10语法填空之定语从句-高考英语三轮冲刺闯关（新高考专用）

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10【查缺补漏】语法填空之定语从句（解析版） 1.定语从句相当于一个形容词，起定词作用， 修饰名词或代词2.定语从句的引导词的三种功用:( 1)引导定语从句(2)替代先行词(3)在定语从句中充当一定的成分。3.解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，决不要因先行词是时间名词就用when，是地点名词就用where。一、关系代词和关系副词基本用法根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：1.关系代词的用法当先行词指人时，若它在从句中作主语，则用who；若它在从句作宾语，则用whom或who；若它在从句中作定语，则用whose。当先行词指物时，若在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用which；若它在定语从句中作定语用，则用of which或whose2.关系副词的用法关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后；why则通常只放在reason后。要特别注意，activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况：1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1. 形式不同  限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。     2. 功能不同  限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。3. 翻译不同  在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。   4. 含义不同5. 先行词不同  限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。 6. 关系词不同  关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。四、＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句：●＂介词＋关系代词＂的用法当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介词＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介词＋which＂。●＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。2.表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。●在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。●＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。五、关系代词只用that而不用 which的情况1.先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。2.先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：3.先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which.如：4.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which.如：5.句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：易错点2   关系代词who、whom、whose的误用对于定语从句关系词的考查，首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句，然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分，最后选择正确的词。要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力，和理解能力。如果缺少主宾表，要用that或which，缺少状语用关系副词when，where，why，缺少定语用whose。易错点3 关系代词that和which的误用只用which，不能用that的情况（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成＂介词＋关系代词＂结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：注意：如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如： （2） 先行词为＂those＋表事物的复数名词＂时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。如：（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。易错点4 介词后接关系代词的误用 ●使用＂介词＋关系代词＂要注意以下几点：(一)选用介词的依据：(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。(4) 表示＂所有＂关系或＂整体中的一部分＂时，通常用介词of。(二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。(三)＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。(五)in that不可以引导定语从句，但可以引导原因状语从句。二、＂介词＋关系代词＂与关系副词的转化(1)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。(2) 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。(3) 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。易错点5   定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句的区别：1. 被修饰的词不同：同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。2. 从句的作用不同：同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容，而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。3. 引导词不同：what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。4. 引导词的作用不同：引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中充当一定的句子成分。5. 判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法：由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的，所它可以转换同位名词的表语；而定语从句则不能作这种转换。易错点6   定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考查。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。易错点7    关系代词as和which的区别关系代词as和which引导定语从句的不同点1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。5. 非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。【仿真训练，触类旁通】1. He liked the country and noted down every interesting thing        he had found.2. Blocked toilets  ,buffet cars with no sandwiches and passengers appear on the list     _make loud mobile phone calls all3. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe ,China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot​​                             it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.4.Their research lists the most practical 17 steps        each American can take, including carpooling, weatherizing houses and driving fuel-efficient vehicles .5. Fortunately ,this doesn't change the fact that bicycle riding is a fun ,healthy and outdoor activity        can be enjoyed within the whole family. 6.Ice and coffee are the only things        ​they are permitted to buy.7.Remember that the best relationship is one        your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.8.There are many reasons​      this has been possible: But one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.9. Just like a voyage at sea, our life journey,​           days are limited, is full of difficulties as well as opportunities.10. Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life​     they aren't content with theirparents.11.My teachers always tell me that I have reached a point in my life       ​I am supposed to make decisions by myself.               12. He wrote many children's books, nearly half of        ​were published in the 1990s.13. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling,​        turned out to be a wise decision. 14. Each graduate standing on the playground,          ​​was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.15.Dave William runs a website       ​he encourages people to protect the environment. 二、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。China is known as the Kingdom of Bamboo. More than 400 species of bamboo,​16    ​are one third of all known species in the world ,grow in China. China leads the world in the amount of areas​17                                          ​bamboo is planted, the number of bamboo trees and the amount of bamboo wood 18                                           is produced every year. The oldest bamboo articles in China were unearthed from the remains of a primitive society​19​                             existed some 7,000 years ago in​20​​                                          is now Hemudu, Yuyao County,Zhejiang Province. As early as the Shang Dynasty, Chinese people used the bamboo for making weapons,              such as bows and arrows.​21                             pa-per was invented, strips of bamboo were the most important writing medium,              more widely used than silk, 22​                            they were cheaper，resistant to corrosion（腐 蚀），and more abundant. Bamboo has thus played an important part in the spread and development of traditional Chinese culture. It was bamboo​23                                          ​was closely connected with the daily lives of people in ancient China. Su Dongpo,a literary giant of the Song Dynasty, said​24                                          ​​people could not live without bamboo ,and people of the time used bamboo​25                                          ​(make) paper, hats ,shoes and so on. At that time, as today ,bamboo shoots were eaten as a popular dish because of their crispness and freshness, sweet taste. Bamboo shoots also contain vitamins, sugar ,fat, and protein.解析，1.that​考查定语从句。句意：他喜欢这个国家，并记下了他所发现的每一件有趣的事情。此处 thing是先行词，指物，被​ever修饰，在后面的定语从句中作宾语，故答案为that。2.who/that​考查定语从句。此处所填单词引导定语从句，该定语从句的先行词是 passengers，指人，故此处应用关系代词 who或that。​故填 who／that。3.where​考查定语从句。该定语从句修饰spot，所填单词在该定语从句中作地点状语。4.that​考查定语从句。空处所在分句为定语从句，修饰先行词steps，steps表示“步骤”，且由形容词最高级修饰，故关系代词只能用 that。5.that/which​考查定语从句。句意：····是一项有趣、有益于健康的户外活动，可以在整个家庭中享受。空处所在的分句是定语从句，修饰先行词​activity，引导词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。6．that 考查定语从句。先行词是 things，同时有 the only 修饰，引导词在从句中作buy的宾语，故只能用that。7．where 考查定语从句。空处所在的分句是定语从句，修饰先行词one，也就是 relationship，在后面的定语从句中充当状语，表示抽象地点概念。故填 where。8．why 考查定语从句。句意：出现此事的可能的原因有很多·····。分析句子结构可知，空处所在的分句为定语从句，先行词为 reasons，且在后面定语从句中充当状语，故此处应用关系副词why。故填 why。9.whose​句意：就像在海上航行一样，我们的人生之旅，它的时间是有限的，充满了机遇和困难。根据句意，先行词 life journey和关系代词后的名词days为所属关系，故填whose，在非限制性定语从句中作定语。10．when 句意：几乎每个青少年都会经历一段对父母不满的时期。考查定语从句。先行词为a period，将先行词代人从句后为：They aren＇t content with their parents in the period.由此 可见，关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语，故答案为when.11．where 句意：我的老师总对我说，我已经到了应该自己作出决定的那个人生阶段。考查关系副词引导的定语从句。根据语境可知，先行词point在此作“阶段”讲，属于表示抽象概念的地点名词，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。12．which 句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books指物，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故用which。13．which 句意：大学毕业后，我抽了一些时间去旅行，后来证明是一个明智的决定。此处which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面句子的内容。14．who 句意：每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。此处who引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词 each graduate。15．where 句意：Dave William经营了一个网站，在网站上他鼓励人们保护环境。根据句子结构可判断，此处是一个定语从句，先行词为a website，引导词在从句中作状语，所以要用where，相当于in which。二、语法填空16．which 考查定语从句。先行词是 400 species of bamboo，指物；所填单词引导非限制性定语从句，同时在该从句中作主语。17．where 考查定语从句。句意：中国的竹子种植面积、竹子数量和每年的竹木产量均居世界前列。所填单词引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。18．that／which 考查定语从句。所填单词引导限制性定语从句，同时在从句中作主语。19．that／which 考查定语从句。句意：中国最古老的竹制品是在距今约7000年的现今的浙江省余姚县河姆渡原始社会遗址中出土的。所填单词引导限制性定语从句，同时在从句中作主语。20．what 考查宾语从句。所填单词引导一个宾语从句，且在从句中作主语。21．Before 考查状语从句。句意：在纸发明之前，竹简是最重要的书写介质，比丝绸使用得更广泛，因为竹简更便宜，耐腐蚀，而且数量更丰富。所填单词引导时间状语从句，同时根据句意知，此处表示“在······之前”。22．because／since 考查状语从句。根据句意，本空所填单词引导状语从句，表示原因。23．that 考查强调句。句意：竹子与中国古代人们的日常生活息息相关。此处所填单词和It was形成一个强调句结构。24．that 考查宾语从句。所填单词引导宾语从句。25.to make​考查非谓语动词。所填单词表示目的，因此用动词不定式。近五年定语从句高考真题【2021年】 1.（八省联考）Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy to let  (let) a particular school become a front-runner early on  in   your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice—but be sure to carefully evaluate every school   61    has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.答案：that此处应填入引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词。当先行词前有all, every, any 等不定代词修饰时，关系代词多用that, 少用which2.（浙江卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool   57  gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.答案：that/which考查定语从句/关系代词。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，而先行词tool为物，故此处填关系代词that或which。【2020年】1. （江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ______ students can choose for free.答案：which考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。3. （天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.答案：whose考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句。4. （新课标Ⅲ卷）In ancient China lived an artist    61    paintings were almost lifelike.答案：whose考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。【2019年】1.（江苏卷）We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.答案：when考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。2.（天津卷）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.答案：where 考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。3.（全国I卷）One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.答案：One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.考查定语从句。先行词one  afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。4.（全国II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.答案：which考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。5.（全国III卷）They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.答案：who考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。6.（全国III卷） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.答案：In the cafe, customers will enjoy  themselves in the historical environment what is created for them. 本句考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what改为that/which。7.（浙江卷）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark.答案：that/which考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。8.（北京卷）What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.答案：where句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。9.（北京卷）The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.答案：who/that考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。【2018年】1.（北京卷）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.答案：which考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。2.（天津卷）Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.答案：whose考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。3.（江苏卷）Self driving is an area___ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.答案：where考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。4.（全国I卷）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014   66  showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all   causes  (cause).答案：that或which考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。5.（全国I卷）They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.答案：which改成in which或where考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。6.（全国II卷）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government _started_ (start) a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.答案：that或which考查定语从句的关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。7. （全国II卷）Many westerners   57   come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap   it  can be to eat out.答案：that或who考查定语从句的关系词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。【2017年】1.（北京卷）The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.答案：that句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。______ we meet in our daily lives是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，用that。2.（江苏卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.答案：whose考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是……，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故用whose。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。3.（天津卷）My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.答案：whose本句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是My eldest son, 根据句意和空后名词确定引导词在从句中作定语， whose修饰名词作定语。【2016年】1.（北京卷）I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.答案：whose  题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom。2.（江苏卷）Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.答案：of whom考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作为介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都是受过良好教育。故应用of whom。3.（浙江卷）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.答案：which句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。4.（天津卷）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.答案：when句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故用when。