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专题08 倒装、省略、强调句——【备考2023】高考英语必背知识点梳理+思维导图(全国通用版)
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专题08 倒装、省略、强调句 倒装句完全倒装:将谓语动词完全移到主语之前。部分倒装:只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前。1. 在“there be”结构里,there是引导词,主语在be后。e.g. There is a box on the table.2. 在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里(要用一般现在时态)。e.g. There goes the bell.Here is an apple for you.There she comes.3. 重复倒装句型,用在以so, nor, neither开头, e.g. I am watching TV. So is she.My parents didn't watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I.4. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中,采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。e.g. Little did he say at the meeting.Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.比较:I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.5. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.Only in this way can we learn English well.注意:如果only后的词组不是状语,不需倒装。e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.6.表地点、方位的副词,如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首 (完全倒装)e.g. Away hurried the boy.Out rushed the girl.7. 在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.8. as引导让步状语从句时e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠词)Hard as he worded, he made little progress.9. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g. May you succeed!Long live the People's Republic of China!10. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。So happy did he feel.Such was me.11.表语置于句首时,倒装结构为"表语+系动词+主语"。 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster. Hidden behind the door were some naughty children. In front of the playground is a newly-built house. Standing in the front of classroom is your teacher. 12.有时由于主语较长,谓语很短,为保持句子平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,或使上下文紧密衔接时。 They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. 省略句 在英语中,为了使句子简洁明快,突出重点,常用“省略句”,只要不影响句意的表达,能省略的成分尽可能省略。一、 在含有状语从句的复合句中 由when,while,as, once,whenever引导的时间状语从句;或由if,unless引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if ,even though引导的让步状语从句;由as though,as if,as引导的方式状语从句;由because引导的原因状语从句;由wherever引导的地点状语从句,若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同,且 在谓语中含有be时,常省略从句的主语和be。 二、在限定性定语从句中 作宾语的关系代词that,which, whom可以省略;在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分;the way后面的定语从句中,可以省略that,in which;在含被动语态的定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。 三、 在感官动词或短语中 在see,watch,hear,feel,observe,notice,listen to等感官动词或短语及make,have,let等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中,不定式前省略to;有时为了避免重复,常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容,只保留不定式符号;不定式在tell,ask, advise, wish, permit, force等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,可以省略,但要保留不定式符号to;不定式在happy,glad,eager,ready, willing等形容词后面作状语时,可以省略,但要保留不定式符号to。 四、 在if引导的虚拟条件句中 在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had,were,should时,可以把had,were,should放在句首,省略if。 五、 在否定结构中 由nor,neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句,这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的,而且主谓用倒装。 为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接 小品词的省略(1)省略介词He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。(2)省略连词thatI believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。句子成分的省略(1)省略主语Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(Beg前省略了主语I)Take care! 当心!(Take前省略了主语you)Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。(Looks前省略了主语it)(2)省略谓语Who next? 该谁了?(Who后面省略了谓语comes)The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice后面省略了was)We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can后面省略了动词do)(3)省略表语Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。(am后面省略了ready)He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)(4)省略宾语Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)(5)省略定语He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)(6)省略状语He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!(Strange前面省略了状语how)省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊!Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾,他失败了。I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。英语中有一些固定的省略结构a) 由固定词组引导的疑问句:What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样?How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢?What if it’s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办?Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢?b) 在口语中,为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to。He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走,如果他愿意的话。Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如果把省略部分补上,反而不合乎习惯。He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省略tall,补上不合习惯)No parking. 禁止停车。(告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.)有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分:Not at all. 不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。强调句 所谓强调,就是指要突出句中的某一个部分,使其显得更加重要。强调句的基本句型是:It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。倒装也是强调的手段之一。一、强调1.强调句的基本句型1.用下面的句型来强调某个词或某个短语句型:It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分They will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.他们明天要在这个办公室开个会。→It is they who/that will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.(强调主语)就是他们(而不是别人),明天要在这个办公室开个会。→It is a meeting that they will have in this office tomorrow.(强调宾语)他们明天要在这个办公室开个会(而不是做别的)。→It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in this office.(强调时间状语)→It is in this office that they will have a meeting tomorrow.(强调地点状语)就在这个办公室(而不是其他地方),他们明天要开个会。2.使用强调句型的注意事项①强调句中常强调主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、状语,可以强调单个的词、短语和从句。it本身没有词义。②强调句中的连接词一般只用who,whom(指代人)和that(可指代物,也可指代人),即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。③that或who,whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致(即人称和数要与原句中的一致),且不可以省略。④强调句的时态只有两种:一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was...,其余的时态用It is...。It was Joe whom he waited for last night.他昨晚等的人是乔。Was it in Shanghai that he used to live?他曾经在上海住过,是吗?When was it that the Long March started?长征是什么时候开始的?3.强调词it和形式主语it的判别可用恢复原句的方式来判别,即把It is/was...that...取消后,如果剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子,那么这就是强调句型,否则就不是。①It’s in that very seat that the teacher sat down.老师坐的就是那个座位。去掉It was...that...就变成:→(正)In that very seat the teacher sat down.②It is clear that not all boys like football.很明显,不是所有的男孩都喜欢踢足球。去掉It is...that...就变成:→(误)Clear not all boys like football.说明:①中去掉It was...that...后仍是完整的句子,由此可判断它是强调句,强调的是地点状语in that very seart。②中去掉It is...that...后不是完整的句子,因此它不是强调句,it是形式主语。2.not...until...句型的强调句1.基本用法句型:It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分My boyfriend didn’t start to work until/till ten o’clock.我男朋友直到10点才开始工作。→It was not until ten o’clock that my boyfriend started to work.(强调句)注意:此句型只用until,不能用till,但如果这句不是强调句型,则till和until可以通用。Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin until/till 1920.直到1920年,收音机才开始普遍使用。(在1920年以前,收音机使用不普遍。)→It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.(强调句)I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses.直到这位大电影明星把她的墨镜摘下来,我才认出她来。→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.(强调句)注意:因为句型It is/was not...已经是否定句了,所以that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句。
2.与倒装句的转换原句:I didn’t notice it until/till yesterday.直到昨天我才注意到这件事。强调句:It was not until yesterday that I notice it.倒装句:Not until yesterday did I notice it.原句:I didn’t phone the office until/till Wednesday.直到星期三我才给办公室打去电话。强调句:It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.倒装句:Not until Wednesday did I phone the office.原句:The bus will not go until/till all the people get on it.直到所有的人都上车,车才开走。强调句:It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.倒装句:Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.=Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.3.谓语动词的强调It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语,要用助动词do,does或did。请同学们仔细看下面的几个例句。Do sit down.(务必)请坐。He does work hard.他学习确实努力。He did remember writing to you last week.他确实记得上周给你写了信。The letter I was expecting did arrive yesterday.我一直期待的那封信昨天终于到了。重要:此种强调句只用do,does和did,没有别的形式。过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。一、用单词的适当形式完成句子1.Not only ________(do) I get bored with hours of practice but also I doubted about the value of it. (所给词的适当形式填空)2.The parents didn’t tolerate their kids’ rudeness at the party, nor ________(do) they allow themselves to be disobeyed. (所给词的适当形式填空)3.They face a lot of challenges when________(try)to get food.(所给词的适当形式填空)4.I hope it will be fine this Sunday. If________,we’ll go for an outing. (用适当的词填空)5.Music and art, when ________ (use) in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure. (所给词的适当形式填空)6.While ________ (walk) along the paths, you can hear the sweet songs of bird. (所给词的适当形式填空)7.Once __________(print), this dictionary will be very popular. (所给词的适当形式填空)8.It was the slow-paced lifestyle ________ put the city on the list of the 21 must-go travel spots of 2017 in the travel magazine National Geographic. (用适当的词填空)9.It is novels ________ Miss William enjoys reading. (用适当的词填空)10.It was not ________ his wife came back that he went to bed. (用适当的词填空)11.It was not until they heard that she was safe and sound ________they finally breathed a sigh of relief. (用适当的词填空)12.Here ________(be) some suggestions, which I hope will be of benefit to you. (所给词的适当形式填空)13.Hot _______the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. (用适当的词填空)14.Beneath our feet ________ (lie) the earth our life depends on for food and clothing. (所给词的适当形式填空)15.Only then________(do) they realize how much damage had been caused. (所给词的适当形式填空)16.No sooner________Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. (用适当的词填空)17.They said never before ________ they experienced so interesting a class. (用适当的词填空)18.Absurd ________ it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa. (用适当的词填空)19.Much ______I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. (用适当的词填空)20.Though ________(defeat), he still felt happy. (所给词的适当形式填空)21.You’ve probably heard that most Canadians want governments to do more on climate. That’s what two-thirds of the public tell pollsters when ________ (ask). (所给词的适当形式填空)22.Though ________(face) great pressure, the speakers bravely overcame it. (所给词的适当形式填空)23.To guarantee security, children, when ________( accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. (所给词的适当形式填空)24.Do not leave the building until __________(instruct) to do so. (所给词的适当形式填空)25.It was not until he came back from Africa that year ________ he met the girl he would like to marry. (用适当的词填空)26.I can’t remember what it was ________ made the teacher give Mary the permission to leave the class earlier. (用适当的词填空)27.Like so many other things, it is only too much stress ________ does you harm. (用适当的词填空)28.It was he ________ showed me how to smile through the rough times. (用适当的词填空)29.It was in our school hall _________ our school held a variety show last week. (用适当的词填空)30.It was not________ his father came back that he went to bed. (用适当的词填空) 参考答案:1.did【详解】考查倒装。句意:我不仅厌倦了数小时的练习,而且怀疑它的价值。连词词组not only...but also...连接两个句子时,若not only置于句首,含not only的句子应该用部分倒装;根据句中的doubted可知,空格处用来构成倒装的助动词应该用did。故填did。2.did【详解】考查倒装句型。句意:父母不能容忍他们的孩子在聚会上表现得没礼貌,也不允许自己的命令不被服从。否定词nor位于句首,后面使用部分倒装结构,由上句可知,时态应当为过去时。故填did。3.trying【详解】考查省略句。句意:他们在获取食物时面临着很多挑战。此处是状语从句的省略,因主语they和前面的主语一致,故省略they和be动词。故填trying。4.so【详解】考查省略。句意:我希望这个星期天天气会好。 如果那样的话,我们就去郊游。根据句意分析句子可知,if从句的完整形式是if it is fine this Sunday,这时,可以用so代替上文表示肯定的内容it is fine this Sunday,从而省略为if so(如果那样的话)。故填so。5.used【详解】考查省略句。句意:在医院使用音乐和艺术有助于改善病人的状况,减少压力、焦虑和血压。在when引导的状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语和be,相当于省略了Music and art are。故填used。6.walking【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:沿着小路走,你可以听到鸟儿甜美的歌声。分析可知,逗号前为状语从句的省略,完整的句子为:while you are walking along the paths,从句的主语和主句的主语一致,同时用到了be动词,所以可以省略从句的主语和be动词,故填walking。7.printed【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:这本词典一旦印刷,就会很受欢迎。分析句子可知,本句为状语从句的省略,还原为:Once this dictionary is printed,省略了this dictionary is 。故填printed。8.that【详解】考查强调句型。句意:正是这种慢节奏的生活方式,让这座城市登上了旅游杂志《国家地理》2017年21个必去旅游景点的名单。根据句意和句首的It was分析句子可知,该题是考查强调句型“It was/is+被强调部分+that+句子其它成分”,该句子强调的是主语the slow-paced lifestyle,故填that。9.that【详解】考查强调句。句意:威廉女士喜欢读的正是小说。分析句子结构,同时省略it is和设空处,句子成分完整,可知为强调句It is/ was +被强调部分+ that+其它部分,被强调部分为novels ,故填that。10.until【详解】考查强调句和从属连词。句意:直到妻子回家了,他才上床休息。对not…until…句式进行强调时应将not置于被强调部分里面,句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分。故填until。11.that【详解】考查强调句。句意:直到他们听说她安然无恙,他们才终于松了一口气。对not…until…句式进行强调时应将not置于被强调部分里面,句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分。故填that。12.are【详解】考查倒装句和主谓一致。句意:这里有一些建议,我希望能对你有益处。here位于句首,句子为全部倒装,结合后文hope可知为一般现在时,主语为some suggestions,谓语用复数。故填are。13.as##though【详解】考查让步状语从句和部分倒装。句意:尽管夜晚的空气很热,我们还是睡得很沉,因为长途旅行后我们太累了。分析句子可知,句子前后存在让步关系,此处是一个让步状语从句,且运用了部分倒装,as或though引导让步状语从句时需部分倒装。故填as或though。14.lies【详解】考查动词。句意:我们的脚下是我们赖以生存的衣食之地。分析句子,句首为beneath our feet意为“在……脚下”是地点状语,当其置于句首时,句子要完全倒装。句子表述的是客观事实,故使用一般现在时,同时句子的主语为the earth,是第三人称单数。故填lies。15.did【详解】考查时态和倒装。句意:直到那个时候他们才意识到造成了多大损失。“only+状语”这一结构置于句首时,句子要用部分倒装句式。根据从句had been caused可知,主句用一般过去时,把助动词did提到主句主语之前就构成了部分倒装句式。根据句意,故填did。16.had【详解】本题考查倒装句以及时态。句意:莫言一登上舞台,观众就发出了雷鸣般的掌声。No sooner...than...表示“一……就……”,主句用过去完成时。no sooner位于句首时,其后用部分倒装,将助动词had置于主语之前。故填had。17.had【详解】考查部分倒装结构。句意:他们说自己以前从未上过这么有趣的课。主句They said用了一般过去时,根据句意其后的宾语从句应用过去完成时;否定词never before位于句首,后面使用部分倒装结构,其正常语序为 They said they had never experienced so interesting a class before.故填had。18.as##though【详解】考查倒装。句意:尽管听起来很荒谬,在场的每个人都被他在非洲的冒险故事逗乐了。分析句子可知,逗号前的部分是一个倒装句,表语absurd提到了句首;再由句意可知,空格处应该填入一个连词,且意义为“尽管”,所以应该用as(as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装)或though(though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装,也可以不用倒装)。故填as或though。19.as##though【详解】考查让步状语从句的部分倒装。句意:虽然我很尊重他,但我不能同意他的建议。此处考查“名词/形容词/副词+as/ though+主语+动词”,题中副词much提前至句首,设空处应用连接词as或though,构成让步状语从句的倒装结构。故填as/ though。20.defeated【详解】考查状语从句省略。句意:尽管失败了,他仍然感到高兴。分析句子可知,这里考查状语从句的省略,从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致,并且含有be动词时,可把从句中的主语和be动词同时省略,只需考虑所给动词和主语的逻辑关系,而本句中defeat与he是被动关系,用过去分词。故填defeated。21.asked【详解】考查省略句。句意:你可能听说过,大多数加拿大人希望政府在气候问题上做得更多。三分之二的公众在被问及这一问题时是这么回答的。此处when引导时间状语,是一个省略句,当状语从句中,主语和主句主语相同,且有be动词时,主语和be动词可省略,ask与主语two-thirds of the public之间为被动关系,故应用过去分词,还原后为:when they are asked。故填asked。22.facing【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:虽然演汫者们面对巨大的压力,但是他们都勇敢地克服了。此处为状语从句的省略,当让步状语从句的主语与主句主语一致且从句含有be动词时,可将从句主语及be动间一起省略,此处的完整句子为Though the speakers were facing great pressure, the speakers bravely overcame it.故填facing。23.accompanied【详解】考查省略句和过去分词。句意:为了保证安全,孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。分析句子可知,此处是when引导的状语从句,从句的主语和主句的主语children一致,可用代词they代替,且由by their parents可知此处是被动语态,时态是一般现在时,此时可省略when从句的主语和be代词,即when (they are) accpmpanied by their parents。故填accompanied。24.instructed【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:除非接到指示,否则不要离开大楼。根据句意可知,连词until引导的是一个时间状语从句,其完整的句子应该是until you are instructed to do so.该状语从句符合省略的条件(主句和从句的主语一致;从句主要动词是be的某种形式),这时可以把从句的主语和be动词省略,该句中省略掉you are。故填instructed。25.that【详解】考查强调句型。句意:直到那年他从非洲回来,他才见到他想娶的那个女孩。根据句意和句首的It was可知,该题是考查强调句型:“It is+被强调部分+that+其它部分”,因为把It was和空格处去掉,剩下的部分仍是一个成分齐全的句子。该句中被强调的是时间状语。故填that。26.that【详解】考查强调句的特殊疑问句。句意:我记不起来是什么原因使老师允许玛丽提前下课。根据句意和句中的what it was可知,该题是考查强调句的特殊疑问句:疑问词+ is (was) it + that +句子的其他成分,特殊疑问词即是被强调的成分,因为该强调句作动词remember的宾语,所以用的陈述语序。故填that。27.that【详解】考查强调句型。句意:就像许多其他事情一样,只有压力太大才会对你造成伤害。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其它成分;在强调句中,当被强调部分是人时,可以使用who代替that;本句使用了强调句型,强调原句主语“only too much stress”,句子其它部分只能由that引出。故填that。28.that##who【详解】考查强调句型。句意:是他教我如何笑着度过艰难的时期。强调句型的基本结构为It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其它成分;其最大的特点就是去掉it is/was…that/who…句子仍然成立。本句强调的是句子主语he,指人,应用that或who。故填that或who。29.that【详解】考查强调句型。句意:上周我们学校就是在学校礼堂里举行了一场综艺节目。句子结构分析可知此句为强调句型:It is/was +被强调部分 +that/who +其他部分,当被强调部分指人时,可以用who。强调句型的判断依据为去掉It was和that之后,句子仍完整。故填that。30.until【详解】考查固定句型。句意:直到他父亲回来,他才上床睡觉。固定结构:not until表示“直到……才……”,本句使用了强调句型:It was not until + 被强调成分+ that+其它。故填until。
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