般用定冠词the;不定冠词与最高级连用表示“非常”。
9.Being able t affrd drink wuld be cmfrt in thse tugh times. 10.The athlete missed gld in the high jump,but will get secnd chance in the lng jump.
a drink意为“一杯饮料”;a cmfrt意为“令人感到舒适的一件事”。
第一空后gld特指跳高比赛中的金牌,其前用the;第二空后secnd表示“还有一次机会”,其前用a。
语法填空The ppulatin f the milu deer arund China’s Pyang Lake has been grwn frm 47 t 55 since a grup f the rare 1. (deer) was released(释放) there abut a year ag.Yang Qib,wh is in charge f Pyang Cunty’s wildlife 2. (prtect) statin,tld the public that they had recrded 3._______ birth f 8 deer ver the past year.Last April,t imprve bidiversity in the lcal wetland ecsystem,China released 47 deer int the wild arund Pyang Lake,4.____ cunty’s largest freshwater lake.The species’ sudden 5. (disappear) ccurred arund 1,000 years ag in this area.Lcal 6. (fficial) said the deer adapted well t the new envirnment and cexisted peacefully with lcal villagers.
disappearance
Whenever a deer was sptted,7. (villager) wuld always reprt it t wildlife authrities.There were sme cases where the villagers’ crps were damaged by the deer,but they usually chse t drive 8. deer away instead f hurting them.The milu,als knwn as Père David’s deer,is native t China.In China it has the humrus name “sibuxiang” r “like nne f the fur” fr its unique feature.The wetland deer species is put under 9. A-level state prtectin after verhunting and habitat (栖息地) lss led t its nearly dying ut in 10. early 20th century.Nw abut 6,700 deer live acrss the cuntry,including 1,500 in the wild.
1.人称代词★主格形式(I,yu,he,she,it,we,they)在句中作主语或表语。★宾格形式(me,yu,him,her,it,us,them)在句中作动词或介词的宾语。2.物主代词★形容词性物主代词(my,yur,his,her,its,ur,their)放在名词前作定语。★名词性物主代词(mine,yurs,his,hers,its,urs,theirs)相当于名词,在句中作主语、表语或宾语,但不能作定语。
3.反身代词★反身代词(myself,yurself,himself,herself,itself,urselves,yurselves,themselves)在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。★反身代词用在短语中enjy neself过得快乐;devte neself t 致力于;make neself at hme别拘束;teach neself自学;be neself(人)处于正常状态4.相互代词★相互代词(each ther,ne anther),意为“互相,相互”,each ther用于两者之间,ne anther用于三者或三者以上之间。所有格形式为each ther’s和ne anther’s。
5.指示代词★this,these指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,thse则指时间或空间较远的人或物。★this,these多指下面将要讲到的事物;that,thse则指前面提到的事物。★that,thse常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避免重复。6.不定代词★ne 既可指人,也可指物,既可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词之前作定语;其复数形式为nes,所有格形式为ne’s,反身代词为neself。★n ne只能指代人,回答以wh开头的问题。★nne 指代人或物,可代替可数名词的单数和复数,也可代替不可数名词,回答hw many/much开头的问题。
★neither 表示“两者中任何一个都不”。★either指“两者中任何一个”。★意为“要么……要么……,或者……或者……”。★意为“既不……也不……”。★all指三个或三个以上的人或物。★bth指两个人或物。★each指两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个,而every指三个或三个以上的人或物中的每一个。★every与nt连用表示部分否定,意为“并非每一个”。
★“ther+可数名词复数”,意为“另外……,其他……”;表示“一些……,另一些……”。★the ther指两者中的另一个或另一部分;the thers用作代词,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指一定范围内的其他的人或物。★anther泛指“另一个,再一个”,后接可数名词单数;anther tw/three/few表示“另外两个/三个/几个”。★few,a few,little与a little都表示“少”的概念,(a) few与复数名词搭配,(a) little与不可数名词搭配。a little和a few带有肯定含义,little和few带有否定含义。★many修饰或指代可数名词,much修饰或指代不可数名词。
★sme和any都表示“一些”,前者多用于肯定句,后者多用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。两者都既可以修饰可数名词复数,也可修饰不可数名词。★sme可以用于疑问句中,表示说话者的肯定语气或希望得到对方肯定的回答;any可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个,任何一些”。★smebdy,smene表示“某人”,多用于肯定句中;anybdy,anyne表示“任何人”,多用于否定句和疑问句中;smething意为“某事(物)”,多用于肯定句中,或用于表示征求意见、邀请并期望对方给予肯定答复的疑问句中;anything意为“任何事(物)”,多用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中。
7.it的用法★指代前面提到的事物或上文提到的事件。★指代baby,child等。★指代时间和季节、天气、距离或某种情况。★用作形式主语或宾语,替代不定式、动词-ing形式或that从句。★hate,dislike,enjy,appreciate等心理方面的动词后面接it,然后再跟从句,it代指从句所表达的内容。★it用于“It takes sb+时间+t d...”,make it(成功,赶上)等固定搭配中。★“It is/was+被强调部分+that/wh+句子的其他成分”是强调句型。
单句语法填空1.If the senirs d everything fr the junirs,we wn’t acquire the ability f prtecting (we). 2.Yur captain is the team star!Wrking with (ther) is really a piece f cake. 3.I prefer this huse with a big swimming pl,but I dn’t have enugh mney t buy .
主语为we,根据句意此处应填we的反身代词urselves。
由句意可知,应填thers,泛指“其他人”。
由句子结构和意义可知,空格处应填it代指前面提到的this huse。
4.The witness was asked a lt f questins by the pliceman,but she didn’t answer f them. 5.When yu intrduce me t the businessman,culd yu please say fr me? 6.The fact that she was freign made difficult fr her t get emplyed in that cuntry.
由后一句的转折和否定意义可知,空格处应填any。
smething用在疑问句中表示建议或请求,或期待得到对方的肯定答复。
由句子结构和意义可知,此处填it作形式宾语,代替真正的宾语“t get emplyed in that cuntry”。
7.It was hard fr him t learn English in a family,in which f his parents spke the language. 8.I’ll spend half f my hliday practicing my ral English and the half prgramming.
由前一句意义可知,父母两人都不说英语,因而空格处应填neither。
句中half表示“一半时间”,根据句意应填ther,the ther指假期中的“另一半时间”。
9.If yu’re ging t buy tday’s evening paper frm the stand,culd yu get fr me? 10.It seems that the cst f renting a huse in Tky is much higher than in any ther city.
从句中paper表示可数意义“报纸”,因而空格处应填ne,代指a paper。
根据句意空格处应填that,that代指“the cst f renting a huse”。
★n表示在具体的某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上,或表示在节日的当天。n Mnday afternn,n that day,n the mrning f June 1★during表示“在……期间”,还可指在某项活动过程中。during the past five years在过去的五年里,during my life在我一生中★“in+一段时间”用于将来时;“after+一段时间”表示从过去某一时间点算起的一段时间之后,用于过去时,当after后接一个具体时间点时,也可用于将来时。
★“fr+时间段”表示“(延续)……之久”,“since+时间点”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,两者与现在完成时连用。★ver表示在某一物体正上方,而abve强调在上方,不一定在正上方,还可指温度、海拔等刻度。★under强调在正下方,是ver的反义词;belw强调在下方,不一定是正下方,可指温度、海拔等刻度,是abve的反义词。★in,t,n都表示两地之间的方位关系:in指在范围内部;t表示在范围之外,相对或相隔;n表示毗邻或接壤。★between强调“两者之间”;amng指“三者或三者以上之间”。★thrugh和acrss都表示“经过”,thrugh表示从内部穿过,与in有关;acrss表示从某物体的一端到另一端,在表面上通过,与n有关。
★in frnt f和in the frnt f都表示“在……的前面”,in frnt f指在某物体外部的前面,而in the frnt f表示在某物体内部的前面。★表示“用”的介词:with表示具体、有形的工具、身体部位或器官的“用”;in表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音的“用”;by表示通过某种方法或手段。★except 意为“除……之外”,其后的宾语被排除在外,与but通用。★besides用于肯定句,表示“除了……还有(包括在内)”。★including表示部分包含于全体之中。★as意为“以……身份,当作”;like表示“像,如,似”,侧重于比较,并不意味着同一类或完全相似。
单句语法填空1.The mayr feels that ne f his main duties an fficial is t lift the lcals ut f pverty. 2.I wnder why the bss as well as several wmen wrkers was left by the plice. 3.The wman secretary suggested an earlier date the vide cnferencing.
as an fficial“作为一名官员”。
leave sb behind“把某人留下”。
the date fr...是习惯搭配,表示“……的日期”。
4.The sunlight streamed in the windws in the rf and warmed up the whle living rm. 5.It’s wise f yu t take a few days wrk;yu’re nt lking energetic at all. 6.I’m really frtunate t have been ffered an ideal jb,which has been my wildest dream.
表达“透过窗户”应使用介词thrugh。
take a few days ff wrk表示“请几天假不上班”。
beynd my wildest dream意为“我做梦也想不到”。
7.Envirnmentalists at the net-meeting are discussing the effects f turism the wildlife in the area. 8.Vlunteer requirements can be fund at the fficial website r calling the htline at 8610-1238. 9.This is a tp secret and yu must cmmit t me that yu keep it yu and me. 10.It has been declared that the price f nline curses will be raised anther 15% at the beginning f next mnth.
the effects n...意为“对……的影响”。
by ding...“通过……手段”。
keep it between yu and me表示“只你我两人知道”。
by与数字连用表示增加或减少的程度。
1.基数词的用法★hundred,thusand,millin等表示确切数字时,可以与基数词或several,a few连用,没有复数形式。当表示不确切的数字,如“成百上千、成千上万”时,则以复数形式出现且后跟f:tens/hundreds/thusands/millins f 数十/数百/数千/数百万★dzen和scre的复数形式加f表示“许多”:dzens f freign turists,scres f times
★修饰可数名词复数的词或词组few,a few,many,several,a great/gd many f许多,a number f 许多,a large/great number f 大量的,large/great number f大量的★修饰不可数名词的词或词组little,a little,much,a great/gd deal f,a large amunt f/large amunts f★既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词或词组plenty f,a lt f/lts f,a quantity f/quantities f(许多,大量),all,enugh,mst,n,sme
2.序数词的用法★序数词第1—19除了first/secnd/third为特殊形式外,其余由基数词加-th构成;注意fifth/eighth/ninth/twelfth在拼写上的特殊性。★first/secnd/third可缩写为1st/2nd/3rd,以th结尾的序数词应缩写为“基数词+th”。★表示整十的序数词由相应的基数词将词尾的y改为ieth。★非整十的多位数,将个位数变成序数词即可:thirty-secnd第三十二★hundred/thusand/millin的序数词为hundredth/thusandth/millinth。
3.数词的常见表达法★分数由基数词(分子)和序数词(分母)构成,分子大于一时,作分母的序数词用复数形式:ne fifth五分之一,tw-thirds三分之二★分数的惯用表示法a/ne half=ne secnd二分之一,a/ne quarter=ne furth 四分之一,three-quarters=three furths四分之三★百分数用基数词和百分号(%)合成,百分号写作percent或per cent,无复数形式。★表示倍数时,一倍用nce,两倍用twice/duble,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”。
单句语法填空1.As is knwn t all,China is ne (six) larger than that island cuntry. 2.It tk us quite a lng time t get t the destinatin.It was three (hur) ride. 3.Whenever it’s a public festival,there are always (hundred) f cars n the expressway. 4.Each f his new wrks sld mre than a (millin) cpies in the nline shps.
5.It is certain that yur prfessr lives at Rm 101 n the (five) flr f the five-star htel. 6.The new secretary did the typing ne (three) f the time it tk me. 7.Asia,which is the largest cntinent,makes up mre than ne (fur) f the wrld’s land area. 8.Large (quantity) f clean drinking water have been transprted t the flded areas.
表达“三分之一的时间”应使用ne third f the time。
此处表示“四分之一”。
quantities
large quantities f=a large quantity f,其后可接可数或不可数名词。
语法填空Beijing’s Frbidden City is a place full f wnders.Frm its 1._________ (thusand) f rms t its many beautiful artifacts,it’s n wnder that it is 2. f China’s mst ppular scenic spts.But even mre than 600 years after it was built,it’s still managing t serve up surprises. The Frbidden City draws visitrs because f its rich histry and cultural significance,but perhaps 3. shuld add ne mre thing t its list f attractins:earthquake shelter.While mst structures aren’t made t survive natural disasters,the Frbidden City seems t stand anything.
T shw hw strng the ancient Chinese architecture really is,a mdel f ne f the Frbidden City’s palaces was 4. (test).It survived a simulated(模拟的) earthquake f 9.5 n the Richter scale—equal 5._______ the largest ever recrded quake.Instead f falling apart,the mdel was just mved gently 6. the test. Accrding t experts,the key 7. the Frbidden City’s strength,as well as ther ancient Chinese structures,lies 8. dugng(斗拱)—a centuries-ld building methd invented in China.Ancient Chinese craftsmen created structures which were bth enduring(耐用的)and elegant,shwing 9. (they) advanced understanding 10. mathematics,architecture,materials,and structural science.
探考点寻规律◇形容词◇
1.形容词的用法★有些形容词加上the相当于名词,指一类人或事物:the ld老年人;the new 新鲜的东西;the rich富人;the blind盲人;the yung年轻人;the injured伤员★enugh,nearby作定语时既可位于名词前,也可以放在名词后。★形容词修饰smene,smebdy,anyne,anybdy,nbdy,smething,anything,nthing,everything时多置于其后:everything valuable一切有价值的东西;anyne famus任何名人★形容词else置于不定代词或疑问代词之后作定语:what else还有其他什么;anything else别的东西
2.比较级和最高级的规则变化★一般加-er,-est:higher;highest★以字母e结尾只加-r,-st:braver;bravest★以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写该辅音字母后再加-er,-est:thinner;thinnest★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,将y变为i再加 -er,-est:happier;happiest★多音节词在词前加mre,mst:mre difficult;mst difficult
3.比较级和最高级的不规则变化★gd/well(身体健康的):better;best★bad/ill(坏的):wrse;wrst★much/many:mre;mst★little:less;least★far:farther/farthest(只指距离)更远的;further/furthest(指距离)更远的,(指程度)更进一步的,最大程度的★ld:lder/ldest(指年龄、新旧)更老的/最老的;elder/eldest(指血缘)较年长的/最年长的
4.比较等级的用法★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+形容词原级+as”结构;否定句中用“nt ”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”表示“和……相比更……”。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,越……”。(4)“the+比较级+f the...(两者)”表示“两者中较……的”。
★最高级的用法(1)最高级表示在三者以上之中程度最高,常用“the+最高级(+名词)+比较范围(短语或从句)”结构。(2)in和f表示比较范围:在一定的地域或空间内用in;在同一类事物范围内用f。(3)最高级前用a时表示“很,非常”。★比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级:much,still,even,a little等。(2)修饰最高级:much,(by) far,nearly,almst等。
单句语法填空1.Be (reasn) —yu can’t expect t high a salary as a green secretary arranged a (cnvenience) time and space fr the appraching interview. 3.After the lng jurney,the three explrers went back hme, (hunger) and tired.
由破折号后面的信息可知要求对方讲道理,故填reasnable(讲道理的)。
由句意可知应填形容词形式cnvenient(方便的)。
由空格后“and tired”可知应填形容词hungry,此处是形容词短语作伴随状语。
4.It lks like the weather is changing fr the (bad).Shall we stick t ur plan? 5.If I find smene wh lks like the suspect,my (immediately) reactin will be t infrm the plice. 6. (tire) and shrt f breath,Andy and Ruby were the first t reach the tp f Munt Tai.
fr the wrse是固定短语,表示“向更坏的方向”。
由句子结构可知,空格处应填形容词immediate作定语修饰名词reactin。
由句意和句子结构可知,空格部分应填Tired;Tired and shrt f breath为形容词短语作状语,说明主语所处的状态。
7.Jhn is very (rely)—if he prmises t ffer help he’ll try his best. 8.Cmpared with his sister,Jerry is even mre (sense) t emtinal prblems.
句中“if he prmises t ffer help he’ll try his best”暗示了答案,应填形容词reliable表示“可靠的”。
根据句意空格处应填形容词sensitive作表语;be sensitive t表示“对……敏感”。
9.Mthers hlding jbs utside the hme shuld have (flexibility) schedules t make it easier t care fr their children. is very happy because the medical masks made in his factry have never been mre (ppularity).
由句意可知,空格处填形容词flexible作定语,修饰其后的名词schedules。
由句意可知应填形容词ppular作表语。
1.形容词变副词的规则★一般情况加-ly:cmmn→cmmnly;immediate→immediately★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,将y变为i后加-ly:steady→steadily;busy→busily★以-le结尾的,去掉e加y:simple→simply;gentle→gently★以-ic结尾的,加-ally:ecnmic→ecnmically;scientific→scientifically2.置于句首表示说话人的态度或语气的副词luckily;happily;generally;frtunately;hnestly;rughly(大体上);briefly(简要地)
3.有些词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词lvely可爱的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;mtherly母亲般的;rderly有秩序的4.部分易混淆的副词★hard用作形容词,意为“困难的,艰难的”,作副词表示“努力地;猛烈地”;hardly是副词,表示“几乎不”。★late是形容词或副词,表示“迟,晚(的)”;lately是副词,意为“近来,最近”。★mst用作形容词,意为“大部分的”,作副词表示“最,非常”;mstly是副词,意为“主要地,大部分地”。★near是形容词或副词,“近,靠近”;nearly是副词,“几乎,差不多”。★free用作形容词,意为“自由的”,用作副词,意为“免费地”;freely是副词,意为“自由地”。
★just用作形容词,表示“公正的,正直的”,用作副词,表示“刚刚,刚才”;justly是副词,意为“公正地”。★high用作形容词或副词,表示“高(的)”,指具体高度;highly用作副词,表示抽象意义“高度地”。★clse作形容词表示“亲密的”,作副词表示“近地(指具体距离)”;clsely用作副词,表示比喻意义“密切地”。★deep是形容词或副词,表示“深”(具体的深度);deeply是副词,表示抽象意义“深深地”。★wide是形容词或副词,表示“宽”(具体的宽度);widely是副词,表示抽象意义“广泛地”。
5.副词的比较等级★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+副词原级+as”结构,否定句中用“nt ”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”句式。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”结构,表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越……就越……”。★最高级主要用“the+副词最高级+表示范围的短语或从句”结构表示;副词最高级前的the可省略。★副词比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级常用:even,much,a little,a lt,a bit,a great deal,far(2)修饰最高级常用:by far(……得多),almst,nearly
单句语法填空1.We used t see each ther (regular),but I haven’t heard frm him since last year. 2.Anyne,whether he is an fficial r a delivery guy,shuld be (equal) respected.
由句意可知应填副词regularly作状语,意为“有规律地,定期地”。
由“whether he is an fficial r a delivery guy”可知,任何人都应该平等地受到尊重,故填副词equally作状语。
3.I’ve frgt my mther’s birthday entirely,nt preparing a present as I d (usual). 4.It seems that living green is (surprise) easy and affrdable.A small step makes a big difference. 5.In the gd care f the nurses,the salesman is (gradual) recvering frm his heart peratin.
此处应使用副词作状语修饰谓语动词d。
surprisingly
由后一句“A small step makes a big difference.”可知应填副词surprisingly,“令人惊讶地”。
根据句意和句子结构可知,空格处应填副词gradually作状语。
6.Running a cmpany is nt (simple) a matter f hiring peple —they als need t be trained. 7.N matter hw (careful) yu plan yur finances,n ne can predict when the unexpected will happen. 8. (anxius),she tk the dress ut f the package and tried it n,nly t find it didn’t fit.
破折号后的内容暗示,经营公司不仅仅是雇用人员的问题,故填副词simply作状语。
由句意及句子结构可知,空格处应填副词carefully作状语。
根据句子意义和成分可知,句首需用副词作状语,故填Anxiusly。
9.He began t take plitical science (serius) nly when he left schl. 10.Althugh she did nt knw Beijing well,she made her way (easy) enugh t the Summer Palace.
take sth/sb seriusly“严肃对待某事/人”。
此处应使用副词作状语。
语法填空Have yu cmplained abut yur family,yur bss,r even yur life?Maybe everyne has.But after reading this stry,yu may change yur view and treat the wrld with a 1. (difference) attitude.
An ass (驴),belnging t a herb-seller wh gave him t little fd and t 2. wrk,culd nt bear the life any 3. (lng).S he made a request t Gd,t be released frm his present service and prvided with anther master.After warning him that he wuld regret ding it,Gd made him sld t a tile-maker.4. (shrt) afterwards,the ass fund that he had 5. (heavy) lads t carry and harder wrk in the brick-field,and asked fr anther change again.Gd,telling him that it wuld be the last time that he culd satisfy his request,made him sld t a tanner (皮革工).The ass fund that he had fallen int 6. (bad) hands.
Knwing his new master’s ccupatin,he said,“It wuld have been 7. (gd) fr me either t have been starved by the first wner r t have been verwrked by the secnd.But nw I have already been bught by my 8. (presence) wner,wh will peel ff my skin even after I am dead,and make me 9. (use).” We can see that peple with dissatisfactin in a place are nt 10. (like) t find happiness in anther.
探考点寻规律◇时态和语态◇
1.时态★一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作、现存的状态、客观事实、真理和自然现象。(2)表示比较固定,按计划、规定将要发生的动作,只限于 begin,cme,g,leave,arrive等少数动词。(3)用于if,unless,nce,even if引导的条件状语从句,或在when,befre,until,as sn as引导的时间状语从句中代替一般将来时。★一般过去时:表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。
★一般将来时(1)“will/shall+动词原形”,shall仅用于第一人称I/we作主语时,will用于各种人称。(2)“be ging t+动词原形”,表示打算、计划、安排做某事,或表示由某种迹象表明将要发生某事。(3)begin,leave,arrive,start,finish,meet,return等动词用一般现在时表示按时刻表或安排将要发生的事。(4)leave,g,cme,stay,d,take,have等动词的现在进行时,表示按计划或准备要做某事。(5)“be t+动词原形”,表示计划、安排做某事。(6)“be abut t+动词原形”,表示即将发生某事,不与具体的将来时间状语连用。
★过去将来时:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用以下四种形式:(1)wuld/shuld+动词原形(2)was/were ging t+动词原形(3)was/were t+动词原形(4)was/were abut t+动词原形
★现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。(2)用于g,cme,stay,leave,d,take,have等少数动词,表示“马上就,即将”。(3)与always连用,表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩。(4)不用于进行时态的三类动词:①表示属于或拥有的动词或词组:belng t,have,wn,pssess,cnsist f等。②表示感官的连系动词:seem,appear,lk,sund,taste,smell等。③表示行为结果的动词:accept,admit,receive,allw,decide,prmise等。
★过去进行时主要表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。基本结构为“was/were+v.-ing”。★现在完成时(1)表示动作发生在过去,其结果影响到现在,常用时间状语:already,yet,s far(迄今为止)等。(2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在。常用时间状语:“since+时间点”,“fr+时间段”。(3)用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来某个时间完成的动作。(4)have/has been t表示“曾经到过某地”,有“已经从某地回来”之意;have/has gne t...表示“已经去了……”,强调主语尚未回来。
★过去完成时(1)表示动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”,只有和过去的某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能用到这一时态。(2)hpe,wish,plan,want,mean(意图),intend(打算),expect(期望)用于过去完成时态,表示过去未曾实现的“计划、打算、企图、愿望”,多译为“本想/本打算/本以为……”。★现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。基本结构为“have/has+been+v.-ing”。
★过去完成进行时:表示从“过去的过去”的某个时间点开始的动作或状态,一直延续到过去的某一时间点,与现在无联系。基本结构为“had+been+v.-ing”。★将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作。基本结构为“shall/will+have+动词过去分词”。★两个常见句式的固定时态(1) “刚(一)……就”:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。(2)This/That/It is/was the (that)“这/那是第一/二次……”:主句为现在时时,从句用现在完成时;主句是过去时时,从句用过去完成时。
2.语态★被动语态的普通句式(1)肯定句式:主语+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+be+nt+过去分词+其他。★含有情态动词的被动语态(1)肯定句式:主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+情态动词+nt+be+过去分词+其他。
★几种特殊的被动语态形式(1)be ging t be dne将要被……(2)be t be dne计划、打算被……(3)have t be dne不得不被……(4)ught t be dne应该被……(5)used t be dne曾经被……(6)seem t be dne似乎是被……(7)happen t be dne碰巧被……(8)“get+过去分词”表示被动
★主动形式表示被动意义的六种情况(1)“连系动词(sund听起来;taste尝起来;remain仍然是,保持;stay保持;becme变成)+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词:begin,finish,start,pen,clse,stp,end,run,mve。(3)表示“发生”的动词:happen,take place,ccur。(4)表示“爆发”的动词:break ut,burst ut。(5)其他动词:cst花费;cme int being形成;cme true实现;add up t加起来是;belng t属于;run ut用完;cnsist f由……组成。(6)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词:sell卖起来;read读起来;write写起来。
单句语法填空1.Just as a famus saying says,“Actin (speak) luder than wrds.” 2.He (mean) t be able t see his friend in hspital,but he was t busy at that time. 3.My mind wasn’t n what he was saying,s I’m afraid I (miss) half f it.
一般现在时表示真理。
此处过去完成时表示一个没有实现的计划。
由前一句看出此处表示一个发生在过去的动作,故使用一般过去时。
4.I knw Bill Gates;we (intrduce) t each ther at an internatinal cnference. 5.It’s thught that hundreds f psts (lse) if these small and micr businesses clse. 6.All the preparatins fr the scientific research_________________________ (cmplete),and we’re ready t start.
were intrduced
表达过去某个场合发生的被动动作,故使用一般过去时的被动语态。
will be lst
由条件状语从句可以推断,应是一个将来的被动动作。
have been cmpleted
表示说话时已经完成的被动动作,故使用现在完成时的被动语态。
7.A new high-speed railway (build) here.They hpe t finish it as sn as pssible. 8.These new cars (imprt) frm Japan,and they usually (sell) well in ur city. 9.After schl we went t the swimming pl t swim,nly t be tld that it (decrate).
is being built
由后一句可知铁路还在建设中,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
are imprted
前一空说明客观事实,故使用一般现在时的被动语态;后一空表示“畅销”,此时sell用主动形式。
was being decrated
由句子的主谓关系可知,游泳池是“被装修”,再根据前一句的时态可知“当时它正在被装修”。
10.My parents (live) in Beijing.They were brn there and have never lived anywhere else. 11.Over the past decades,sea ice (decrease) in the Arctic as a result f glbal warming. 12.Up t nw,the cure fr COVID-19 (save) thusands f patients wh wuld therwise have died.
句中“have never lived anywhere else”这一信息暗示了答案,即父母现在还住在北京,故使用一般现在时。
has been decreasing
句中时间状语“ver the past decades”提示应使用现在完成进行时。
up t nw是现在完成时的标志,故使用现在完成时。
13.It tk me a lng time befre I was able t cmpletely understand what they (d) fr me. 14.Wuld yu please keep silent?The fld frecast (bradcast) and I want t listen. 15.The educatr keeps telling us students that the future (belng) t the well-educated.
“完全理解”是过去的动作,故他们对我的帮助发生在过去的过去。
is being bradcast
前一句和后面“I want t listen”都提示动作正在进行;the fld frecast与bradcast是被动关系,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
belng t这一短语既无进行时态,也无被动语态,从句表达客观事实,故填一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。
探考点寻规律◇主谓一致◇
1.单一主语的主谓一致★不定代词either,neither,each,ne,the ther,anther,smene,smething,anyne,anything,everyne,everything,nbdy,n ne,nthing作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。★“neither/either f+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。★all作主语指人时谓语动词用复数形式,指全部事情时用第三人称单数形式。
★every或each修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★peple,cattle,plice作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。★集体名词audience(观众),class,crew(船员),family,grup,gvernment,public(公众)作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若强调该集体的每位成员时谓语动词用复数形式。★以复数形式结尾、谓语动词只能用复数形式的名词有:earnings(所得,收入),thanks,clthes,trusers,belngings(财产),savings(储蓄)。★下列单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式根据该名词表达的单复数概念而定:means;wrks(工厂);sheep;deer(鹿);species(种类)。
★a number f意为“许多”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number f意为“……的数目”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★sme,plenty f,a lt f,lts f 等既可以修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词,作主语时其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所修饰的名词。★a quantity (f),(large) quantities (f) 作主语或修饰主语时,其谓语动词根据 quantity的单复数形式而定。★“分数/百分数+f+名词”结构作主语时,由f之后的名词决定谓语动词的单复数。
★单独的不定式、动词-ing形式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数形式。★表示度量、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
2.并列结构作主语的主谓一致★and及类:两个单数主语用and连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数形式;如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一事物,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★ every..., each...或 n...连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。★由,nt (als)...,,, 等连接的并列名词、代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应该和它最邻近的名词保持一致。
3.其他情况的主谓一致★主语后有with,as well as(也),including等介词或短语时,谓语动词与上述介词或短语前的名词一致。★There be句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近的名词保持一致。★定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应视先行词的单复数而定。★倒装句中的谓语动词的单复数形式应与后面的主语保持一致。
单句语法填空1.A pet and artist (be) cming t give us a lecture abut Chinese mdern literature this evening. 2.Early t bed and early t rise (make) a man healthy,wealthy and wise. 3.Barbara is easy t recgnize as she’s the nly ne f the wmen wh (wear) an evening dress.
a pet and artist“一位诗人兼艺术家”,指一个人。
early t bed and early t rise表达整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
先行词是the nly ne,故定语从句中的谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
4.The number f freign students attending Chinese universities (be) rising steadily since 2018. 5.The medical expert will cmmunicate with us abut hw t fight against COVID -19,but when and where (have) nt been annunced yet. 6.The cmpany has abut 20 ntebk cmputers but nly tw-thirds f them (be) used regularly.
“the number f+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;since 2018提示使用现在完成进行时。
when and where指整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
句中tw-thirds f them指“三分之二的笔记本电脑”,故谓语使用复数形式。
7.Neither the Smiths nr their emplyer (be) t China,but they knw the cuntry well. 8.N ne in the department but Tm and I (knw) that the directr is ging t resign.
连接并列主语,谓语动词要和靠近它的主语一致;表示“去过某地”应使用has been t这一用法。
本句真正的主语是N ne,故谓语用第三人称单数形式。
9.It’s always a glden rule that helping yur friends (mean) helping yurself. 10.A new survey (shw) that three hurs f utdr exercise a week (be) gd fr ne’s health.
主语从句中动词-ing形式作主语,表示单一概念,故谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
前一个主语是单数名词A new survey,而表示“时间、距离、金钱”概念的复数名词一般作整体看待,故两个谓语均使用第三人称单数形式。
探考点寻规律◇情态动词◇
1.must/have t★must表示客观上“必须,一定要”;have t强调来自“外界”的义务,即表示“不得不”。★mustn’t用来表示禁止,dn’t have t表示没有义务、没有必要做。2.used t/be used t★used t表示“过去常常”,没有人称和数的变化,可以与过去的时间状语连用,其否定形式为usedn’t t 或 didn’t use t,其一般疑问句形式将used 提到主语前或用 t...形式。★be used t多用来表示“习惯于”,t是介词,其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
3.情态动词+be ding表示对现在和将来正在进行的行为进行推测,意为“或许正在,应当正在,想必正在,准是正在”。4.情态动词+have dne★can/culd have dne意为“本来能做某事(而没做)”,表示责备或批评之意。★must have dne表示对过去事情的推测,或对现在已完成的事情进行推测,通常只用于肯定句,意为“想必,一定”。否定句中用can’t have dne(不可能已经做)。★may/might have dne意为“或许已经做”,表示对已发生的动作或存在情况的推测。
★shuld have dne意为“本应该做某事而没做”,shuldn’t have dne表示“过去不该做某事但做了”,含有不满或责备之意。★needn’t have dne表示“本来没有必要做某事却做了”。★wuld have dne表示“本来会做……”。★be suppsed t have dne表示“本该做某事而实际上却没有做”。
5.情态动词的特殊句式★cannt help but d表示“不得不”之意。★can’t help ding sth表示“禁不住做某事”。★can’t help (t) d表示“不能帮忙做某事”。★表示“无论怎样……都不过分,越……越好”。★may/might as well表示有礼貌的劝告,意为“还是……的好,不妨……”。★if yu must...表示不想让某人做某事但也没办法,意为“非要,一定要”。
单句语法填空1.She is nly six years ld.Hwever,she speak English as well as French. 2.In Britain,yu be 18 if yu want t drive a car. 3.As a high schl student,yu nt smke because it is against the schl rules.
can表示一般能力。
此处表示“年龄必须达到18岁”,故填must。
从句意义“吸烟违反校规”暗示:学生绝不可以吸烟,故填must和其后的nt连用表示禁止。
4.I’m feeling much better nw s yu nt call in the dctr. 5.This pair f sprts shes belng t Matt.He likes the style a lt. 6.The lights are still n,s the president f the supermarket be in her ffice.
此处表示“没有必要叫医生”,故填need。
后一句“He likes the style a lt.”暗示,说话者对此很有把握,故填must。
must表示对现在情况的肯定猜测,意为“肯定,必定”。
7.The prtective clthing nt be Carl’s.It’s much t large fr him. 8.Yu nt use yur earphne while yu are riding yur e-bike. 9.There must be n bus at this time f day.It seems that we take a taxi. 10.That madam take n exercise,but nw she wrks ut almst every mrning.
由后一句“It’s much t large fr him.”推断:防护服不可能是卡尔的。故填can。
mustn’t 表示禁止或不允许,意为“一定不要,绝对不能”。
have t表示受客观条件限制而“不得不”。
used t表示“过去常常、过去曾经”。
探考点寻规律◇虚拟语气◇
1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
2.虚拟条件句的特殊用法★如果条件句中含有were,had,shuld,可以将if省略,再把were,shuld,had移到主语之前;如果从句中没有were,shuld或had,则不能省略if。★but fr(要不是),withut(要是没有)表示条件,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。3.虚拟语气在从句中的应用★用在主语从句中(1)“It is+necessary/imprtant/strange+that...”句型表示“重要性、必要性、惊讶”时,that从句中谓语使用“shuld+动词原形”。当表示“重要性、必要性”时,shuld可省略;当表示“惊讶”时,shuld不可省略。(2)“It is suggested/advised/rdered/cmmanded/requested/required/demanded/insisted+that...”表示“建议、命令或请求”时,that从句中谓语使用“(shuld+)动词原形”。
★用在宾语从句中(1)与现在事实相反时,从句中用“were/一般过去时”;与过去事实相反时,从句中用“过去完成时”;与将来事实相反时,从句中用“wuld/culd/might(不用shuld)+动词原形”。(2)表示“建议、命令、要求”的词,后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用“(shuld+)动词原形”。(3)suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,不能用虚拟语气,应根据具体情况确定从句时态。(4)wuld rather表示“宁愿”时,之后的从句中用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
★虚拟语气用在表语从句、同位语从句中(1)在与suggestin,advice,rder,request,demand有关的表语从句、同位语从句中用“(shuld+)动词原形”。(2)as if/as thugh引导的表语从句中,用过去时表示与现在事实相反;用“had+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反;用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反。★虚拟语气在as if/as thugh(好像,似乎)引导的方式状语从句中表示与现在事实相反时,从句谓语动词用过去式;表示与过去事实相反时,从句谓语动词用“had+过去分词”;表示与将来事实相反时,从句谓语用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形”。
★虚拟语气用于其他句型中(1)if nly句型用虚拟语气表示“要是……多好啊”:与现在事实相反时用一般过去时;与过去事实相反时用“had+过去分词”;与将来事实相反时用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形”。(2)It’s (high) time that...句型表示“早就该……”,谓语动词用过去式。(3)Were it nt fr...句型意为“要不是……”,表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。(4)Had it nt been fr...句型意为“当时要不是……”,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
单句语法填空1.If I (be) yu,I wuld majr in medicine when I g t university. 2.If I (knw) yu were in heavy debt,I might have lent yu the needed mney.
由主句谓语形式可知此句与现在事实相反,故从句中用were。
由主句的谓语形式看出,句子表达的意义与过去事实相反,从句中应使用过去完成时。
3.This psitin was nt s ideal as I had expected.If I (knw) that earlier,I wuld nt (accept) it. 4.The hiking was s pleasant that the mther wished she (take) her sn with her.
have accepted
由前一句可知,后面的主、从句所表达的意义与过去事实相反,故从句中使用过去完成时,主句中使用wuld have dne结构。
由前一句的时态看出,that从句表达的内容与过去事实相反,故使用过去完成时。
5.Shuld the freeway be clsed because f the fld,we (fly) t Shenyang tmrrw. 6.It is vital that all the drivers (bey) the traffic rules when they are driving. 7.The expert suggested that the buildings (pull) dwn s that the fld culd run ut.
wuld/shuld/culd fly
由前面的Shuld the freeway...可知与将来事实相反,故主句用“wuld/shuld/culd+动词原形”。
(shuld) bey
It’s vital that...句型中使用“(shuld+)动词原形”。
(shuld) be pulled
suggest之后的that从句中谓语形式用“(shuld+)动词原形”。
8.We all agreed t the guide’s suggestin that we (g) t Yunnan fr sightseeing. 9.The new traffic law requires that every driver (have) his car checked every tw years. 10.It’s high time that yu (give) up e-cigarettes;it is harming yur health.
suggestin之后的同位语从句中谓语使用“(shuld+)动词原形”。
(shuld) have
require后接that从句时,从句中谓语使用“(shuld+)动词原形”。
It’s high time that...句型中谓语动词使用过去时表示虚拟。
语法填空China 1. (build) a high-speed passenger rail netwrk in recent years and 2. (cntinue) t expand it in the cming years.By the end f 2018,China’s railway mileage (里程) 3. (reach) 131,000 kilmeters,f which 29,000 kilmeters were high-speed rail.This 4. (accunt) fr tw-thirds f the wrld’s ttal high-speed rail tracks,making China’s high-speed rail system the wrld’s largest high-speed rail netwrk.
will cntinue/is ging t cntinue
had reached
China’s high-speed trains are similar t thse f France’s TGV,German’s ICE and Japan’s Shinkansen.The fast trains with a tp speed f 250-350 km/h 5. (call) CRH,China Railway High-speed. If yu want t travel arund China the high-speed trains 6._____________ (be) yur ideal chice since they are clean,cmfrtable and mdern.Unlike n the cnventinal trains in China,nbdy 7. (allw) t smke n high-speed trains,nt even between carriages.
The seats are as gd as thse n the plane r even better.Mst high-speed rail tickets have crrespnding (对应的) seats,and smetimes nly a small number f standing tickets 8. (sell) n limited trains.There’s never a crwd f peple sitting in the aisles.The ticket prices fr China’s high-speed trains 9. (be) reasnable and,n mst rutes,the frequency f departure 10. (be) very high,s peple can buy tickets cnveniently.
1.非谓语动词的形式★不定式的形式
★现在分词的形式★过去分词的形式只有一种:dne
2.非谓语动词作宾语★下列动词只能接不定式作宾语
★下列动词只能接动名词作宾语
★下列动词接不定式或动名词意思不同remember t d sth记住要做某事remember ding sth记得曾做过某事frget t d sth忘记要做某事frget ding sth忘记曾做过某事regret t d sth遗憾要做某事regret ding sth后悔曾做过某事try t d sth努力做某事try ding sth试着做某事
mean t d sth意图(打算)做某事mean ding sth意味着做某事can’t help (t) d sth不能帮助做某事can’t help ding sth禁不住做某事g n t d sth做完某事后接着做另一件事g n ding sth继续做一直在做的事stp t d sth停下(某事)去做另一件事stp ding sth停止正在做的事
★下列短语只能接动名词作宾语add up t结果是;be equal t等于; 把……献给;get dwn t着手处理;lk frward t 期待;bject t反对;stick t坚持;pay attentin t注意;be/get/becme used t习惯于
3.非谓语动词作定语★不定式作定语必须放在被修饰词之后,表示尚未进行的主动动作用t d;表示尚未进行的被动动作用t be dne。things t deal with要处理的事a meeting t be held将要举行的一场会议★动名词作定语说明其修饰名词的用途、功能等,常置于被修饰词的前面。walking stick拐杖 washing machine洗衣机sleeping pills安眠药 swimming pl游泳池drinking water饮用水 writing curse写作课living cnditins生活条件 fishing ple钓鱼竿perating rm手术室 filling statin加油站waiting rm候诊室 playing field运动场
★现在分词作定语时说明一个主动、正在进行的动作,单个现在分词作定语时作前置定语;现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。a flating bat一艘漂浮着的小船the girl sitting behind me坐在我后面的女孩★过去分词作定语表示被动和完成意义,单个过去分词置于被修饰词前;过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。used bks用过的书 printed paper印好的试卷a retired teacher退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶a develped cuntry发达国家 biled water 开水a nvel written by a student由一名学生写的小说
4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语★下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接现在分词作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接不带t的不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接过去分词作宾语补足语have,make,get,find,see,ntice,watch,hear,feel
5.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。★不定式作状语表示目的、原因、结果。表示未曾预料的结果时,常在不定式前面加上nly。He hurried t the statin,nly t find the train had left.
★现在分词作状语,现在分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。(1)时间状语:Leaving the airprt,they waved again and again t us.(When they left the airprt,...) (2)原因状语:Believing in my secretary,I left her an imprtant jb t d.(Because I believed in my secretary,...) (3)伴随状语或方式状语:He walked dwn the hill,singing sftly t himself.(...,and sang sftly t himself.) (4)结果状语:The ld scientist died,leaving the prject unfinished.(...,s that he left the prject unfinished.) (5)条件状语:Staying in the seashre fr a time,yu will feel fresh.(If yu stay in the seashre fr a time,...) (6)让步状语:Admitting what she has said,I still think that she has nt tried her best.(Althugh I admit what she has said,...)
★过去分词作状语,过去分词和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系。(1)时间状语:Seen(When it is seen) frm the hill,the city lks mre beautiful. (2)原因状语:Sclded(Because she was sclded) by the teacher,the girl felt sad. (3)条件状语:Given(If I were given) the chance,I wuld wrk in the cuntryside. (4)伴随或方式状语:The pp star hurried up t her car,fllwed by her fans. Fllwed by her fans,the pp star hurried up t her car. The pp star,fllwed by her fans,hurried up t her car.
6.不定式和动名词作主语★动名词作主语表示一般、抽象、泛指的概念,而不定式表示具体的某一次动作。★不定式作主语时常用形式主语it代替,而动名词作主语时只有在“It is n gd/n use...”这一句型中用it作形式主语。It is imprtant t make a gd plan fr the trip.It is n use talking with him.7.疑问词和不定式连用不定式和疑问词连用常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。Hw t get enugh mney remains a prblem.(主语) The questin is hw t educate these children.(表语)
8.“名词/代词+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构,前后两部分具有逻辑上的主谓关系非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立主格结构”,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。★名词/代词+现在分词(表示主动和正在进行)The girl staring at him (As the girl stared at him),he didn’t knw what t say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (If time permits),we will g fr an uting tmrrw.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
★名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动和已完成)The prblems slved (As the prblems were slved),the quality has been imprved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 Her glasses brken (Because her glasses were brken),she culdn’t see the wrds n the blackbard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。 ★名词/代词+不定式(表示将要发生的动作)名词/代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is ging t make a mdel plane,sme ld parts t help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 They said gd-bye t each ther,ne t g hme,the ther t g t the bkstre.他们道别后,一个回家,一个去书店。
单句语法填空1.After cmpleting and signing it,please return the dcument t us in the envelpe (prvide). 2.Gerge returned after the missin,nly (tell) that his huse was washed away by the fld. 3. (praise) by the headmaster,the mnitr felt excited and encuraged.
prvide与其逻辑主语envelpe之间是被动关系,故填过去分词作后置定语。
由句意可知应使用“nly+不定式”表示意料之外的结果。
praise与其逻辑主语mnitr之间为被动关系,应填过去分词。
4. (see) that she was ging ff t sleep,I asked if she’d like that little dll n her bed. 5.The audience all turned (lk) at the nline celebrity as she entered the stadium. 6. (drive) by a greater need f mney,bth Father and Mther have chsen t wrk harder.
see与其逻辑主语I之间是主谓关系,故填现在分词。
此处需填不定式作目的状语。
此处使用过去分词表示原因,可替换成句子“As they are driven...”。
7.All the dctrs and nurses wh wuld fly t Wuhan hurried t the airprt, (leave) their dinner untuched. 8.One learns a language by making mistakes and (crrect) them again and again. 9. (ask) t wrk vertime that weekend,we missed a meaningful uting.
分析句子结构可知,逻辑主语All the dctrs and nurses与leave之间为主谓关系,故填现在分词作结果状语。
由句子结构可知,空格处是一个与making mistakes并列的动名词短语,作介词by的宾语,故填crrecting。
由句子结构可知,空格部分应是非谓语动词作原因状语,再根据逻辑主语we和ask之间的被动关系可知使用过去分词。
10.The pening ceremny, (start) at 8:00 pm last Sunday,was fllwed by a cncert given by staff. 11.With Mther’s Day cming,I have taken sme mney ut f the bank (buy) presents fr my mther. 12.I’m calling t enquire abut the psitin (advertise) in yesterday’s China Daily.
分析句子结构可知,空格部分是定语成分,因逻辑主语The pening ceremny和start为主谓关系,故填现在分词。
此处是作目的状语,应填动词不定式。
此处作后置定语,psitin与advertise之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。
13.Fr my part,that cmpany,thugh very small,is pleasant (wrk) in. 14.D yu really cnsider it any gd (memrize) s many grammar pints? 15. (keep) up with what is happening in the wrld,peple need t surf the Internet every day.
形容词后常用不定式的主动形式表被动。
it is(n) gd ding sth为固定句型,句中使用动名词作句子的真正主语。
前后句之间没有连词,空白处使用非谓语形式,再分析句子结构可知应使用不定式作目的状语。
语法填空Hundreds f years ag,a yung freigner 1. (call) Marc Pl travelled all the way frm Italy t China.Frm then n a windw t the east has been pened fr westerners.It is 764 years since he was brn. Tw kinds f gld cins nce 2. (make) by Eurpeans shwed their respects (尊敬) fr the great explrer (探险家). Marc Pl was brn in 1254.He lived in Venice,a rich city in Italy.Marc’s father and uncle were businessmen.They had travelled t the east.S when Marc was yung,he enjyed 3. (listen) t the stries abut the places 4. (visit) by his father.
His father decided 5. (take) him n a trip.When Marc Pl was just 17,he left his cuntry fr China. They were amng the first 6. (g) alng the Silk Rad.They had a lt f truble in 7. (explre).S it was a hard trip fr Marc Pl,but he was very brave. After abut fur years,Marc met Kublai Khan (忽必烈) wh gave him a jb.Marc spent 17 years 8. (wrk) fr him.He visited mst parts f China.He learnt lts f 9. (interest) things abut Chinese life. When he returned hme,he let thers 10. (knw) abut things like cal and paper mney.He wrte abut his trip in a famus bk.
1.called 此处使用过去分词作后置定语,意为“名叫……的”,修饰前面的名词freigner。2.made 由句子结构可知,空格后部分是后置定语,因为cins与make之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。3.listening enjy ding sth是固定用法,意为“喜欢做某事”。4.visited 此处表达“他父亲到过的地方”,应使用过去分词作后置定语,修饰前面的places。5.t take decide t d sth是固定搭配,意为“决定做某事”。
6.t g 英语中表示“……是最早做某事的人”这一意义时,序数词后应跟不定式。7.explring have truble in ding sth是固定短语,意为“做某事有困难”,介词in之后应接动词-ing形式。8.wrking 句子使用的是“spend time ding sth”这一结构,意思是“做某事花费……时间”。9.interesting 此处表示“令人感兴趣的”事情,因而使用interesting。10.knw let sb d sth是固定短语,意为“让某人做某事”。
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