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高中英语高考第2部分 语法专项突破 专题3 不可忽视的小词课件PPT
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这是一份高中英语高考第2部分 语法专项突破 专题3 不可忽视的小词课件PPT，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了STEP 1，考点分类突破，STEP 2，考点分层演练，STEP 3，语法链接写作，STEP ONE，考点一 冠词，不定冠词aan，定冠词the等内容，欢迎下载使用。
内容索引 /NEI RONG SUO YIN
考点四 动词和动词短语
My friend Linda is an hnest girl① studying in a university①.We are f an age②，we bth like milk and we drink a cup f milk③ a day④.S we think a cw⑤ is very useful.
不定冠词的用法①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有ne强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1.不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gld medal in the high jump，but he will get a secnd chance in the lng jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2.不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。Tny is a famus pianist.I’m abslutely certain that his cncert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
3.有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，prgress，fun等。What fine weather we have gt! Let’s g fr a picnic.多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4.不定冠词常见的固定搭配have a gift fr有……的天赋 have a hliday度假get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit t参观lend sb. a hand帮助某人 as a result因此as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地at a distance离一段距离 a waste f ……的浪费What a pity！真遗憾！ be/g n a diet节食a cllectin f一批…… a knwledge f知道have a gd time玩得高兴 make a living谋生
as a matter f fact事实上 have a histry f有一段……的历史in a sense/way在某种意义上fr a while暂时，一时all f a sudden突然a matter f ……的问题
点对点练习单句语法填空1.In Chinese culture，each year is related t Chinese animal accrding t the 12-year nt nly is the best student in ur class，but als has excellent sense f smiled back as if t give me a receipt and I wuld preserve his smile fr lng thing we can d t help slve this prblem is walk r use bicycle when pssible.
Mr Smith is a teacher frm the United States①.He was the first② freign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling alng the Yangtze River④ when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up t help the injured⑥ and saved a by by catching him by the arm⑦.The by’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ peple in the wrld⑨.They wuld remember the cuple⑩ frever.
定冠词的用法①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江河湖海山岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb. ＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1.被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。As far as I knw，he likes playing the pian but desn’t like playing ftball.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2.用在表计量的名词前，如by the hur，by the day，by the dzen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。I gt paid by time.T be exact，I gt paid by the hur.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3.定冠词的常见固定搭配at the mment此刻；目前 in the end最后，最终t tell the truth说实话 n the ther hand另一方面by the way顺便说一下 in the middle f在……中间at the same time同时 n the cntrary相反n the whle总的来说 in the distance在远处t the pint中肯；切题 make the mst/best f充分利用
点对点练习单句语法填空1.She stayed up until eleven thirty ne evening n purpse just t see “Spider-stry” is ften tld.Rbert Bruce，leader f the Scts in 13th century，was hiding in a cave frm the is ne f biggest causes f preventable deaths in England.4. Greens are a happy cuple；they have been married fr 30 years.5. injured have been sent t hspital where they will be treated.
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remte districts①，Lily vlunteered t teach in a remte place.Lcal peple have made her headmaster② f the schl since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself frm spring t winter④ and frm Mnday t Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them t play vlleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending schl withut having lunch⑥，she raises mney① fr the children’s meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1.用于固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/thugh＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。Yung man as he is，he has seen much f the wrld.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2.n与such连用时放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。As the saying ges，there is n such thing as a free lunch.If yu want smething，g and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3.零冠词的常见固定搭配n purpse故意地 by chance碰巧catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明face t face面对面 ut f date过时的make rm fr让位 in debt负债in shape健康 n ft步行in danger在危险中 side by side并排frm time t time不时地 hand in hand手拉手day after day日复一日地 heart and sul全心全意地
单句语法填空1.Of nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins，three are declining，six are stable，ne is increasing，and nine lack enugh data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
2.Everybdy wears same style f clthes.(2019·浙江)
解析 考查冠词。句意为：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1.如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。2.如果名词后有f短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。技巧二 注意固定搭配
I① am a senir schl student and I① want t jin ur③ schl ftball team，but the persn in charge rejected me②.I have t spend my③spare time practicing ftball t imprve myself④.Lk! The ftball under the bed is mine⑤.It has been wrn ut.
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
①为代词的主格形式作主语。②为代词的宾格形式作宾语。③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
二、it的用法1.指天气、时间、距离、环境等It is early spring，but it is already ht.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。It is twenty miles frm here t the village.从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。2.代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词Althugh he didn’t like it，I decided t see the mvie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3.指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)What will yu call it if it is a by? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4.用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋fr/f sb. ＋不定式It is imprtant fr students t learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。It was flish f him t leave the dr pen after he left the ffice.离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is n gd/use/useless ding sth. 做某事是没有好处/用处的It is n use crying ver the spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/n wnder...)/adj.＋that从句It is a pity that yu can’t g with her.很遗憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn ut/ccur t sb. ...)＋that从句It seems that he has made a serius mistake.他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句It was reprted that 20 peple were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这场地震。⑥It takes sb. time/patience/effrt/energy t d sth. It tk him much energy t write the nvel.写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：主语＋think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋fr/ f sb. t d/that从句I find it easy t get n with Jim.我发现同吉姆相处很容易。He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting wuld be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjy，hate，lve，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend n/upn，see t等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。I’d appreciate it if yu culd attend ur party.如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
点对点练习单句语法填空1.He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allwing (he) t fall behind in his tld that it was a lss t humans，the farmers burst int laughter and respnded，“Our real lss is (we) decreasing incme.”3.While making a chice frm varius ways f spending ur time，we ught t ensure smething that restres ur lst energy and cheers (we) up.
4.I have made clear that I will nt accept this hpe，I am cnvinced that a breakthrugh can cme at any age if we have faith in urselves and keep learning and wrking fr .6. was in 2019 that he graduated frm Beijing University.
1.all/every/bth/each/neither/nneThere are 50 students in my class.Thugh nt all① f us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，thugh nt every student② can be admitted t a famus ne.My deskmate and I bth③ like music，but bth f us dn’t③ want t enter a music institute.Each④ f us has chsen ur future cllege.We have 14 teachers in all，nne⑤ f whm treat us badly.Hwever, my deskmate and I are bth③fat，s neither⑥ f us lve PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与nt连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与nt连用构成部分否定。③bth表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与nt连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与f短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。
⑤nne表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2.anything/nthing/smething/everything—D yu have anything① t say abut yur exam? —N，I have nthing② t say abut it.—I hpe yu can share smething③ special abut yur schl.—I have tld yu that I dn’t have anything① t say abut it.Everything④has gne wrng.
①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nthing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。③smething表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3.the ther，anther，thers与the thers—Excuse me.Can yu exchange this T-shirt fr anther① ne? Sme thers② say it desn’t fit me well.—Of curse.This T-shirt cmes in tw sizes；yu can try n the ther③ ne.—Dn’t bther.There are s many shps and I will g t see the thers④.
①anther泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②thers表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与sme连用。③the ther可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the thers。
4.替代词that，thse，ne，nes，the ne，the nesI fund a beautiful cat in a shp，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I fund ne① lking the same nline and it was much cheaper than that②/the ne③ in the physical shp.Hwever，when I received the cat，I realized thugh the nes④ sld nline were much cheaper，they were nt as gd as thse⑤ in physical shps.I wuld rather spend mre mney n better nes⑥ with high quality.
①ne替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the ne替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the nes替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤thse替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥nes替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.anther后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋ther＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Anther three students went t that party.＝Three ther students went t that party.另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2.n ne，nne，nbdy，nthing以及“n与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当nt与不定代词all，bth，everyne，everybdy，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管nt在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。Nne f us was ging t the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。Nt all f them smke.＝All f them dn’t smke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
点对点练习单句语法填空1.Success is just n the side.Yu have t want it enugh，and be willing enugh t get singles say the regular dating scene has just led them frm ne bad experience t and are ready t try smething likes t talk abut death，but the reality is—everyne is ging t die at ne pint，but f us knw the day，r the teams were in hard training； was willing t lse the Zhang gave me a very valuable present， that I have never seen.
单句语法填空1.Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin，such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains，culd help China decide whether (it) plans fr a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查代词。所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
2.As well as lking at exhibits，visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins(模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in histry r walking thrugh a rainfrest.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查反身代词。imagine sb. ding sth. 想象某人做某事。主语是visitrs，故用反身代词themselves指“他们自己”。
3.When the grillas and I frightened each ther，I was just glad t find (they) alive.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，故要用人称代词的宾格，they的宾格为them。
4.Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江)
解析 考查it的用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap t eat ut，其中不定式t eat ut是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。
1.通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。2.通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend n/see t...＋it＋从句。
1.表示方位的介词We walked acrss① the beach，thrugh② the wds and finally came t③ the huse which was under④ the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping int⑥ the huse，we fund a small black table，ver⑦ which was a lamp.Then we lked arund⑧，nly t find nthing.My friend fund smething special—an empty bx.Beneath⑨ it was a nte saying，“Stand beside⑩ the windw and lk ut f⑪ it.” Frm⑫ the windw we saw anther huse beynd⑬ a small hill.
①acrss指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②thrugh指从立体的事物中间穿过。③t指到某处，去某处。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥int到……里面。⑦ver在……正上方(无接触面)；n在……上面(有接触面)。⑧arund在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。⑪ut f在……外面。⑫frm从……。⑬beynd 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2.表示时间的介词It happened n① a Saturday mrning in② Nvember,2015.My parents left hme at③ 6∶00 am t meet my uncle at the airprt and tld me they wuld cme back in④ tw hurs.Hwever，it wasn’t lng befre⑤ smene kncked at the dr，and I lked thrugh the peep hle and saw a stranger.I quickly lcked the dr frm the inside，and didn’t pen it until⑥ my parents came back.During⑦ the tw hurs，the stranger always tried t tell me smething but I wuldn’t listen t him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting ut f the dr fr⑧ tw hurs since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed s much ver⑨ the years?
①n指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。③at用在几点钟或night/nn之前。④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。⑤befre在……之前。⑥until直到……时候。⑦during在……期间。⑧fr表示延续一段时间。⑨ver表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3.表示原因的介词Jhn was punished fr① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/ver② it and he trembled with③ anger because f④Jhn’s bad behaviur.
①fr表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。②at/ver用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because f/wing t/due t/thanks t之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4.其他重要介词Between① the tw pinins，I am fr② the first ne but against③ the secnd ne.By④wearing schl unifrms，students can be treated equally by④ thers despite⑤ the different ecnmic backgrunds amng⑥ them. Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Mst students except⑨ a minrity f them say schl unifrms are gd except fr⑩ the fact that they are nt fashinable.
①between表示两者之间。②fr表示支持。③against表示反对。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite f。⑥amng表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示除此之外(还)。⑧within表示在……范围之内。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except fr表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略1.当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，sme，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting ftball match last week.上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Cme any day yu like.你想哪天来就哪天来。2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the dctr away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3.习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend sme time (in) ding sth. ，waste sme time (in) ding sth. ，have difficulty/truble (in) ding sth. ，be busy (in) ding sth. ，stp/prevent sb. (frm) ding sth. 等。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable fd n the menu in that restaurant.在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题1.在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken gd care f in the kindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2.当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The prblem is well wrth paying attentin t.这个问题很值得关注。3.在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we ften g t is nt far away frm ur schl.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配call fr需要；要求 pass by经过pay fr为……付款 figure ut弄清楚apply fr申请 dream f梦想search fr寻找，搜索 refer t提及；参考begin with以……开始 cntribute t贡献；有助于；促成play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑care abut关心；介意 fcus n集中于feel like想要 索费hld up举起 用……来交换……rely n依靠 g back t追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配1.at开头的介词短语at a lss不知所措 at the cst f以……的代价at peace处于和平状态 at the risk f冒……的危险at war处于战争状态at the mercy f在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时
2.n开头的介词短语n exhibitin/shw在展出 n accunt f因为n fire着火 n average平均；一般地n sale出售，打折 n behalf f代表n n accunt/cnditin决不n the decrease/increase在减少/在增加n hliday/vacatin在度假
3.by开头的介词短语by accident偶然地 by hand手工by mistake错误地 by chance偶然by the day按天算 by cincidence碰巧by nature天生地
4.in开头的介词短语in cash用现金付款 in charge f掌管……in depth在深度上 in return作为回报in detail详细地 in danger (f) 在危险中，垂危in height在高度上 in spite f尽管in length在长度上 in exchange fr作为交换in favr f支持，赞成 in n time立刻in case f万一；如果；假使
in n way决不in supprt f为支持……in place f代替in hnur f为向……表示敬意in pssessin f拥有，占有in memry f为了纪念……in additin t另外in the middle f在……中间
5.f＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)f benefit有益处的 f significance有意义的f help有帮助的 f use有用的f imprtance重要的 f value有价值的6.ut f＋n.表示状态ut f balance失去平衡 ut f rder发生故障ut f breath上气不接下气 ut f sight看不见ut f cntrl失去控制 ut f the questin不可能ut f date过期 ut f wrk失业
7.under＋n.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中under pressure在压力下 under cntrl处于控制之中8.with＋n.表示方式with delight/jy高兴地 with fear害怕地with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地with ease轻而易举地
9.beynd＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”beynd cmpare无与伦比beynd descriptin难以描述beynd reach够不到beynd expressin/wrds难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配but fr要不是 instead f代替regardless f不管，不顾 apart frm除……之外up t直到；由……决定 accrding t根据alng with随着 tgether with连同by means f用……办法；借助……wing t因为
点对点练习单句语法填空1.She patted him the head and said，“My little by，d yu feel mre cmfrtable nw than befre？”2.If yu culd exchange lives smene fr a shrt time，wuld yu like t d that? 3.As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannt write __ means f a pen r wildlife tday disappears r is danger just because humans d harm t it.
5.Many times we dn’t realize hw rutine ur lives have becme and hw much we take them granted until we find urselves in a new teacher paused purpse t remind the students t stp ’ dg，Otis，waited the nearby bushes ne day I came a sentence in the Bible，“D nt be anxius abut tmrrw，fr tmrrw will be anxius fr itself；let the day’s wn truble be sufficient fr the day.”
9.The effect that music can have ur emtins is tremendus，as it can bring peple t flds f tears r bursts f teens becme busy their studies，it is very imprtant t develp a hbby，which can nt nly give them fun and rest but als braden their hrizns.
单句语法填空1.The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist earth，Mther Nature.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。此处n earth相当于in the wrld，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
2.Museums must cmpete peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。此处是固定短语：cmpete 意为“为了……而与……竞争”。故填fr。
3.Sme time after 10,000 BC，peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived ，thrugh agriculture.(2020·浙江)
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the wrld；省略了关系代词，说明关系代词在句中作宾语。根据语法常识可知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。
技法一 分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。技法二 记牢搭配1.注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2.注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut。
动词的种类I lked① at the windw and saw② a bird perching n the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird lked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird gt⑤ frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.Hwever，it turned ut that I shuldn’t⑥ have been wrried abut it.It had⑦ flwn away swiftly befre the cat drew near.
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1.有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb. ＋sth. 结构，如：award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，ffer(提供)，pay(付款)，shw(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给某人写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2.不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，g，wrk，listen，lk，cme，die，belng，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：My father (wrk) in a cmputer cmpany (lie) in the east f ur city fr 5 years.因为wrk是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查wrk的主动形式，根据后面的fr 5 years可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has wrked。另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3.如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。如：Many dctrs (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 brke ut.因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。4.非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。如：讲座已经开始半个小时了。The lecture has began fr half an hur.×The lecture has been n fr half an hur.√
5.可用于“动词＋sb. ＋f＋sth. ”的常见动词：accuse sb. f sth. 指责某人某事cure sb. f sth. 治好某人的病rid sb. f sth. 使某人摆脱某物cheat sb. f sth. 欺骗某人某物remind sb. f sth. 使某人想起某事infrm sb. f sth. 通知某人某事rb sb. f sth. 抢劫某人的东西 warn sb. f sth. 警告某人某事cnvince sb. f sth. 使某人确信suspect sb. f sth. 怀疑某人某事
6.可用于“动词＋sb. ＋fr ding sth. ”的常见动词：blame sb. fr ding sth. 指责某人做某事
scld sb. fr ding sth.criticize sb. fr ding sth.
frgive sb. fr ding sth.excuse sb. fr ding sth.pardn sb. fr ding sth.
punish sb. fr ding sth. 惩罚某人做某事thank sb. fr ding sth. 感谢某人做某事
7.可用于“动词＋sb. /sth. ＋frm ding sth. ”的常见动词：prevent/stp/keep sb. /sth. frm ding sth. 阻止某人/物做某事 prtect/preserve/defend/shelter sb. /sth. frm (being) dne保护某人/物免于被……ban/prhibit sb. /sth. frm ding 禁止某人/物做某事
8.常见动词短语bringbring in引进；挣得bring abut引起，导致bring up养育，培养；提出bring dwn降低；使倒下bring back把……带回来；使恢复bring frward提出；提前
breakbreak dwn抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解break up打碎；关系结束；解散break thrugh逾越，突破；冲破break away (frm)挣脱，脱离break ut爆发break in打断，闯入break ff折断；中断break int 破门而入
cmecme abut发生cme ut出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来cme n加油；快点cme acrss偶遇；被理解 cme true变为现实cme up走近；被提出cme up with想出，提出cme alng一起来
carrycarry n继续，坚持 carry ut执行carry thrugh帮助渡过难关；完成，实现
getget acrss传达，使理解get alng/n (with)进展，相处 get away逃脱，设法离开get dwn下来；下车 get in收割；到达get ff下车；下班get up起床get thrugh 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解 get dwn t开始认真干get ver克服
givegive up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give ut耗尽；分发give away泄露；赠送give ff发出 give back归还；使恢复
gg against违背g withut(没有……)勉强维持，凑合g in fr爱好；参加考试(或竞赛) g n继续g ver复习；仔细审查g ahead 进行；去做吧，拿去用吧 g thrugh经历g away走开 g fr去取来或接来；争取得到g ut出去；熄灭
hldhld n t坚持，抓住不放hld back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感) hld n别挂断，等会儿；坚持
keepkeep away (frm)使远离keep ff避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题keep n继续keep ut挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持(高昂情绪)，不低落；持续keep up with紧跟上
lklk ahead向前看lk after照看；负责处理 lk back回忆，回顾lk ut 当心，提防；找出lk up向上看；查阅；形势好转lk dwn upn看不起lk frward t盼望lk thrugh浏览；快速查看lk int调查；向内看lk arund环视；游览
makemake up编造；化妆；组成，构成；弥补be made up f 由……构成make up fr补偿，弥补make ut 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
putput dwn放下来；平定，镇压；记下put aside把……放到一边；储存put away把……收起来；储蓄put frward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前 put ff延期，推迟put n穿戴；上演；增加put ut扑灭put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿put up with容忍
sendsend fr派人去请send ut发送；发出(请柬、信号等)
setset ff出发；引爆set ut出发；动身；着手做set up创建，建立；竖起set abut开始做；着手做set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会set apart使与众不同 set dwn让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
taketake in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)take ff 飞机起飞；脱下 take place发生take alng随身携带take away带走，拿走 take charge负责，掌管take n呈现；雇用；承担take ut拿出；带……出去take ver 接管，接任
turnturn away转身，走开turn ut结果是；生产turn dwn拒绝；调小turn n打开；取决于turn ff 关掉turn ver打翻；翻身turn in 上交(作业等)turn int变成；成为turn t求助于；翻到turn up调大；出现
点对点练习单句语法填空1.Mary (walk) in the garden when it began t (teach) in a new way at my cllege in the past few is t study medicine as sn as he (finish) military be sure t telephne me the next time yu (cme) was disappinted t find his suggestins turned keep healthy，Prfessr Jhnsn tk cycling as a regular frm f exercise after he retired.
was walking
has been taught
单句语法填空1.The unmanned Chang’e-4 prbe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese mn gddess— (tuch) dwn last week in the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查时态。句子的主语是The unmanned Chang’e-4 prbe，谓语动词是tuch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。tuch dwn意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
it means we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn (cnstruct).(2020·全国Ⅰ)
is cnstructed
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处是宾语从句的谓语动词，谓语cnstruct与主语the mn之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由空前的时态及语境可知，此处应使用一般现在时，主语the mn是单数，故填is cnstructed。
3.They make great gifts and yu see them many times (decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查非谓语动词。see sth. dne看到某物被……，此处表示“看到礼物装点着红包和祝福好运的信息”。them与decrate之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。
4.The artist was sure he wuld (chse)，but when he presented his masterpiece t the emperr’s chief minister，the ld man laughed.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查动词的语态。主语he和动词chse之间是被动关系，空格前有wuld，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
1.动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。2.记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
单句语法填空1.—We had a really damp September this year.—I can’t remember autumn when it rained s much.
解析 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
2.But she quickly realized that it was prbably because f the fact that she sat in last rw.
解析 考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”，故填the。
3.The head f the village was tying up his hrse t my car t pull it t ___small twn sme 20 kilmetres away where there was a garage.
解析 考查冠词。twn是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4.Amng “fur new great inventins”，nline shpping was invented and pineered by Michael Aldrich in the 1979.
解析 设空后的fur new great inventins在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词the。
5.“As sn as he pens (he) muth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel prud f him，” said his music teacher.
解析 考查代词。根据muth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词muth，在句中作定语。
6.But it’s difficult fr me t decide what activities we shuld rganize and hw t plan (they).
解析 考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，故应用表复数的宾格代词them。
7.Nwadays reference bks have becme a prblem f great cncern fr the teachers and the students.
解析 考查固定搭配。固定搭配意为“两者都”，符合语境，故用bth。
8.I suddenly realized I had grwn up and that I had t lk after _______(me) and live independently.
解析 考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。
9.When they grw lder than three years ld， is easier fr girls t catch clds than bys.
解析 考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
10.Pregnant wmen，fr example，shuld limit (they) intake f cffee.
解析 考查形容词性物主代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。
11.This yung man likes travelling—he is always the mve.
解析 考查介词。句意为：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。n the mve在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。
12.It means that we cannt use sme mdern husehld items，_____________washing machines and they use t much water.
like/including
解析 考查介词。根据“sme mdern husehld items”及空后的“washing machines”可知，此处表示举例，故可填like“例如”或including“包括”。
13.Sichuan is hme pandas，als the starting pint f the Suthern Silk Rad.
解析 考查介词。be hme t...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。
14.Wlf Warrir Ⅱ is the first film t taste success bth in terms bx ffice earnings and prmting Chinese values.
解析 考查介词。句意为：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms f在……方面，就……而言。
15.Flwing frm the Tibetan Plateau t the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural divisin nrth and suth.
解析 考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间，用介词between。
16.I sat next t the man and intrduced myself.We had amazing cnversatin.
解析 考查冠词。作宾语的名词amazing cnversatin前应填限定词；该处表示“进行一次交谈”，故需用不定冠词，且amazing的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
17.Sarah lked at finished painting with satisfactin.
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“已经完成的那幅画”，故填定冠词the。
18.A lack water can lead t health prblems such as headaches，pr physical perfrmance，and even mre serius prblems.
解析 考查固定搭配。a lack f为固定搭配，意为“缺乏”。
19.After wrk，he learned t play guitar.He liked living n the farm，fr the life was simple.
解析 考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
20.The directr cannt be here，s I wuld like t express my warm welcme t all f yu his behalf.
解析 考查介词。句意为：主任不能来，所以我代表他向大家表示热烈的欢迎。n ne’s behalf代表某人，以某人的名义。
1.This style f farming lasted fr quite a lng time.Then，with rise f science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
解析 考查冠词。with the rise f意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。故填the。
2.When we gt a call saying she was shrt-listed，we thught it was jke.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为那是一个玩笑”可知，此处jke为泛指，且jke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
3.Unexpectedly，I’m face-t-face with the grilla，wh begins screaming at tp f her lungs.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查冠词。at the tp f ne’s lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最响亮的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
4.When fat and salt are remved frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.As result，peple will eat mre fd t try t make up fr that smething missing.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查冠词。as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
5.This included digging up the rad，laying the track and then building a strng rf ver tp.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
6.Mdern methds tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s，and are expensive t perfrm cnsistently ver a large area.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。名词methd后接介词f/fr，表示“……的方法”。
7.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dgs，seven t be exact.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。a pack f为固定搭配，意为“一群”。故填f。
8.I was searching these three western lwland grillas I’d been bserving.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。search fr为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
9.One cup f cffee the late afternn r evening will cause them t stay awake almst all night.(2018·浙江11月)
解析 考查介词。表示“在下午晚些时候或晚上”是in the late afternn r evening，介词用in。
10.It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible crwds n the rads abve as they travelled t and wrk.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查介词。t and frm wrk为固定短语，意为“上下班”。
11.This trend，which was started by the medical cmmunity(医学界) ___a methd f fighting heart disease，has had sme unintended side effects such as verweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法”。as意为“作为”。
12.They kept (they) cllectin at hme until it gt t big r until they died，and then it was given t a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查代词。句意为：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏量变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给了一家博物馆。根据句意可知，cllectin是名词，前面需要一个形容词来限定它。因此，应该填their。
13.Nervusly facing challenges，I knw I will whisper t (I) the tw simple wrds “Be yurself”.(2019·北京)
解析 考查反身代词。本句的主语是I，空处作t的宾语，当宾语与主语是同一人称时，宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
14.If yu are time pr，yu need run fr nly half the time t get the same benefits as ther sprts，s perhaps we shuld all give a try.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查名词或代词。根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故可填名词running，也可填代词it来指代。give sth. a try尝试一下某事。
15.“She thught I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlssn.(2017·浙江)
解析 考查反身代词。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
Passage 1 冠词与代词篇(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ)On ur way t the huse,1. was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng 2. wuld take t get there.It was in the middle f Pearl City.
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
解析 考查代词。句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
解析 考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb. )sme time t d sth. ，it为形式主语，t d不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack f dgs，seven t be exact. 4. (them) were well trained by their masters wh had great experience with caring fr 5. (this) animals.
解析 考查冠词。a pack f意为“一群”。故填a。
解析 考查代词。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
解析 考查代词。句意参考上题解析。因为animals是复数形式，所以要填指示代词these。
Our hsts shared many f 6. (they) experiences and recmmended wnderful places t eat，shp，and visit. Fr breakfast，we were able t eat papaya(木瓜) and ther fruits frm their trees in 7. backyard.
解析 考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
解析 考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
When they were free frm wrk，they invited 8. (we) t lcal events and let us knw f 9. interesting cmpetitin t watch，tgether with the stry behind it.
解析 考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
解析 考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
They als shared with us many traditinal stries abut Hawaii that were hugely ppular with turists.On 10. last day f ur week-lng stay，we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars，listening t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.
解析 考查冠词。n the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ)She lks like any ther schlgirl，fresh-faced and full 1. life.Sarah Thmas is lking frward 2. the challenge f her new A-level curse.
语篇解读 本文主要介绍了Sarah Thmas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
解析 考查介词。固定短语： full f life充满活力。
解析 考查介词。固定短语：lk frward t (ding) sth. 盼望做某事。
But unlike her schl friends,16-year-ld Sarah is nt spending half-term 3. (rest).Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a mdel in New Yrk.
解析 考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) ding sth. 花费时间做某事。
Sarah was tld that she culd be Britain’s new supermdel，earning a millin dllars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her t give 4. schl t mdel full-time.But Sarah，wh has taken part 5. shws alng with tp mdels，wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined t carry 6. with her educatin.
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (ding) sth. 放弃(做)某事。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth. 参加……活动。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：carry n with sth. 继续做某事。
She has turned 7. several invitatins t star at shws in rder t cncentrate n her studies.After schl she plans t take a year 8. t mdel full-time befre ging t university t get a degree 9. engineering r architecture.
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：turn dwn 拒绝。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take sme time ff 请假一段时间。
解析 考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I shuld take the ffer nw.But at the mment，schl 10. (cme) first.I dn’t want t get t absrbed in mdeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I dn’t want t have nthing else t fall back n when I can’t mdel any mre.”
解析 考查动词时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。
1.在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁典例 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是开心啊！We picked apples while having a gd taste f them.What a pleasure!运用 (2019·北京)因为在七月这里总是下雨，所以你必须带着雨衣。
Because it is always raining here in July，s a raincat is a must.
2.使用it作形式主语，可以丰富文章句式典例 (2019·全国Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我们要赢得比赛，赛前做充分的准备是非常重要的。As yu knw，it is necessary fr us t make enugh preparatins if we are t win the game.运用 (2019·天津)如果您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
It wuld be greatly appreciated if yu culd take my suggestins int cnsideratin.
3.使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)此外，我英语口语熟练，这使得我自如地介绍画展成为可能。Besides，I am fluent in spken English，which makes it pssible fr me t intrduce the art exhibitin freely.运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)天气变得很热，这让参赛者们更难坚持下去。
It became ht，which made it mre difficult fr participants t keep up.
4.用介词短语代替简单的状语从句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)我最喜欢的是我的英语老师，因为他很幽默也很善良。The teacher I like mst is my English teacher because f his humr and kindness.运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)尽管天气炎热，大多数参赛者都跑到了终点。
The majrity f the participants arrived at the finishing line regardless f the ht weather.
内容索引 /NEI RONG SUO YIN
考点四 动词和动词短语
My friend Linda is an hnest girl① studying in a university①.We are f an age②，we bth like milk and we drink a cup f milk③ a day④.S we think a cw⑤ is very useful.
不定冠词的用法①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有ne强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1.不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gld medal in the high jump，but he will get a secnd chance in the lng jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2.不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。Tny is a famus pianist.I’m abslutely certain that his cncert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
3.有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，prgress，fun等。What fine weather we have gt! Let’s g fr a picnic.多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4.不定冠词常见的固定搭配have a gift fr有……的天赋 have a hliday度假get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit t参观lend sb. a hand帮助某人 as a result因此as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地at a distance离一段距离 a waste f ……的浪费What a pity！真遗憾！ be/g n a diet节食a cllectin f一批…… a knwledge f知道have a gd time玩得高兴 make a living谋生
as a matter f fact事实上 have a histry f有一段……的历史in a sense/way在某种意义上fr a while暂时，一时all f a sudden突然a matter f ……的问题
点对点练习单句语法填空1.In Chinese culture，each year is related t Chinese animal accrding t the 12-year nt nly is the best student in ur class，but als has excellent sense f smiled back as if t give me a receipt and I wuld preserve his smile fr lng thing we can d t help slve this prblem is walk r use bicycle when pssible.
Mr Smith is a teacher frm the United States①.He was the first② freign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling alng the Yangtze River④ when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up t help the injured⑥ and saved a by by catching him by the arm⑦.The by’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ peple in the wrld⑨.They wuld remember the cuple⑩ frever.
定冠词的用法①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江河湖海山岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb. ＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1.被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。As far as I knw，he likes playing the pian but desn’t like playing ftball.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2.用在表计量的名词前，如by the hur，by the day，by the dzen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。I gt paid by time.T be exact，I gt paid by the hur.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3.定冠词的常见固定搭配at the mment此刻；目前 in the end最后，最终t tell the truth说实话 n the ther hand另一方面by the way顺便说一下 in the middle f在……中间at the same time同时 n the cntrary相反n the whle总的来说 in the distance在远处t the pint中肯；切题 make the mst/best f充分利用
点对点练习单句语法填空1.She stayed up until eleven thirty ne evening n purpse just t see “Spider-stry” is ften tld.Rbert Bruce，leader f the Scts in 13th century，was hiding in a cave frm the is ne f biggest causes f preventable deaths in England.4. Greens are a happy cuple；they have been married fr 30 years.5. injured have been sent t hspital where they will be treated.
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remte districts①，Lily vlunteered t teach in a remte place.Lcal peple have made her headmaster② f the schl since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself frm spring t winter④ and frm Mnday t Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them t play vlleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending schl withut having lunch⑥，she raises mney① fr the children’s meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1.用于固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/thugh＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。Yung man as he is，he has seen much f the wrld.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2.n与such连用时放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。As the saying ges，there is n such thing as a free lunch.If yu want smething，g and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3.零冠词的常见固定搭配n purpse故意地 by chance碰巧catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明face t face面对面 ut f date过时的make rm fr让位 in debt负债in shape健康 n ft步行in danger在危险中 side by side并排frm time t time不时地 hand in hand手拉手day after day日复一日地 heart and sul全心全意地
单句语法填空1.Of nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins，three are declining，six are stable，ne is increasing，and nine lack enugh data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
2.Everybdy wears same style f clthes.(2019·浙江)
解析 考查冠词。句意为：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1.如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。2.如果名词后有f短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。技巧二 注意固定搭配
I① am a senir schl student and I① want t jin ur③ schl ftball team，but the persn in charge rejected me②.I have t spend my③spare time practicing ftball t imprve myself④.Lk! The ftball under the bed is mine⑤.It has been wrn ut.
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
①为代词的主格形式作主语。②为代词的宾格形式作宾语。③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
二、it的用法1.指天气、时间、距离、环境等It is early spring，but it is already ht.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。It is twenty miles frm here t the village.从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。2.代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词Althugh he didn’t like it，I decided t see the mvie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3.指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)What will yu call it if it is a by? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4.用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋fr/f sb. ＋不定式It is imprtant fr students t learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。It was flish f him t leave the dr pen after he left the ffice.离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is n gd/use/useless ding sth. 做某事是没有好处/用处的It is n use crying ver the spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/n wnder...)/adj.＋that从句It is a pity that yu can’t g with her.很遗憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn ut/ccur t sb. ...)＋that从句It seems that he has made a serius mistake.他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句It was reprted that 20 peple were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这场地震。⑥It takes sb. time/patience/effrt/energy t d sth. It tk him much energy t write the nvel.写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：主语＋think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋fr/ f sb. t d/that从句I find it easy t get n with Jim.我发现同吉姆相处很容易。He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting wuld be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjy，hate，lve，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend n/upn，see t等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。I’d appreciate it if yu culd attend ur party.如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
点对点练习单句语法填空1.He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allwing (he) t fall behind in his tld that it was a lss t humans，the farmers burst int laughter and respnded，“Our real lss is (we) decreasing incme.”3.While making a chice frm varius ways f spending ur time，we ught t ensure smething that restres ur lst energy and cheers (we) up.
4.I have made clear that I will nt accept this hpe，I am cnvinced that a breakthrugh can cme at any age if we have faith in urselves and keep learning and wrking fr .6. was in 2019 that he graduated frm Beijing University.
1.all/every/bth/each/neither/nneThere are 50 students in my class.Thugh nt all① f us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，thugh nt every student② can be admitted t a famus ne.My deskmate and I bth③ like music，but bth f us dn’t③ want t enter a music institute.Each④ f us has chsen ur future cllege.We have 14 teachers in all，nne⑤ f whm treat us badly.Hwever, my deskmate and I are bth③fat，s neither⑥ f us lve PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与nt连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与nt连用构成部分否定。③bth表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与nt连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与f短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。
⑤nne表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2.anything/nthing/smething/everything—D yu have anything① t say abut yur exam? —N，I have nthing② t say abut it.—I hpe yu can share smething③ special abut yur schl.—I have tld yu that I dn’t have anything① t say abut it.Everything④has gne wrng.
①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nthing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。③smething表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3.the ther，anther，thers与the thers—Excuse me.Can yu exchange this T-shirt fr anther① ne? Sme thers② say it desn’t fit me well.—Of curse.This T-shirt cmes in tw sizes；yu can try n the ther③ ne.—Dn’t bther.There are s many shps and I will g t see the thers④.
①anther泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②thers表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与sme连用。③the ther可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the thers。
4.替代词that，thse，ne，nes，the ne，the nesI fund a beautiful cat in a shp，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I fund ne① lking the same nline and it was much cheaper than that②/the ne③ in the physical shp.Hwever，when I received the cat，I realized thugh the nes④ sld nline were much cheaper，they were nt as gd as thse⑤ in physical shps.I wuld rather spend mre mney n better nes⑥ with high quality.
①ne替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the ne替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the nes替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤thse替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥nes替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.anther后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋ther＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Anther three students went t that party.＝Three ther students went t that party.另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2.n ne，nne，nbdy，nthing以及“n与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当nt与不定代词all，bth，everyne，everybdy，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管nt在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。Nne f us was ging t the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。Nt all f them smke.＝All f them dn’t smke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
点对点练习单句语法填空1.Success is just n the side.Yu have t want it enugh，and be willing enugh t get singles say the regular dating scene has just led them frm ne bad experience t and are ready t try smething likes t talk abut death，but the reality is—everyne is ging t die at ne pint，but f us knw the day，r the teams were in hard training； was willing t lse the Zhang gave me a very valuable present， that I have never seen.
单句语法填空1.Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin，such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains，culd help China decide whether (it) plans fr a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查代词。所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
2.As well as lking at exhibits，visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins(模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in histry r walking thrugh a rainfrest.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查反身代词。imagine sb. ding sth. 想象某人做某事。主语是visitrs，故用反身代词themselves指“他们自己”。
3.When the grillas and I frightened each ther，I was just glad t find (they) alive.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，故要用人称代词的宾格，they的宾格为them。
4.Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江)
解析 考查it的用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap t eat ut，其中不定式t eat ut是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。
1.通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。2.通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend n/see t...＋it＋从句。
1.表示方位的介词We walked acrss① the beach，thrugh② the wds and finally came t③ the huse which was under④ the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping int⑥ the huse，we fund a small black table，ver⑦ which was a lamp.Then we lked arund⑧，nly t find nthing.My friend fund smething special—an empty bx.Beneath⑨ it was a nte saying，“Stand beside⑩ the windw and lk ut f⑪ it.” Frm⑫ the windw we saw anther huse beynd⑬ a small hill.
①acrss指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②thrugh指从立体的事物中间穿过。③t指到某处，去某处。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥int到……里面。⑦ver在……正上方(无接触面)；n在……上面(有接触面)。⑧arund在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。⑪ut f在……外面。⑫frm从……。⑬beynd 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2.表示时间的介词It happened n① a Saturday mrning in② Nvember,2015.My parents left hme at③ 6∶00 am t meet my uncle at the airprt and tld me they wuld cme back in④ tw hurs.Hwever，it wasn’t lng befre⑤ smene kncked at the dr，and I lked thrugh the peep hle and saw a stranger.I quickly lcked the dr frm the inside，and didn’t pen it until⑥ my parents came back.During⑦ the tw hurs，the stranger always tried t tell me smething but I wuldn’t listen t him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting ut f the dr fr⑧ tw hurs since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed s much ver⑨ the years?
①n指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。③at用在几点钟或night/nn之前。④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。⑤befre在……之前。⑥until直到……时候。⑦during在……期间。⑧fr表示延续一段时间。⑨ver表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3.表示原因的介词Jhn was punished fr① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/ver② it and he trembled with③ anger because f④Jhn’s bad behaviur.
①fr表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。②at/ver用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because f/wing t/due t/thanks t之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4.其他重要介词Between① the tw pinins，I am fr② the first ne but against③ the secnd ne.By④wearing schl unifrms，students can be treated equally by④ thers despite⑤ the different ecnmic backgrunds amng⑥ them. Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Mst students except⑨ a minrity f them say schl unifrms are gd except fr⑩ the fact that they are nt fashinable.
①between表示两者之间。②fr表示支持。③against表示反对。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite f。⑥amng表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示除此之外(还)。⑧within表示在……范围之内。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except fr表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略1.当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，sme，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting ftball match last week.上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Cme any day yu like.你想哪天来就哪天来。2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the dctr away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3.习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend sme time (in) ding sth. ，waste sme time (in) ding sth. ，have difficulty/truble (in) ding sth. ，be busy (in) ding sth. ，stp/prevent sb. (frm) ding sth. 等。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable fd n the menu in that restaurant.在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题1.在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken gd care f in the kindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2.当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The prblem is well wrth paying attentin t.这个问题很值得关注。3.在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we ften g t is nt far away frm ur schl.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配call fr需要；要求 pass by经过pay fr为……付款 figure ut弄清楚apply fr申请 dream f梦想search fr寻找，搜索 refer t提及；参考begin with以……开始 cntribute t贡献；有助于；促成play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑care abut关心；介意 fcus n集中于feel like想要 索费hld up举起 用……来交换……rely n依靠 g back t追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配1.at开头的介词短语at a lss不知所措 at the cst f以……的代价at peace处于和平状态 at the risk f冒……的危险at war处于战争状态at the mercy f在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时
2.n开头的介词短语n exhibitin/shw在展出 n accunt f因为n fire着火 n average平均；一般地n sale出售，打折 n behalf f代表n n accunt/cnditin决不n the decrease/increase在减少/在增加n hliday/vacatin在度假
3.by开头的介词短语by accident偶然地 by hand手工by mistake错误地 by chance偶然by the day按天算 by cincidence碰巧by nature天生地
4.in开头的介词短语in cash用现金付款 in charge f掌管……in depth在深度上 in return作为回报in detail详细地 in danger (f) 在危险中，垂危in height在高度上 in spite f尽管in length在长度上 in exchange fr作为交换in favr f支持，赞成 in n time立刻in case f万一；如果；假使
in n way决不in supprt f为支持……in place f代替in hnur f为向……表示敬意in pssessin f拥有，占有in memry f为了纪念……in additin t另外in the middle f在……中间
5.f＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)f benefit有益处的 f significance有意义的f help有帮助的 f use有用的f imprtance重要的 f value有价值的6.ut f＋n.表示状态ut f balance失去平衡 ut f rder发生故障ut f breath上气不接下气 ut f sight看不见ut f cntrl失去控制 ut f the questin不可能ut f date过期 ut f wrk失业
7.under＋n.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中under pressure在压力下 under cntrl处于控制之中8.with＋n.表示方式with delight/jy高兴地 with fear害怕地with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地with ease轻而易举地
9.beynd＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”beynd cmpare无与伦比beynd descriptin难以描述beynd reach够不到beynd expressin/wrds难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配but fr要不是 instead f代替regardless f不管，不顾 apart frm除……之外up t直到；由……决定 accrding t根据alng with随着 tgether with连同by means f用……办法；借助……wing t因为
点对点练习单句语法填空1.She patted him the head and said，“My little by，d yu feel mre cmfrtable nw than befre？”2.If yu culd exchange lives smene fr a shrt time，wuld yu like t d that? 3.As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannt write __ means f a pen r wildlife tday disappears r is danger just because humans d harm t it.
5.Many times we dn’t realize hw rutine ur lives have becme and hw much we take them granted until we find urselves in a new teacher paused purpse t remind the students t stp ’ dg，Otis，waited the nearby bushes ne day I came a sentence in the Bible，“D nt be anxius abut tmrrw，fr tmrrw will be anxius fr itself；let the day’s wn truble be sufficient fr the day.”
9.The effect that music can have ur emtins is tremendus，as it can bring peple t flds f tears r bursts f teens becme busy their studies，it is very imprtant t develp a hbby，which can nt nly give them fun and rest but als braden their hrizns.
单句语法填空1.The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist earth，Mther Nature.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。此处n earth相当于in the wrld，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
2.Museums must cmpete peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。此处是固定短语：cmpete 意为“为了……而与……竞争”。故填fr。
3.Sme time after 10,000 BC，peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived ，thrugh agriculture.(2020·浙江)
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the wrld；省略了关系代词，说明关系代词在句中作宾语。根据语法常识可知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。
技法一 分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。技法二 记牢搭配1.注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2.注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut。
动词的种类I lked① at the windw and saw② a bird perching n the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird lked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird gt⑤ frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.Hwever，it turned ut that I shuldn’t⑥ have been wrried abut it.It had⑦ flwn away swiftly befre the cat drew near.
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1.有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb. ＋sth. 结构，如：award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，ffer(提供)，pay(付款)，shw(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给某人写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2.不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，g，wrk，listen，lk，cme，die，belng，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：My father (wrk) in a cmputer cmpany (lie) in the east f ur city fr 5 years.因为wrk是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查wrk的主动形式，根据后面的fr 5 years可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has wrked。另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3.如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。如：Many dctrs (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 brke ut.因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。4.非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。如：讲座已经开始半个小时了。The lecture has began fr half an hur.×The lecture has been n fr half an hur.√
5.可用于“动词＋sb. ＋f＋sth. ”的常见动词：accuse sb. f sth. 指责某人某事cure sb. f sth. 治好某人的病rid sb. f sth. 使某人摆脱某物cheat sb. f sth. 欺骗某人某物remind sb. f sth. 使某人想起某事infrm sb. f sth. 通知某人某事rb sb. f sth. 抢劫某人的东西 warn sb. f sth. 警告某人某事cnvince sb. f sth. 使某人确信suspect sb. f sth. 怀疑某人某事
6.可用于“动词＋sb. ＋fr ding sth. ”的常见动词：blame sb. fr ding sth. 指责某人做某事
scld sb. fr ding sth.criticize sb. fr ding sth.
frgive sb. fr ding sth.excuse sb. fr ding sth.pardn sb. fr ding sth.
punish sb. fr ding sth. 惩罚某人做某事thank sb. fr ding sth. 感谢某人做某事
7.可用于“动词＋sb. /sth. ＋frm ding sth. ”的常见动词：prevent/stp/keep sb. /sth. frm ding sth. 阻止某人/物做某事 prtect/preserve/defend/shelter sb. /sth. frm (being) dne保护某人/物免于被……ban/prhibit sb. /sth. frm ding 禁止某人/物做某事
8.常见动词短语bringbring in引进；挣得bring abut引起，导致bring up养育，培养；提出bring dwn降低；使倒下bring back把……带回来；使恢复bring frward提出；提前
breakbreak dwn抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解break up打碎；关系结束；解散break thrugh逾越，突破；冲破break away (frm)挣脱，脱离break ut爆发break in打断，闯入break ff折断；中断break int 破门而入
cmecme abut发生cme ut出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来cme n加油；快点cme acrss偶遇；被理解 cme true变为现实cme up走近；被提出cme up with想出，提出cme alng一起来
carrycarry n继续，坚持 carry ut执行carry thrugh帮助渡过难关；完成，实现
getget acrss传达，使理解get alng/n (with)进展，相处 get away逃脱，设法离开get dwn下来；下车 get in收割；到达get ff下车；下班get up起床get thrugh 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解 get dwn t开始认真干get ver克服
givegive up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give ut耗尽；分发give away泄露；赠送give ff发出 give back归还；使恢复
gg against违背g withut(没有……)勉强维持，凑合g in fr爱好；参加考试(或竞赛) g n继续g ver复习；仔细审查g ahead 进行；去做吧，拿去用吧 g thrugh经历g away走开 g fr去取来或接来；争取得到g ut出去；熄灭
hldhld n t坚持，抓住不放hld back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感) hld n别挂断，等会儿；坚持
keepkeep away (frm)使远离keep ff避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题keep n继续keep ut挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持(高昂情绪)，不低落；持续keep up with紧跟上
lklk ahead向前看lk after照看；负责处理 lk back回忆，回顾lk ut 当心，提防；找出lk up向上看；查阅；形势好转lk dwn upn看不起lk frward t盼望lk thrugh浏览；快速查看lk int调查；向内看lk arund环视；游览
makemake up编造；化妆；组成，构成；弥补be made up f 由……构成make up fr补偿，弥补make ut 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
putput dwn放下来；平定，镇压；记下put aside把……放到一边；储存put away把……收起来；储蓄put frward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前 put ff延期，推迟put n穿戴；上演；增加put ut扑灭put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿put up with容忍
sendsend fr派人去请send ut发送；发出(请柬、信号等)
setset ff出发；引爆set ut出发；动身；着手做set up创建，建立；竖起set abut开始做；着手做set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会set apart使与众不同 set dwn让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
taketake in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)take ff 飞机起飞；脱下 take place发生take alng随身携带take away带走，拿走 take charge负责，掌管take n呈现；雇用；承担take ut拿出；带……出去take ver 接管，接任
turnturn away转身，走开turn ut结果是；生产turn dwn拒绝；调小turn n打开；取决于turn ff 关掉turn ver打翻；翻身turn in 上交(作业等)turn int变成；成为turn t求助于；翻到turn up调大；出现
点对点练习单句语法填空1.Mary (walk) in the garden when it began t (teach) in a new way at my cllege in the past few is t study medicine as sn as he (finish) military be sure t telephne me the next time yu (cme) was disappinted t find his suggestins turned keep healthy，Prfessr Jhnsn tk cycling as a regular frm f exercise after he retired.
was walking
has been taught
单句语法填空1.The unmanned Chang’e-4 prbe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese mn gddess— (tuch) dwn last week in the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查时态。句子的主语是The unmanned Chang’e-4 prbe，谓语动词是tuch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。tuch dwn意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
it means we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn (cnstruct).(2020·全国Ⅰ)
is cnstructed
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处是宾语从句的谓语动词，谓语cnstruct与主语the mn之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由空前的时态及语境可知，此处应使用一般现在时，主语the mn是单数，故填is cnstructed。
3.They make great gifts and yu see them many times (decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查非谓语动词。see sth. dne看到某物被……，此处表示“看到礼物装点着红包和祝福好运的信息”。them与decrate之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。
4.The artist was sure he wuld (chse)，but when he presented his masterpiece t the emperr’s chief minister，the ld man laughed.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查动词的语态。主语he和动词chse之间是被动关系，空格前有wuld，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
1.动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。2.记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
单句语法填空1.—We had a really damp September this year.—I can’t remember autumn when it rained s much.
解析 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
2.But she quickly realized that it was prbably because f the fact that she sat in last rw.
解析 考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”，故填the。
3.The head f the village was tying up his hrse t my car t pull it t ___small twn sme 20 kilmetres away where there was a garage.
解析 考查冠词。twn是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4.Amng “fur new great inventins”，nline shpping was invented and pineered by Michael Aldrich in the 1979.
解析 设空后的fur new great inventins在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词the。
5.“As sn as he pens (he) muth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel prud f him，” said his music teacher.
解析 考查代词。根据muth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词muth，在句中作定语。
6.But it’s difficult fr me t decide what activities we shuld rganize and hw t plan (they).
解析 考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，故应用表复数的宾格代词them。
7.Nwadays reference bks have becme a prblem f great cncern fr the teachers and the students.
解析 考查固定搭配。固定搭配意为“两者都”，符合语境，故用bth。
8.I suddenly realized I had grwn up and that I had t lk after _______(me) and live independently.
解析 考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。
9.When they grw lder than three years ld， is easier fr girls t catch clds than bys.
解析 考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
10.Pregnant wmen，fr example，shuld limit (they) intake f cffee.
解析 考查形容词性物主代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。
11.This yung man likes travelling—he is always the mve.
解析 考查介词。句意为：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。n the mve在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。
12.It means that we cannt use sme mdern husehld items，_____________washing machines and they use t much water.
like/including
解析 考查介词。根据“sme mdern husehld items”及空后的“washing machines”可知，此处表示举例，故可填like“例如”或including“包括”。
13.Sichuan is hme pandas，als the starting pint f the Suthern Silk Rad.
解析 考查介词。be hme t...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。
14.Wlf Warrir Ⅱ is the first film t taste success bth in terms bx ffice earnings and prmting Chinese values.
解析 考查介词。句意为：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms f在……方面，就……而言。
15.Flwing frm the Tibetan Plateau t the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural divisin nrth and suth.
解析 考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间，用介词between。
16.I sat next t the man and intrduced myself.We had amazing cnversatin.
解析 考查冠词。作宾语的名词amazing cnversatin前应填限定词；该处表示“进行一次交谈”，故需用不定冠词，且amazing的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
17.Sarah lked at finished painting with satisfactin.
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“已经完成的那幅画”，故填定冠词the。
18.A lack water can lead t health prblems such as headaches，pr physical perfrmance，and even mre serius prblems.
解析 考查固定搭配。a lack f为固定搭配，意为“缺乏”。
19.After wrk，he learned t play guitar.He liked living n the farm，fr the life was simple.
解析 考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
20.The directr cannt be here，s I wuld like t express my warm welcme t all f yu his behalf.
解析 考查介词。句意为：主任不能来，所以我代表他向大家表示热烈的欢迎。n ne’s behalf代表某人，以某人的名义。
1.This style f farming lasted fr quite a lng time.Then，with rise f science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
解析 考查冠词。with the rise f意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。故填the。
2.When we gt a call saying she was shrt-listed，we thught it was jke.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为那是一个玩笑”可知，此处jke为泛指，且jke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
3.Unexpectedly，I’m face-t-face with the grilla，wh begins screaming at tp f her lungs.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查冠词。at the tp f ne’s lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最响亮的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
4.When fat and salt are remved frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.As result，peple will eat mre fd t try t make up fr that smething missing.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查冠词。as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
5.This included digging up the rad，laying the track and then building a strng rf ver tp.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
6.Mdern methds tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s，and are expensive t perfrm cnsistently ver a large area.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。名词methd后接介词f/fr，表示“……的方法”。
7.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dgs，seven t be exact.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。a pack f为固定搭配，意为“一群”。故填f。
8.I was searching these three western lwland grillas I’d been bserving.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
解析 考查介词。search fr为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
9.One cup f cffee the late afternn r evening will cause them t stay awake almst all night.(2018·浙江11月)
解析 考查介词。表示“在下午晚些时候或晚上”是in the late afternn r evening，介词用in。
10.It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible crwds n the rads abve as they travelled t and wrk.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
解析 考查介词。t and frm wrk为固定短语，意为“上下班”。
11.This trend，which was started by the medical cmmunity(医学界) ___a methd f fighting heart disease，has had sme unintended side effects such as verweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法”。as意为“作为”。
12.They kept (they) cllectin at hme until it gt t big r until they died，and then it was given t a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查代词。句意为：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏量变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给了一家博物馆。根据句意可知，cllectin是名词，前面需要一个形容词来限定它。因此，应该填their。
13.Nervusly facing challenges，I knw I will whisper t (I) the tw simple wrds “Be yurself”.(2019·北京)
解析 考查反身代词。本句的主语是I，空处作t的宾语，当宾语与主语是同一人称时，宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
14.If yu are time pr，yu need run fr nly half the time t get the same benefits as ther sprts，s perhaps we shuld all give a try.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
解析 考查名词或代词。根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故可填名词running，也可填代词it来指代。give sth. a try尝试一下某事。
15.“She thught I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlssn.(2017·浙江)
解析 考查反身代词。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
Passage 1 冠词与代词篇(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ)On ur way t the huse,1. was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng 2. wuld take t get there.It was in the middle f Pearl City.
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
解析 考查代词。句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
解析 考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb. )sme time t d sth. ，it为形式主语，t d不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack f dgs，seven t be exact. 4. (them) were well trained by their masters wh had great experience with caring fr 5. (this) animals.
解析 考查冠词。a pack f意为“一群”。故填a。
解析 考查代词。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
解析 考查代词。句意参考上题解析。因为animals是复数形式，所以要填指示代词these。
Our hsts shared many f 6. (they) experiences and recmmended wnderful places t eat，shp，and visit. Fr breakfast，we were able t eat papaya(木瓜) and ther fruits frm their trees in 7. backyard.
解析 考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
解析 考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
When they were free frm wrk，they invited 8. (we) t lcal events and let us knw f 9. interesting cmpetitin t watch，tgether with the stry behind it.
解析 考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
解析 考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
They als shared with us many traditinal stries abut Hawaii that were hugely ppular with turists.On 10. last day f ur week-lng stay，we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars，listening t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.
解析 考查冠词。n the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ)She lks like any ther schlgirl，fresh-faced and full 1. life.Sarah Thmas is lking frward 2. the challenge f her new A-level curse.
语篇解读 本文主要介绍了Sarah Thmas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
解析 考查介词。固定短语： full f life充满活力。
解析 考查介词。固定短语：lk frward t (ding) sth. 盼望做某事。
But unlike her schl friends,16-year-ld Sarah is nt spending half-term 3. (rest).Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a mdel in New Yrk.
解析 考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) ding sth. 花费时间做某事。
Sarah was tld that she culd be Britain’s new supermdel，earning a millin dllars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her t give 4. schl t mdel full-time.But Sarah，wh has taken part 5. shws alng with tp mdels，wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined t carry 6. with her educatin.
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (ding) sth. 放弃(做)某事。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth. 参加……活动。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：carry n with sth. 继续做某事。
She has turned 7. several invitatins t star at shws in rder t cncentrate n her studies.After schl she plans t take a year 8. t mdel full-time befre ging t university t get a degree 9. engineering r architecture.
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：turn dwn 拒绝。
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take sme time ff 请假一段时间。
解析 考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I shuld take the ffer nw.But at the mment，schl 10. (cme) first.I dn’t want t get t absrbed in mdeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I dn’t want t have nthing else t fall back n when I can’t mdel any mre.”
解析 考查动词时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。
1.在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁典例 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是开心啊！We picked apples while having a gd taste f them.What a pleasure!运用 (2019·北京)因为在七月这里总是下雨，所以你必须带着雨衣。
Because it is always raining here in July，s a raincat is a must.
2.使用it作形式主语，可以丰富文章句式典例 (2019·全国Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我们要赢得比赛，赛前做充分的准备是非常重要的。As yu knw，it is necessary fr us t make enugh preparatins if we are t win the game.运用 (2019·天津)如果您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
It wuld be greatly appreciated if yu culd take my suggestins int cnsideratin.
3.使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)此外，我英语口语熟练，这使得我自如地介绍画展成为可能。Besides，I am fluent in spken English，which makes it pssible fr me t intrduce the art exhibitin freely.运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)天气变得很热，这让参赛者们更难坚持下去。
It became ht，which made it mre difficult fr participants t keep up.
4.用介词短语代替简单的状语从句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)我最喜欢的是我的英语老师，因为他很幽默也很善良。The teacher I like mst is my English teacher because f his humr and kindness.运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)尽管天气炎热，大多数参赛者都跑到了终点。
The majrity f the participants arrived at the finishing line regardless f the ht weather.
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